Allofams:

1.0 The Body > 1.5 Limbs, Joints, and Body Measures > 1.5.1 Hand, Arm, Wing

#699 PTB *d-yak HAND / ARM / LEAF

The source of this prefix is a matter of speculation, but cf. the apparently prefixal dental that occurs before other roots referring to the upper limb in scattered TB languages: e.g. [Himalayish] WT dpuŋ ‘shoulder’; [Qiangic] rGyalrong tekhlye ‘upper arm’; [Asakian] Kadu tapaung, ‘arm’, Sak ta ‘arm’, Lui takhu ‘arm’; [Naga] Ao Chungli teben ‘arm’, tashikang ‘wing’, Ao Mongsen pen, cha ‘arm’, tacha ‘wing’, Yacham Tengsa taka ‘wing’; [Tani] Taraon ta: ‘feather’.

We assign to this allofam reflexes with affricate initials (e.g. Tujia, Qiang, Naga).

The cluster dl- is not tolerated in most TB languages [fn: An exception is Sani =Nyi (Loloish), which has developed *dl- < *by (e.g. ‘bee’ *bya > Nyi dla-ma).], so that the presence of the dental prefix has favored the palatalization of the root-initial lateral.

This allofam is the immediate source of the Karenic forms assembled below #773 PKar *ɁdeɁᴰ WING.

Forms from Northern Naga languages show initial variation among the simple palatal semivowel, dental stops, and palatal affricates: e.g. Tamlu bɯn-yak, Tangsa ³pul-džak, and Nocte ¹ʌ-dʌk, all meaning ‘leaf’. To Weidert belongs the credit for identifying the morphemic structure of these compounds as “tree-hand”. For convenience’s sake, we list all these forms under the present allofam.

