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STEDT #145

*g-r(y)ap

STAND
Proto-Tibeto-Burman · exemplary

Reconstruction analysis

handleryapprefixginitialryrhymeapcoverL · T

Intermediate reconstructions

Tani*rop ‘STAND UP / GET UP’JS-HCST: 201
Lolo-Burmese*ʔ-rapᴸ ‘STAND’
Loloish*ʔ-ryapᴸ ‘STAND UP’

Connections

HPTB (PLB)*ʔ-rapᴸ ‘stand’pp. 35, 56, 315, 339, 530

Notes

Chinese character. PLB *ʔrap (LTSR #175); STC #246; GSR 694a-d , *gli̯əp.

Lepcha, Khaling, and several rGyalrong dialects have acquired the homorganic final nasal in this root.

Chinese comparandum

立 OC *gli̯əp, GSR #694a-d ‘stand, set up’; B & S 2011: *k.rəp; Mand. lì.
位 OC *gi̯wɛd, GSR #539a ‘place of rank, position’; B & S 2011: *ɢʷrəp-s {*[ɢ]ʷrəp-s}; Mand. wèi.

Reflexes & cognates277 reflexes · 33 subgroups

0Sino-Tibetan (previously published reconstructions)1

*Sino-Tibetanglyəp ‘stand’Coblin 86: 140

0.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)6

1.1.1Tani1

*Tanirop ‘stand up / get up’Sun J 93 HCST: 398

1.1.1.1Western Tani16

Bokarrop ‘stand up / get up’Sun J 93 HCST
Bokarrop ‘rise (stand up)’Sun J 93 Tani
Bokarrop v‘stand’Sun J 93 Tani
Galogəmorpheme◦rəp vi.‘get up’GLDC 09 Galo
Miri, Hillgɯprefix-rɯp ‘stand, awake, arise’Simon 76 Miri
Nishinggomorpheme◦rap ‘arise’Das Gupta 69 Daf

1.3.3Zeme Group6

Khoiraochap v‘stand’Marrison 67 Naga
Liangmeichab v‘stand’Marrison 67 Naga
Zemesap v‘stand’Marrison 67 Naga
Zemesap ‘stand’LaPolla 87: 159
Mziemesap v‘stand’Marrison 67 Naga

1.4Meithei4

Meitheilep v‘stand’Marrison 67 Naga
Old Meitheitśəprefix◦rep ‘stand’LaPolla 87: 159
Old Meitheitśəprefix◦rep ‘stand’Benedict 72 STC: 246

1.5Mikir [Karbi]3

Mikir [Karbi]arprefix◦dźap ‘stand’LaPolla 87: 159
Mikir [Karbi]arprefix◦džap ‘stand’Benedict 72 STC: 246
Mikir [Karbi]arprefix◦jap v‘stand’Marrison 67 Naga

1.7.1.3Koch1

Atongchap- v‘stand (be in standing position)’van Breugel 08 Atong

1.7.2Northern Naga/Konyakian1

1.7.2.1Tangsa-Nocte7

Noctechap v‘stand’Marrison 67 Naga
Noctetšʌp v.‘stand’Weidert 87 TBTo: 663
Tangsatšhʌp v.‘stand’Weidert 87 TBTo: 663

1.7.3.1Jingpho6

Jingphotsap ‘stand’LaPolla 87: 159
Jingphotsa̱p⁵⁵ ‘stand’Liu 84
Jingphotsa̱p⁵⁵ v.‘stand’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1784.19
Jingphotsa̱p⁵⁵ ‘stand’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 569.47

1.7.3.2Asakian1

Sakcaʔ ‘stand’Huziwara 08 Sak: 111

2.1.3Lepcha2

Lepchahryam ‘stand’LaPolla 87: 159
Lepchahryăm ‘stand on tip of toe, rise’Benedict 72 STC: 246

