STEDT Etymon #702
1.0 The Body > 1.5 Limbs, Joints, and Body Measures > 1.5.1 Hand, Arm, Wing
#702 PTB *g-yak ARM / HAND / CUBIT |
This allofam with velar prefix has been specialized semantically into the areas of armpits/tickling and cubits. Of particular interest is the triplet in WB below, reflecting three separate allofams of our etymon: the naked root in lak-kăli, the variant with dental prefix (written tshak-kăli in the transcription of STC but better interpreted as chak-kăli), and the present variant with velar prefix (gyak-kăli).
The Lahu form with voiced initial, jâʔ, points to a variant with a nasal prefix, perhaps at the Proto-Loloish level.
There is a separate root ‘right hand’, reconstructed as *g-ya ⪤ *g-ra in STC #98.
There is still another resemblant root *g-ya TICKLE (STC #51) underlying WT gya-ba ‘tickle, itch’, Jingpho kəyá ‘id.’, WB yâb ‘itch’.
| rn | analysis | lgid | reflex | gloss | gfn | language | grpid | grpno | grp | genetic | citation | srcabbr | srcid | rn |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 19953 | 702 | 174 | (g-)yɑk| | armpit | *Tibeto-Burman | 2 | 0.1 | Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions) | 0 | Chou 72 | ACST | 800m | 0 | |
| 516124 | 702 | 2012 | g-yak| | armpit / tickle / cubit | *Tibeto-Burman | 2 | 0.1 | Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions) | 0 | Matisoff 03 HPTB | JAM-HPTB | 619 | 0 | |
| 144924 | 702,m,m | 581 | jak-git-ok | wrist | Garo (Bangladesh) | 81 | 1.7.1.2 | Garo | 1 | Burling 92 GaBa | RB-GB | 1 | ||
| 466457 | 702,m,m | 1945 | jak-git-ok | wrist | n | Garo (Bangladesh) | 81 | 1.7.1.2 | Garo | 1 | Burling 03 Garo | RB-LMMG | 6.235-II:idx | 0 |
| 144939 | 702,m | 581 | jak-tong | forearm, lower part of forearm, wrist | Garo (Bangladesh) | 81 | 1.7.1.2 | Garo | 1 | Burling 92 GaBa | RB-GB | 0 | ||
| 473562 | 702,m,m | 1973 | chak◦gy◦dok | wrist | n | Atong | 82 | 1.7.1.3 | Koch | 1 | van Breugel 08 Atong | SVB-GA | 0 | |
| 78201 | 702,m | 1632 | cak diŋ | wrist | Wancho | 85 | 1.7.2.2 | Konyak-Chang | 1 | French 83 | WTF-PNN | 525 | 0 | |
| 171602 | 702,m,702,m | 1628 | chak◦lo, chak◦ding | wrist | Wancho | 85 | 1.7.2.2 | Konyak-Chang | 1 | Marrison 67 Naga | GEM-CNL | 0 | ||
| 167841 | 702 | 146 | Nkyak | cubit (elbow to fingertips) | *Lolo-Burmese | 42 | 6.1 | Lolo-Burmese | 1 | Matisoff 72 LTSR | JAM-TSR | 100(a) | 0 | |
| 516122 | 702 | 2011 | ʔ-|gyakᴴ | cubit | *Lolo-Burmese | 42 | 6.1 | Lolo-Burmese | 1 | Matisoff 03 HPTB | JAM-HPTB | 619 | 0 | |
| 303349 | 702 | 149 | ʔgyak | cubit | *Lolo-Burmese | 42 | 6.1 | Lolo-Burmese | 1 | Benedict 72 STC | STC | 34n109 | 0 | |
| 34200 | 702 | 146 | ʔkyak | cubit (elbow to fingertips) | (HIGH) | *Lolo-Burmese | 42 | 6.1 | Lolo-Burmese | 1 | Matisoff 72 LTSR | JAM-TSR | 100(b) | 0 |
| 167842 | 702 | 146 | ʔkyak | cubit (elbow to fingertips) | *Lolo-Burmese | 42 | 6.1 | Lolo-Burmese | 1 | Matisoff 72 LTSR | JAM-TSR | 100(b) | 0 | |
| 437209 | 702,1289 | 406 | gyak-ka-|liʼ | armpit, tickle | Burmese (Written) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Benedict 76 WBur | PKB-WBRD | 0 | ||
| 145936 | 702,1289,699,1289,695,1289 | 409 | gyak-kăliʼ ⪤ tshak-kăliʼ ⪤ lak-kăliʼ | armpit | Burmese (Written) | 44 | 6.1.1 | Burmish | 1 | Benedict 72 STC | STC | 265 | 2 | |
| 33440 | 702 | 839 | jâʔ | cubit (elbow to fingertips) | Lahu (Black) | 47 | 6.1.2.2 | Central Loloish | 1 | Matisoff 72 LTSR | JAM-TSR | 100(a) | 0 | |