202 records tagged by stedt under this etymon.
rnanalysislgidreflexglossgfnlanguagegrpidgrpnogrpgeneticcitationsrcabbrsrcidrn
5161236992012d-yak|hand / arm*Tibeto-Burman20.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)0Matisoff 03 HPTBJAM-HPTB6190
5148766992012dyakhand / arm*Tibeto-Burman20.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)0Matisoff 03 HPTBJAM-HPTB5870
340824p,6991800a:◦tyohandDarang [Taraon]61.1.2Deng1Anonymous xx TarNEFA-Taraon0
340825p,699,m1800a:◦tyo-kapalm of handDarang [Taraon]61.1.2Deng1Anonymous xx TarNEFA-Taraon0
341480p,699,m1800a:◦tyo-ka:palm (of hand)Darang [Taraon]61.1.2Deng1Anonymous xx TarNEFA-Taraon0
340826p,699,m1800a:◦tyo-khamback of handDarang [Taraon]61.1.2Deng1Anonymous xx TarNEFA-Taraon0
39705p,699505ɑ³¹ tio⁵⁵handDarang [Taraon]61.1.2Deng1Sun H 80 MLDSLZO-MLD0
350510p,6991818ɑ³¹tio⁵⁵handnbpDarang [Taraon]61.1.2Deng1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0107.220
192784p,699509ɑ³¹tio⁵⁵handDarang [Taraon]61.1.2Deng1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC251.490
129072p,699661ka³¹tio⁵³handIdu61.1.2Deng1Sun H 91 IduQSHK-Idu6.1.70
129074p,699,m,m,m661ka³¹tio⁵³e⁵⁵tɕa⁵⁵ȵu⁵⁵right handIdu61.1.2Deng1Sun H 91 IduQSHK-Idu6.1.7.40
129075p,699,m,m,m661ka³¹tio⁵³i⁵⁵tɕi⁵⁵ȵu⁵⁵left handIdu61.1.2Deng1Sun H 91 IduQSHK-Idu6.1.7.50
192810p,699662kɑ³¹tio⁵³handIdu61.1.2Deng1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC251.500
350513p,6991821kɑ³¹tio⁵³handnbpYidu61.1.2Deng1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0107.250
165775699252dzehandAngami (Khonoma)651.3.2Angami-Pochuri Group1Marrison 67 NagaGEM-CNL0
514565699,m252dze◦jelopalm (of hand)Angami (Khonoma)651.3.2Angami-Pochuri Group1Marrison 67 NagaGEM-CNL1870
167277p,699256(u) dzie³¹handAngami (Kohima)651.3.2Angami-Pochuri Group1Nienu 90 AngQVN-AngQ6.1.70
167279p,699,m256(u) dzie³¹ khrü³³back of handAngami (Kohima)651.3.2Angami-Pochuri Group1Nienu 90 AngQVN-AngQ6.1.7.20
165776p,699254u◦dziehandAngami (Kohima)651.3.2Angami-Pochuri Group1Marrison 67 NagaGEM-CNL0
514566p,699,m254u◦dzie◦züpalm (of hand)Angami (Kohima)651.3.2Angami-Pochuri Group1Marrison 67 NagaGEM-CNL1870
47093338,6991063kèng-jàkankleMikir [Karbi]141.5Mikir [Karbi]1Grüssner 79 BPKHG-MikirQ420
5332666992064jakhand*Bodo-Garo161.7.1Bodo-Garo1Burling 59 PBoRB-PB4410
56064699803yaʔhand, armKokborok801.7.1.1Bodo1Tripuri 88PT-Kok0
56068699,m803yaʔ-tɔlead by the handKokborok801.7.1.1Bodo1Tripuri 88PT-Kok0
7186m,699568bi-jakleafGaro811.7.1.2Garo1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT11260
303018699579dźakhandGaro811.7.1.2Garo1Benedict 72 STCSTC14n500
303327699579dźakarmGaro811.7.1.2Garo1Benedict 72 STCSTC34n1080
71549699,776579džak-phapalmGaro811.7.1.2Garo1Benedict 72 STCSTC4180
69846699,2786579džak-raright (hand)Garo811.7.1.2Garo1Benedict 72 STCSTC980
69609699,418579džak-tśikelbowGaro811.7.1.2Garo1Benedict 72 STCSTC640
7185699568jakhandGaro811.7.1.2Garo1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT11260
5549699,331568jak-sifingerGaro811.7.1.2Garo1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT5870
115625699,331571jak-sifingerGaro811.7.1.2Garo1Matisoff 87 BPJAM-Ety0