2.1.4Tamangish15

Gurungrāq-mmorpheme v‘stand’Hale 73 CSD: 01.069
Gurung (Ghachok)raːq-mmorpheme ‘stand’Glover 72 GuVo: 1.69
Gurung (Ghachok)raːq◦basuffix v.i.‘get up / stand’Glover 72 GuVo
Gurung (Ghachok)raːq◦basuffix v.i.‘stand’Glover 72 GuVo: 6.B.3.10
Gurung²raː- ‘stand’Mazaudon 94 These: 858
Manang (Gyaru)hrᴇː² rᴇ³morpheme ʈo³morpheme V‘stand’Nagano 84 Man: 111
Manang (Prakaa)³r̥eː- ‘stand’Hoshi 84: 0321
Tamang (Sahu)'rap-pasuffix v.‘stand’Taylor 72 TmVo: 1.69
Tamang (Sahu)'rap-pasuffix v.‘stand (itr)’Taylor 72 TmVo: 17.C.10
Tamang (Sahu)themorpheme 'rāp◦pāsuffix v‘stand’Hale 73 CSD: 01.069
Tamang (Taglung)rap-kjemorpheme ‘stand’Mazaudon 94 These: 858

2.1.5Dhimal2

Dhimalsźap ‘stand’LaPolla 87: 159

2.3Kiranti1

*Kirantiryap- ~ ryam- ‘stand’Opgenort 11 Tilung

2.3.1Eastern Kiranti7

Athpare (Rai)yeb-emorpheme ‘stand’Ebert 97 Athpare
Athpare (Rai)yep◦mamorpheme ‘stand’Ebert 97 Athpare
Balaliyeb ‘stand’LaPolla 87: 159
LimbujEp- v.‘stand, standing’Michailovsky 89 Lm
LimbujEps- v.‘stand (sth. up)’Michailovsky 89 Lm

2.3.2Southern Kiranti1

Bantawaep ‘stand up’Rai 85 BnDs

2.3.3Central Kiranti9

Dumirep◦bokmorpheme◦nɨmorpheme ‘keep on standing <stand>’Driem 93 Dumi
Dumirep◦dzɨmorpheme◦nɨmorpheme ‘<stand> remain standing, be standing’Driem 93 Dumi
Dumirep◦mɨtmorpheme◦nɨmorpheme ‘stand something up’Driem 93 Dumi
Dumirep◦nɨmorpheme ‘stand’Driem 93 Dumi
Khaling'rem-nemorpheme v‘stand’Hale 73 CSD: 01.069
Khalingrep ⪤ reb ‘stand’Benedict 72 STC: 246
Khalingrep~reb ‘stand’LaPolla 87: 159
Sampangrip ‘stand’LaPolla 87: 159

2.3.4Western Kiranti4

Bahingrap ‘stand’LaPolla 87: 159
Hayuyep ⪤ ip ‘stand’Benedict 72 STC: 246
Hayuyep~ip ‘stand’LaPolla 87: 159

3.2Qiangic10

Guiqiongjø³⁵ ‘stand’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 569.17
Muyatə³³morphemerə⁵³ v.‘rise / stand up’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1567.15
Muyatə³³morphemerə⁵³ v.‘stand’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1784.15
Muya [Minyak]tɯ⁵⁵morphemerɯ⁵⁵ ‘stand’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 569.15
Qiang (Taoping)ʐi⁵⁵ ‘stand’LaPolla 87: 159

3.3rGyalrongic5

Daofudəmorpheme rjɛ v.‘rise / stand up’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1567.12
Nyagrong Minyag (Ganzi Xinlong)ˊtəmorpheme ʁvə v‘stand up, rise’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 0504
Lavrung (Jinchuan Guaninqiao)tɕhə̌morpheme râ v‘stand up, rise’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 0504