| 115194 | 5450,702 | 832 | ɔ̀-jâʔ | cubit | Lahu (Black) | 47 | 6.1.2.2 | Central Loloish | 1 | Matisoff 87 BP | JAM-Ety | 0 | ||
| 33441 | 5450,702 | 839 | ɔ̀-jâʔ | cubit (elbow to fingertips) | Lahu (Black) | 47 | 6.1.2.2 | Central Loloish | 1 | Matisoff 72 LTSR | JAM-TSR | 100(a) | 0 | |
| 33443 | 702 | 930 | cha³ | length of outstretched fingers | Lisu | 47 | 6.1.2.2 | Central Loloish | 1 | Matisoff 72 LTSR | JAM-TSR | 100(b) | 0 | |
| 33444 | 702 | 1368 | ca 44| | cubit (elbow to fingertips) | Sani [Nyi] | 47 | 6.1.2.2 | Central Loloish | 1 | Matisoff 72 LTSR | JAM-TSR | 100(b) | 0 | |
| 33442 | 702 | 234 | ca HS| | cubit (elbow to fingertips) | Akha | 48 | 6.1.2.3 | Southern Loloish | 1 | Matisoff 72 LTSR | JAM-TSR | 100(b) | 0 | |
| 80932 | p,702 | 309 | a³¹ tɕa̱⁴² | cubit (elbow to fingers) | Bai (Jianchuan) | 51 | 8 | Bai | 1 | Zhao 90 | ZYS-Bai | 13.3 | 0 | |
| 80931 | 702 | 309 | tɕa̱⁴² | cubit (elbow to fingers) | Bai (Jianchuan) | 51 | 8 | Bai | 1 | Zhao 90 | ZYS-Bai | 13.3 | 0 | |
| 20522 | 702 | 480 | di̯ək/i̯ək | wing | Chinese (Old/Mid) | 53 | 9.0.1 | Old Chinese | 0 | Chou 72 | ACST | 954d | 0 | |
| 328952 | 702 | 481 | gi̯ək/i̯ək | wing | Chinese (Old/Mid) | 53 | 9.0.1 | Old Chinese | 0 | Karlgren 57 GSR | GSR | 954d | 0 | |
| 76479 | 702 | 468 | jiək | wing | Chinese (Middle) | 54 | 9.0.2 | Middle Chinese | 0 | Coblin 86 | WSC-SH | 37 | 0 |
翼 OC *gi̯ək, GSR #954d ‘wing’; Li 1971: (*rək); Baxter 1992 #469: *ljɨk; B & S 2011: *ɢrəp (with dialectal change to -k) [fn: See explanation for coda *-p in discussion of #699 PTB *d-yak HAND / ARM / LEAF.]; Schuessler 2007:570; Mand. yì.
趩 OC *tʼi̯ək, GSR #954g ‘sound of marching’; Li 1971: (*thrjək); Baxter 1992: (*hlrjɨk); B & S 2011: --; Schuessler 2007:--; Mand. chì.
腳/脚 OC *ki̯ɑk, GSR #776g-h ‘leg, foot’; Li 1971: (*kjak); Baxter 1992: (*kjak); B & S 2011: *s.kak, [k]ak; Schuessler 2007:309; Mand. jiǎo.
匊/掬 OC *ki̯ôk, GSR #1017a,c ‘both hands joined; grasp with both hands; double-handful’; Li 1971: (*kjəkw); Baxter 1992:770: *k(r)juk; B & S 2011: (*k(r)uk); Schuessler 2007:--; Mand. jū.
JAM: GSR reconstructs this morpheme (翼), Mand. yì with initial *gi̯-, but STC prefers *di̯-, since the phonetic series (GSR #954) also contains 趩 *t’i̯ək/t̂’i̯ək, Mand. chì ‘sound of marching’. Baxter’s (2011) reconstruction *ɢrəp reverts to the interpretation with velar (actually postvelar) onset.
Benedict (p.c.) later agreed with the GSR reconstruction, assuming that it is underlain by an earlier *gli̯ək. He then derived the allofam in *t'- from an alternant with prefixal *s-, i.e. *ski̯ək, but this is not very convincing.
Yang 1980 suggests further Chinese comparanda: 腳/脚 OC *ki̯ɑk ‘leg, foot’, GSR #776g, Mand. jiǎo; and 匊/掬 OC *ki̯ôk ‘both hands joined; grasp with both hands; double-handful’, GSR #1017a-c, Mand. jū.
ZJH: Of these four Chinese comparanda, only the first, 翼 yì ‘wing’, is defensible, although the more likely PTB comparandum is *(g-)lak (Handel 2009:133-5). Both 趩 chì and 匊/掬 jū are impossible as they are not close in terms of sound correspondences; 腳/脚 jiǎo ‘foot’ is conceivable if we assume prefix-preemption of PST *g-yak on the Chinese side, but the semantic shift makes this comparison speculative at best.
[Source note] (lit: arm-neck).
The first syllables of this important triplet represent three separate allofams of the first etymon in this study: gyak < #702 PTB *g-yak ARM / HAND / CUBIT, tshak (also transcribable as chak < #699 PTB *d-yak HAND / ARM / LEAF, and lak < #695 PTB *lak HAND/LIMB.