144920699581jakhand, armGaro (Bangladesh)811.7.1.2Garo1Burling 92 GaBaRB-GB0
4664496991945jakarm; handnGaro (Bangladesh)811.7.1.2Garo1Burling 03 GaroRB-LMMG6.233-II:idx0
144921699,m581jak-brakarea of body including shoulder and upper arm, especially front of shoulder and inside of the upper armGaro (Bangladesh)811.7.1.2Garo1Burling 92 GaBaRB-GB0
144926699,m,m,m581jak-pa-jang-gilback of handGaro (Bangladesh)811.7.1.2Garo1Burling 92 GaBaRB-GB0
144927699,1327581jak-pongupper armGaro (Bangladesh)811.7.1.2Garo1Burling 92 GaBaRB-GB0
466469699,27861945jak-raright handnGaro (Bangladesh)811.7.1.2Garo1Burling 03 GaroRB-LMMG2.11-II:idx0
144928699,331581jak-sifinger, distal portion of an insect legGaro (Bangladesh)811.7.1.2Garo1Burling 92 GaBaRB-GB0
466473699,3311945jak-sifingernGaro (Bangladesh)811.7.1.2Garo1Burling 03 GaroRB-LMMG6.235-II:idx0
144932699,331,m,m581jak-si-chon-gip-alittle fingerGaro (Bangladesh)811.7.1.2Garo1Burling 92 GaBaRB-GB0
466477699,331,m,m1945jak-si-jang-chimiddle finger; ring fingernGaro (Bangladesh)811.7.1.2Garo1Burling 03 GaroRB-LMMG6.235-II:idx0
144933699,331,m,m581jak-si-ku-titip of fingerGaro (Bangladesh)811.7.1.2Garo1Burling 92 GaBaRB-GB0
466480699,331,m,m1945jak-si-ot-raindex fingernGaro (Bangladesh)811.7.1.2Garo1Burling 03 GaroRB-LMMG6.235-II:idx0
144935699,331,m,m581jak-si-pi'-salittle fingerGaro (Bangladesh)811.7.1.2Garo1Burling 92 GaBaRB-GB0
466481699,331,m,m1945jak-si-pi•-salittle fingernGaro (Bangladesh)811.7.1.2Garo1Burling 03 GaroRB-LMMG6.235-II:idx0
466482699,331,m1945jak-si-tamring for fingernGaro (Bangladesh)811.7.1.2Garo1Burling 03 GaroRB-LMMG6.564-II:idx0
144936699,m581jak-skilfinger nail, clawGaro (Bangladesh)811.7.1.2Garo1Burling 92 GaBaRB-GB0
466483699,m1945jak-skilclaw; finger mail; nailnGaro (Bangladesh)811.7.1.2Garo1Burling 03 GaroRB-LMMG6.235-II:idx0
144937699,m581jak-skuelbowGaro (Bangladesh)811.7.1.2Garo1Burling 92 GaBaRB-GB0
466484699,m1945jak-skuelbownGaro (Bangladesh)811.7.1.2Garo1Burling 03 GaroRB-LMMG6.233-II:idx0
466487699,m1945jak-tomfistnGaro (Bangladesh)811.7.1.2Garo1Burling 03 GaroRB-LMMG6.235-II:idx0
144938699,m,m581jak-tom-amake a fistGaro (Bangladesh)811.7.1.2Garo1Burling 92 GaBaRB-GB0
466488699,m,m1945jak-tom-afistviGaro (Bangladesh)811.7.1.2Garo1Burling 03 GaroRB-LMMG9.46-II:idx0
467277699,m,m,m1945pak-sik-kep-acarry under armvtGaro (Bangladesh)811.7.1.2Garo1Burling 03 GaroRB-LMMG9.532-II:idx0
145021699,m581pak-walarm pitGaro (Bangladesh)811.7.1.2Garo1Burling 92 GaBaRB-GB0
467279699,m1945pak-walarm pitnGaro (Bangladesh)811.7.1.2Garo1Burling 03 GaroRB-LMMG6.233-II:idx0
514673699295cakhandAtong821.7.1.3Koch1Burling 59 PBoRB-PB4410
473570699,13271973cak◦phungarm, upper armnAtong821.7.1.3Koch1van Breugel 08 AtongSVB-GA0
4735566991973chakarm, handnAtong821.7.1.3Koch1van Breugel 08 AtongSVB-GA0
473559699,m1973chak chokhandn khjyksaiAtong821.7.1.3Koch1van Breugel 08 AtongSVB-GA0
473561699,m1973chak◦chukelbownAtong821.7.1.3Koch1van Breugel 08 AtongSVB-GA0
473564699,m1973chak◦khawakhollow part of the elbow, elbow pitnAtong821.7.1.3Koch1van Breugel 08 AtongSVB-GA0
473567699,7761973chak◦phapalm of the handnAtong821.7.1.3Koch1van Breugel 08 AtongSVB-GA0
473568699,m,m1973chak◦pha◦khungback of the handnAtong821.7.1.3Koch1van Breugel 08 AtongSVB-GA0