3.3.1rGyalrong69

rGyalrong (Heishui Luhua)'tamorpheme◦rwas v‘stand up, rise’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 0504
rGyalrong (Heishui Shashiduo)'tomorpheme◦rwajs v‘stand up, rise’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 0504
rGyalrong (Lixian Ganbao)'təmorpheme◦ɫjaʔ v‘stand up, rise’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 0504
rGyalrong (Ganzi Danba Dandong)damorpheme◦'rjən v‘stand up, rise’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 0504
rGyalrongkaprefix rjap ‘stand’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 569.12
rGyalrong (Lixian Guergou)ka'morpheme◦rjep̚ v‘stand up, rise’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 0504
rGyalrong (Lixian Jiabi)ka'morpheme◦rjep̚ v‘stand up, rise’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 0504
rGyalrong (Maerkang Soman)kamorpheme-rjap v‘stand up, rise’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 0504
rGyalrong (Lixian Shangmeng Rajipu)ka³morphemerjep³ v‘stand up, rise’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 0504
rGyalrong (Maerkang Jiamuzu Konglong)kaˈʴmorpheme◦cʲəpmorpheme / kamorpheme◦ˈrwe v‘stand up, rise’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 0504
rGyalrong (Maerkang Soman Seermi)kamorpheme◦'rjap̚ v‘stand up, rise’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 0504
rGyalrong (Maerkang Zhuokeji Xisuo)kamorpheme◦'rjap v‘stand up, rise’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 0504
rGyalrong (Hongyuan Rangkou Jiadang)kamorpheme◦'rjep v‘stand up, rise’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 0504
rGyalrong (Aba Rongan Menggucun)kamorpheme◦'rot v‘stand up, rise’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 0504
rGyalrong (Maerkang Dangba Geerda)kamorpheme◦'ɾjap̚ v‘stand up, rise’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 0504
rGyalrong (Maerkang Benzhen Yingbolo)kamorpheme◦'ɾɟap̚ v‘stand up, rise’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 0504
rGyalrong (Maerkang Bola (B))kǝ22morpheme rʤaᵖ55 v‘stand up, rise’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 0504
rGyalrong (Maerkang Bola (B))kǝ22morpheme rʤaᵖ55 v‘stand’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 0506
rGyalrong (Maerkang)kɐmorpheme rwɐs v.‘rise / stand up’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1567.11
rGyalrong (Maerkang Bola (A))kə22morpheme rɟʝap44 v‘stand up, rise’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 0504
rGyalrong (Maerkang Bola (A))kə22morpheme rɟʝap44 v‘stand’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 0506
rGyalrong (Jinchuan Wanlin Xilizhai)kə³morphemerjap̚³¹ v‘stand up, rise’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 0504
rGyalrong (Jinchuan Hedong)kə³morphemerjep̚⁵³ v‘stand up, rise’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 0504
rGyalrong (Xiaojin Mupo)kəmorpheme◦'rjɑp̚ v‘stand up, rise’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 0504
rGyalrong (Xiaojin Zhailong)kəmorpheme◦'rjɑp̚ v‘stand up, rise’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 0504
rGyalrong (Xiaojin Rilong)kʊˈʳmorpheme◦jəp̚ v‘stand up, rise’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 0504
rGyalrong (Maerkang Baiwan Muerji)rɛmorpheme◦'ɟɛp̚ v‘stand up, rise’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 0504
rGyalrong (Ganzi Danba Badi)ta3morpheme'rjep5sej1morpheme v‘stand up, rise’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 0504