473569699,13271973chak◦phongarm, upper armnAtong821.7.1.3Koch1van Breugel 08 AtongSVB-GA0
473576699,m1973chak◦sikhumback of the handnAtong821.7.1.3Koch1van Breugel 08 AtongSVB-GA0
4735796991973chak◦syrong-stretch your armvAtong821.7.1.3Koch1van Breugel 08 AtongSVB-GA0
514672699,7111627cak-toŋhandWanang821.7.1.3Koch1Burling 59 PBoRB-PB4410
7188p,6991187¹ʌ-dʌkleafNocte841.7.2.1Tangsa-Nocte1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT11260
59296991488džʌkhandTangsa841.7.2.1Tangsa-Nocte1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT6890
7086699,m1488džʌk-xaʔhand-rightTangsa841.7.2.1Tangsa-Nocte1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT10680
5191699,776,m1488džʌk-²pha-³muŋpalm (hand)Tangsa841.7.2.1Tangsa-Nocte1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT3580
71902176,6991488³pul-džʌkleafTangsa841.7.2.1Tangsa-Nocte1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT11260
71942176,699810bɯn-yakleafKonyak (Tamlu)851.7.2.2Konyak-Chang1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT11260
7193699810yakhandKonyak (Tamlu)851.7.2.2Konyak-Chang1Weidert 87 TBToAW-TBT11260
780256991632cakhandWancho851.7.2.2Konyak-Chang1French 83WTF-PNN5000
77848699,m1632cak inclawWancho851.7.2.2Konyak-Chang1French 83WTF-PNN4690
1658026991628chakhandWancho851.7.2.2Konyak-Chang1Marrison 67 NagaGEM-CNL0
171729699,m1628chak◦inclawWancho851.7.2.2Konyak-Chang1Marrison 67 NagaGEM-CNL0
165460699,m1628chak◦loelbowWancho851.7.2.2Konyak-Chang1Marrison 67 NagaGEM-CNL0
3033316991723tśakarmWancho851.7.2.2Konyak-Chang1Benedict 72 STCSTC34n1080
1650126991628tzakarmWancho851.7.2.2Konyak-Chang1Marrison 67 NagaGEM-CNL0
451569699,3311964taʔ◦ʃiʔfingerSak401.7.3.2Asakian1Huziwara 08 SakHK-Sak311
282998699894džaktickleLepcha212.1.3Lepcha1Matisoff 87 BPJAM-Ety0
178994699172ᴬʰjaːhand*TGTM232.1.4Tamangish1Mazaudon 94 TheseMM-Thesis8220
129275699,m1319dʑi mithumbQiang (Mawo)343.2Qiangic1Sun H 91 MawQSHK-MawoQ7.1.50
199113699,m1320dʑi sɑringQiang (Mawo)343.2Qiangic1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC375.80
129243699,13271319dʑu puarmQiang (Mawo)343.2Qiangic1Sun H 91 MawQSHK-MawoQ6.10
37524699,3631316dʒa◦hu̥armpit hairQiang (Mawo)343.2Qiangic1Sun J 86 MawoJS-Mawo0
37450699,13271316dʒa◦puarmQiang (Mawo)343.2Qiangic1Sun J 86 MawoJS-Mawo0
37456699,m1316dʒa◦sufingerQiang (Mawo)343.2Qiangic1Sun J 86 MawoJS-Mawo0
192891699,13271320dʒu puarmQiang (Mawo)343.2Qiangic1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC253.80
43155699,13271317dʒu◦puarmQiang (Mawo)343.2Qiangic1Sun H 81 QiaJZ-Qiang0
129271699,m1319dʒæ sufingerQiang (Mawo)343.2Qiangic1Sun H 91 MawQSHK-MawoQ7.10
129273699,m,m,m,m1319dʒæ su tu ɣu kæmiddle fingerQiang (Mawo)343.2Qiangic1Sun H 91 MawQSHK-MawoQ7.1.20
129272699,m,m,m,m1319dʒæ su zə nuʐ kækæindex fingerQiang (Mawo)343.2Qiangic1Sun H 91 MawQSHK-MawoQ7.1.10
129247699,m,m1319dʒæ ʁuæʴ◦sielbowQiang (Mawo)343.2Qiangic1Sun H 91 MawQSHK-MawoQ6.1.40
199011699,m1320dʒɑ dibraceletQiang (Mawo)343.2Qiangic1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC373.80
192993699,m1320dʒɑ sufingerQiang (Mawo)343.2Qiangic1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC255.80
192942699,m,m1320dʒɑ ʁuɑʴ sielbowQiang (Mawo)343.2Qiangic1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC254.80
43156699,m1317dʒɑ◦sufingerQiang (Mawo)343.2Qiangic1Sun H 81 QiaJZ-Qiang0
129248699,s1319dʒə pahandQiang (Mawo)343.2Qiangic1Sun H 91 MawQSHK-MawoQ6.1.70
129250699,m,m1319dʒə pa næ◦χiright handQiang (Mawo)343.2Qiangic1Sun H 91 MawQSHK-MawoQ6.1.7.40
129251699,m,2154,m1319dʒə pa ʁuaʴ χileft handQiang (Mawo)343.2Qiangic1Sun H 91 MawQSHK-MawoQ6.1.7.50
192789699,s1320dʒə pɑhandQiang (Mawo)343.2Qiangic1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC251.80
37454699,s1316dʒə◦pahandQiang (Mawo)343.2Qiangic1Sun J 86 MawoJS-Mawo0
129282699,m,m,5121319dʒə◦pa ʁdʐi sifingernailQiang (Mawo)343.2Qiangic1Sun H 91 MawQSHK-MawoQ7.4.10
43154699,s1317dʒə◦pɑhandQiang (Mawo)343.2Qiangic1Sun H 81 QiaJZ-Qiang0
37453m,699,m1316lasi dʒaʴ◦ʁsielbowQiang (Mawo)343.2Qiangic1Sun J 86 MawoJS-Mawo0
193044699,5121320ɣdʒə sifingernailQiang (Mawo)343.2Qiangic1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC256.80
43157699,5121317ɣdʒə◦sifingernailQiang (Mawo)343.2Qiangic1Sun H 81 QiaJZ-Qiang0
37461699,5121316ʁdʐə◦sifingernailQiang (Mawo)343.2Qiangic1Sun J 86 MawoJS-Mawo0
17875699,5121325ʁdʐə◦sfingernailQiang (Yadu)343.2Qiangic1Dai 89 QianDQ-QiangN1410
14085p,699,512606ta jᴇk ndʑufingernailrGyalrong783.3.1rGyalrong1Dai 89 JiarDQ-Jiarong7.4.10
14046699606ta |jᴇkhandrGyalrong783.3.1rGyalrong1Dai 89 JiarDQ-Jiarong6.1.70
14051699606ta |jᴇk ka cʰaleft handrGyalrong783.3.1rGyalrong1Dai 89 JiarDQ-Jiarong6.1.7.50
14050699606ta |jᴇk ka wlakright handrGyalrong783.3.1rGyalrong1Dai 89 JiarDQ-Jiarong6.1.7.40
14083699,m,m,418606ta |jᴇk ndʑo wu tsʰəkknuckle (joint of digit)rGyalrong783.3.1rGyalrong1Dai 89 JiarDQ-Jiarong7.30
14048699,m606ta |jᴇk ŋkʰuback of handrGyalrong783.3.1rGyalrong1Dai 89 JiarDQ-Jiarong6.1.7.20
130159699616tajɐkhandrGyalrong (Eastern)783.3.1rGyalrong1Sun H 91 rEQSHK-rGEQ6.1.70
130161699,m616tajɐk gŋkʰuback of handrGyalrong (Eastern)783.3.1rGyalrong1Sun H 91 rEQSHK-rGEQ6.1.7.20
130163699616tajɐk ka◦tʃʰaright handrGyalrong (Eastern)783.3.1rGyalrong1Sun H 91 rEQSHK-rGEQ6.1.7.40
130164699616tajɐk kəwlaleft handrGyalrong (Eastern)783.3.1rGyalrong1Sun H 91 rEQSHK-rGEQ6.1.7.50
130158699,481616tajɐk mkiwristrGyalrong (Eastern)783.3.1rGyalrong1Sun H 91 rEQSHK-rGEQ6.1.60
130201p,699,512,m616ta◦jɐk ndzə◦rufingernailrGyalrong (Eastern)783.3.1rGyalrong1Sun H 91 rEQSHK-rGEQ7.4.10
3504996991806tɐ |jɐkhandnbprGyalrong (Maerkang)783.3.1rGyalrong1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0107.110
1927916991340tɐ |jɐkhandrGyalrong783.3.1rGyalrong1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC251.120
350399699,4811806tɐ |jɐk mkiarmnbprGyalrong (Maerkang)783.3.1rGyalrong1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0105.110
350550699,4811806tɐ |jɐk mkiwristnrGyalrong (Maerkang)783.3.1rGyalrong1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0108.110
351734699,m1806tɐ |jɐk rtsɐpulse (wrist)nrGyalrong (Maerkang)783.3.1rGyalrong1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0131.110
192893699,4811340tɐ |jɐŋ mkiarmrGyalrong783.3.1rGyalrong1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC253.122