rGyalrong (Jinchuan Maori Maori)tar'jep̚ȵi v‘stand up, rise’morphemeNagano 2013 rGyDB: 0504
rGyalrong (Jinchuan Manai Genza)ta³morphemerjam⁵ v‘stand up, rise’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 0504
rGyalrong (Jinchuan Cengda)ta³morphemerjap̚⁵ v‘stand up, rise’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 0504
rGyalrong (Jinchuan Dusong)ta³morphemerjap̚⁵ v‘stand up, rise’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 0504
rGyalrong (Jinchuan Maerbang)tamorpheme◦'rjap̚ v‘stand up, rise’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 0504
rGyalrong (Xiaojin Xingge)tamorpheme◦'rjap̚ v‘stand up, rise’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 0504
rGyalrong (Ganzi Danba Banshanmen)tamorpheme◦'rjaʔp̚ v‘stand up, rise’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 0504
rGyalrong (Baoxing Qiaoqi Yuojie)tamorpheme◦'rjem v‘stand up, rise’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 0504
rGyalrong (Hongyuan Shuajinsi Selong)tamorpheme◦'rjep v‘stand up, rise’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 0504
rGyalrong (Xiaojin Bajiao)tamorpheme◦'rjɑp̚ v‘stand up, rise’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 0504
rGyalrong (Xiaojin Fubian)tamorpheme◦'rjɑp̚ v‘stand up, rise’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 0504
rGyalrong (Jinchuan Jimu Zhouchan)tamorpheme◦'rwas v‘stand up, rise’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 0504
rGyalrong (Jinchuan Kalajiao)tamorpheme◦'rwas v‘stand up, rise’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 0504
rGyalrong (Jinchuan Sawajiao)tamorpheme◦'tjeʔp v‘stand up, rise’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 0504
rGyalrong (Ganzi Danba Dasang)tamorpheme◦ɹˈjin v‘stand up, rise’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 0504
rGyalrong (Lixian Miyalo)temorpheme◦'rjep̚ v‘stand up, rise’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 0504
rGyalrong (Lixian Putou)temorpheme◦'rjep̚ v‘stand up, rise’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 0504
rGyalrong (Xiaojin Hanniu)temorpheme◦'rjɑp̚ v‘stand up, rise’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 0504
rGyalrong (Xiaojin Jiesi)temorpheme◦'rjɑp̚ v‘stand up, rise’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 0504
rGyalrong (Aba Kehe Shuiricun)temorpheme◦'rot v‘stand up, rise’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 0504
rGyalrong (Maerkang Songgang Zhibo)tomorpheme◦'rjap̚ v‘stand up, rise’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 0504
rGyalrong (Ganzi Seda Geletuo Naoluocun)təramorpheme◦'rot v‘stand up, rise’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 0504
rGyalrong (Rangtang Shili Erguowucun)təramorpheme◦'rot v‘stand up, rise’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 0504
rGyalrong (Ganzi Danba Taipingqiao)təmorpheme◦'rjam v‘stand up, rise’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 0504
rGyalrong (Lixian Xinglong Kechun)təmorpheme◦'rjap̚ v‘stand up, rise’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 0504
rGyalrong (Ganzi Daofu Xianshuizhen)təmorpheme◦'rje v‘stand up, rise’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 0504
rGyalrong (Xiaojin Dawei)təmorpheme◦'rjɑp̚ v‘stand up, rise’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 0504
rGyalrong (Jinchuan Taiyanghe)təmorpheme◦ɾ'jə v‘stand up, rise’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 0504
rGyalrongkamorpheme rwes ‘stand’Nagano 97 GyQ: 135