130153699,236616tɐjɐk mbroarmrGyalrong (Eastern)783.3.1rGyalrong1Sun H 91 rEQSHK-rGEQ6.10
130313699,m,m,m616tɐjɐk ste kərɟjam ~tətəkrphalanx (knuckle length)rGyalrong (Eastern)783.3.1rGyalrong1Sun H 91 rEQSHK-rGEQ13.10
330740p,699,512,m1797tə-ja-ndz◦rufingernailCaodeng783.3.1rGyalrong1Sun J 97 CaoJS-Caodeng0
3309206991797tə́-|jahand / armCaodeng783.3.1rGyalrong1Sun J 97 CaoJS-Caodeng0
329951699,m1797tə-|ja-qʰuback of handCaodeng783.3.1rGyalrong1Sun J 97 CaoJS-Caodeng0
130796699,m618təja mkeforearm / lower armrGyalrong (NW)783.3.1rGyalrong1Sun H 91 rNWSHK-rGNWQ6.1.50
130468699617təjakarmrGyalrong (Northern)783.3.1rGyalrong1Sun H 91 rNQSHK-rGNQ6.10
130477699617təjakhandrGyalrong (Northern)783.3.1rGyalrong1Sun H 91 rNQSHK-rGNQ6.1.70
130475699,m617təjak mkeforearm / lower armrGyalrong (Northern)783.3.1rGyalrong1Sun H 91 rNQSHK-rGNQ6.1.50
130803699,m618təjak queleft handrGyalrong (NW)783.3.1rGyalrong1Sun H 91 rNWSHK-rGNWQ6.1.7.50
130479699,m617təjak qʰoback of handrGyalrong (Northern)783.3.1rGyalrong1Sun H 91 rNQSHK-rGNQ6.1.7.20
130797699,418618təjak sewristrGyalrong (NW)783.3.1rGyalrong1Sun H 91 rNWSHK-rGNWQ6.1.60
130476699,418617təjak tsʰəkwristrGyalrong (Northern)783.3.1rGyalrong1Sun H 91 rNQSHK-rGNQ6.1.60
130523699,418617təjak tsʰəkknuckle (joint of digit)rGyalrong (Northern)783.3.1rGyalrong1Sun H 91 rNQSHK-rGNQ7.30
130844699,418618təjak tsʰəkknuckle (joint of digit)rGyalrong (NW)783.3.1rGyalrong1Sun H 91 rNWSHK-rGNWQ7.30
130481699,m617təjak tɕʰaright handrGyalrong (Northern)783.3.1rGyalrong1Sun H 91 rNQSHK-rGNQ6.1.7.40
130634699,m617təjak tərdʑomphalanx (knuckle length)rGyalrong (Northern)783.3.1rGyalrong1Sun H 91 rNQSHK-rGNQ13.10
130802699,m618təjak ʁatɕʰiright handrGyalrong (NW)783.3.1rGyalrong1Sun H 91 rNWSHK-rGNWQ6.1.7.40
130482699,m617təjak ʁoileft handrGyalrong (Northern)783.3.1rGyalrong1Sun H 91 rNQSHK-rGNQ6.1.7.50
130800699,m618təjak ʁuback of handrGyalrong (NW)783.3.1rGyalrong1Sun H 91 rNWSHK-rGNWQ6.1.7.20
130788699618təjaxarmrGyalrong (NW)783.3.1rGyalrong1Sun H 91 rNWSHK-rGNWQ6.10
130798699618təjaxhandrGyalrong (NW)783.3.1rGyalrong1Sun H 91 rNWSHK-rGNWQ6.1.70
303337699611təyăkhandrGyalrong783.3.1rGyalrong1Benedict 72 STCSTC34n1080
130525p,699,512,m617tə◦jak ndzu◦rufingernailrGyalrong (Northern)783.3.1rGyalrong1Sun H 91 rNQSHK-rGNQ7.4.10
130846p,699,512,m618tə◦jak ndzə◦rufingernailrGyalrong (NW)783.3.1rGyalrong1Sun H 91 rNWSHK-rGNWQ7.4.10
329464699,m1796ta |yu Nkhu < ta yuk 'khuback of handrGyalrong783.3.1rGyalrong1Nagano 97 GyQGyarong.Nag6.1.720
3294626991796ta |yukhandrGyalrong783.3.1rGyalrong1Nagano 97 GyQGyarong.Nag6.1.70
329467699,m,m1796ta |yuk ka glaleft handrGyalrong783.3.1rGyalrong1Nagano 97 GyQGyarong.Nag6.1.750
329466699,m,m1796ta |yuk ka khyasright handrGyalrong783.3.1rGyalrong1Nagano 97 GyQGyarong.Nag6.1.740
3330786991799tɐ-|jɐkhand; armrGBenzhen783.3.1rGyalrong1Sun J 97 rGBJS-rGBenzhe0
333884699,4811799tɐ-|jɐk mkiʔwristrGBenzhen783.3.1rGyalrong1Sun J 97 rGBJS-rGBenzhe3
332909699,m1799tɐ-|jɐk mkʰuʔelbowrGBenzhen783.3.1rGyalrong1Sun J 97 rGBJS-rGBenzhe0
3329646991799tɐ-|jɐk ʃum-ʃumfingernailrGBenzhen783.3.1rGyalrong1Sun J 97 rGBJS-rGBenzhe0
3339216991798tə-|jaq/χhand / armShili783.3.1rGyalrong1Sun J 97 ShiJS-Shili0
127381p,699,m1612a²¹ dʑe²¹ be²¹fingerTujia415Tujia1Chen 86 TuMQCK-TujMQ7.10
127382p,699,m1612a²¹ dʑe³⁵ a²¹ ma²¹ ni³⁵thumbTujia415Tujia1Chen 86 TuMQCK-TujMQ7.1.50
127363p,6991612a²¹ dʑe⁵⁵handTujia415Tujia1Chen 86 TuMQCK-TujMQ6.1.70
127365p,699,m1612a²¹ dʑe⁵⁵ dzo³⁵fistTujia415Tujia1Chen 86 TuMQCK-TujMQ6.1.7.30
127359p,699,m,m1612a²¹ dʑe⁵⁵ mɯe²¹ dʑi⁵⁵armTujia415Tujia1Chen 86 TuMQCK-TujMQ6.10
127364p,699,m,m1612a²¹ dʑe⁵⁵ mɯe⁵⁵ kʰɯe²¹back of handTujia415Tujia1Chen 86 TuMQCK-TujMQ6.1.7.20
127362p,699,m1612a²¹ dʑe⁵⁵ po²¹ lo²¹elbowTujia415Tujia1Chen 86 TuMQCK-TujMQ6.1.40
127373p,699,m1612a²¹ dʑi²¹ a²¹ la⁵⁵ankleTujia415Tujia1Chen 86 TuMQCK-TujMQ6.2.50
1272176991611tɕe³⁵handTujia415Tujia1Chen 86 TuBQCK-TujBQ6.1.70
433806991616tɕe³⁵handTujia (Northern)415Tujia1Tian 86JZ-Tujia0
127216699,m,m1611tɕe³⁵ lo³⁵ pu⁵⁵wristTujia415Tujia1Chen 86 TuBQCK-TujBQ6.1.60
43392699,m,m1616tɕe³⁵ lo³⁵ pu⁵⁵wrist (bone)Tujia (Northern)415Tujia1Tian 86JZ-Tujia0
127215699,m,m1611tɕe³⁵ lo³⁵ tʰi⁵⁵elbowTujia415Tujia1Chen 86 TuBQCK-TujBQ6.1.40
127236699,3201611tɕe³⁵ mi⁵⁵ tʰi²¹ kã⁵⁵ pʰɯe⁵⁵middle fingerTujia415Tujia1Chen 86 TuBQCK-TujBQ7.1.20
127237699,3201611tɕe³⁵ mi⁵⁵ tʰi²¹ tso³⁵ kʰu³³ring fingerTujia415Tujia1Chen 86 TuBQCK-TujBQ7.1.30
127238699,3201611tɕe³⁵ mi⁵⁵ tʰi²¹ tʰe⁵⁵ pʰɯe²¹little fingerTujia415Tujia1Chen 86 TuBQCK-TujBQ7.1.40
127235699,3201611tɕe³⁵ mi⁵⁵ tʰi²¹ za²¹ pa²¹index fingerTujia415Tujia1Chen 86 TuBQCK-TujBQ7.1.10
127239699,3201611tɕe³⁵ mi⁵⁵ tʰi²¹ ȵi²¹ ka²¹thumbTujia415Tujia1Chen 86 TuBQCK-TujBQ7.1.50
43381699,m,m1616tɕe³⁵ si⁵⁵ pʰɨe⁵⁵armTujia (Northern)415Tujia1Tian 86JZ-Tujia0
127212699,m,m1611tɕe³⁵ si⁵⁵ pʰɯe⁵⁵armTujia415Tujia1Chen 86 TuBQCK-TujBQ6.10
127213699,m,m1611tɕe³⁵ tã⁵⁵ tɕi²¹underarm / armpitTujia415Tujia1Chen 86 TuBQCK-TujBQ6.1.10
127219699,m,m1611tɕe³⁵ tsʰuei²¹ tsi²¹fistTujia415Tujia1Chen 86 TuBQCK-TujBQ6.1.7.30
127240699,m,m1611tɕe³⁵ tʰi⁵⁵ kʰɯe⁵⁵fingerprintTujia415Tujia1Chen 86 TuBQCK-TujBQ7.1.60
3505376991847tɕie³⁵handnbpTujia415Tujia1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0107.490
1928046991615tɕie³⁵handTujia415Tujia1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC251.380
350588699,m,m1847tɕie³⁵lo³⁵pu⁵⁵wristnTujia415Tujia1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0108.490
350487699,m,m1847tɕie³⁵lo³⁵thi⁵⁵elbownbpTujia415Tujia1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0106.490
192957699,m,m1615tɕie³⁵lo³⁵thi⁵⁵elbowTujia415Tujia1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC254.380
350437699,745,s1847tɕie³⁵pan⁵⁵tsi⁵⁵armnbpTujia415Tujia1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0105.490
192906699,745,s1615tɕie³⁵pan⁵⁵tsi⁵⁵armTujia415Tujia1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC253.380
350892699,m,m1847tɕie³⁵tshui²¹tsi²¹fistnTujia415Tujia1Huang and Dai 92 TBLTBL0114.490
192855699,m,m1615tɕie³⁵tshui²¹tsi²¹fistTujia415Tujia1Sun H 91 ZMYYZMYYC252.380
43525p,6991617ʔa²¹ dʑe⁵⁵handTujia (Southern)415Tujia1Tian 86JZ-Tujia0
43526p,699,m,m1617ʔa²¹ dʑe⁵⁵ mai²¹ tɕi⁵⁵armTujia (Southern)415Tujia1Tian 86JZ-Tujia0
145936702,1289,699,1289,695,1289409gyak-kăliʼ ⪤ tshak-kăliʼ ⪤ lak-kăliʼarmpitBurmese (Written)446.1.1Burmish1Benedict 72 STCSTC2654

Chinese comparandum

OC *gi̯ək, GSR #954d ‘wing’; Li 1971: (*rək); Baxter 1992 #469: *ljɨk; B & S 2011: *ɢrəp; Schuessler 2007:570; Mand. .

ZJH: As discussed in Handel 2009:133-134, if reconstructed with initial OC *l- (a view shared by Schuessler 2007:570), this is a perfect match to PTB *lak, a comparison that is preferable to *d-yak. Chinese ‘wing’ and ‘armpit’ thus differ only in the reconstructed main vowel (*ə vs. *a), both of which correspond regularly to PTB *a. The nature of the word-family relationship of the two words within Chinese is unclear.

Note that Baxter & Sagart (2011) reconstruct coda *-p for , with “dialectal” development of *-p to later *-k, because they believe this is the same word as that written with the homophonous character , also ‘wing’, which has phonetic ending in *-p. Their reconstruction would separate ‘wing’ and ‘armpit’ into two different Chinese words families, and preclude the comparison of the former to the *lak/*yak family of PTB arm/hand/wing roots.


^ 1.

The final glottal stop in Sak ʃiʔ has led Huziwara to speculate that the Proto-Asakian etymon had a final consonant, perhaps *-r (cf. sor < #324 PBod *s(w/y)ar FINGER).

^ 2.

Note the assimilation of the medial consonants in rGyalrong jɐŋ mki.

^ 3.

Form is composed of “hand” + “neck”.

^ 4.

The first syllables of this important triplet represent three separate allofams of the first etymon in this study: gyak < #702 PTB *g-yak ARM / HAND / CUBIT, tshak (also transcribable as chak < #699 PTB *d-yak HAND / ARM / LEAF, and lak < #695 PTB *lak HAND/LIMB.