4Nungic6

Anongrip ‘stand’LaPolla 87: 159
Rawangrip [riʔmorpheme mɛ³³]morpheme ‘rise/stand up’LaPolla 03: 1398
Dulongɹɛp⁵⁵ v.‘rise / stand up’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1567.20
Dulongɹɛp⁵⁵ v.‘stand’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1784.20
Trung [Dulong] (Dulonghe)pɯ³¹morpheme rep⁵⁵ ‘stand’LaPolla 87: 159

6.1.1Burmish37

Achang (Longchuan)źap⁵⁵ ‘stand’LaPolla 87: 159
Achang (Luxi)liap³¹ ‘stand’Dai 85 AcJZ
Achang (Luxi)liap³¹ ‘stand’LaPolla 87: 159
Burmese (Spoken)yaʔ² v.‘stand’Luce 85: U.14
Burmese (Written)rap ‘stand; stop, halt, remain’Benedict 76 WBur
Burmese (Written)ryap v.‘stand / foot’Luce 85: W.130
Danuyɑʔ² v.‘stand’Luce 85: U.14
Hpun (Northern)ʀéʔ, ʀéɪʔ ‘stand’Henderson 86 Hpun
Hpun (Metjo)ʀeʔ¹ v.‘stand’Luce 85: U.14
Lashi (Lachhe')yɑp² v.‘stand’Luce 85: U.14
Lashi (Lachhe')yɑp³ v.‘stand’Luce 85: U.14
Marmaraiʔ ‘stand’Huziwara 08 Sak: 111
Maru [Langsu]yɛʔ² v.‘stand’Luce 85: U.14
Taung-Yoyɑʔ¹ v.‘stand’Luce 85: U.14
Atsi [Zaiwa]yap³¹ ‘stand’LaPolla 87: 159
Atsi [Zaiwa]yɑp² v.‘stand’Luce 85: U.14

6.1.2Loloish2

*Loloishʔ-ryapᴸ ‘stand up’Bradley 79 PLo: 687
PNLʔrapᴸ ‘stand’Chen 86 CS: 101.

6.1.2.1Northern Loloish20

Lalohỳq ‘stand’Björverud 94
Lalohy̱² ‘stand’Chen 86 CS: 101.
Liphoxɤ̱² ‘stand’Chen 86 CS: 101.
Luquanʔhɛn 55c ‘stand’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 175
Nasuhe̱⁵⁵ ‘stand’Chen 86 CS: 101.
Nasuxɤn 34 ‘stand’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 175
Neisuhi¹³ ‘stand’Chen 86 CS: 101.
Nesuxɤ̱² ‘stand’Chen 86 CS: 101.
Nosuhi̱⁵⁵ ‘stand’Chen 86 CS: 101.
Yi (Liangshan)hi⁵⁵ ‘stand up’Ma 08 Yi: index
Yi (Mile)xo̱²¹ ‘stand’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 569.25
Yi (Xide)hi⁵⁵ ‘stand’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 569.21

6.1.2.2Central Loloish28

Ahixo 44s ‘stand’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 175
Ahixo̱² ‘stand’Chen 86 CS: 101.
Jinuo (Youle)xe⁵⁵ ‘stand’Gai 86
Jinuoxɛ⁴⁴ ‘stand’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 569.34
Jinuoxɛ⁵⁵ v.‘stand’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1784.44
Lahu (Lancang)xu³⁵tɑ¹¹morpheme v.‘stand’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1784.43
Lahu (Black)hū v.‘stand’Luce 85: U.14
Lahu (Yellow)xu⁴ ‘stand’Chang 86
Lisuhe̱³¹ v.‘stand’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1784.40
Lisu (Northern)hẽʔ²¹ V‘stand’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)hẽʔ²¹ɲa³⁵morpheme ‘stand on; standing’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisuhe⁴¹ ‘stand’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 569.27
Lisuhì c ‘stand’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 175
Lisu (Northern)hĩʔ²¹ti³⁵morpheme V‘stand steadily; firmly’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Putao)h̃iʔ⁶ v.‘stand’Luce 85: U.14
Lisuhʻi6 ‘stand’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 175
Lisu (Theng-yüeh)hʼi⁶ (ta¹morpheme) v.‘stand’Luce 85: U.14
Lisu (Central)hʼi⁶ htsa²morpheme v.‘stand’Fraser 22
Lisu (Central)hʼi⁶ ta¹morpheme v.‘stand’Fraser 22
Lisuɦi 11 ‘stand’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 175
Sani [Nyi]hɤ̱²¹ vi‘stand’Wu 84
Sani [Nyi]hɤ⁵⁵ ‘stand (causative)’Wu 84

6.1.2.3Southern Loloish4

Akhayaw LS ‘stand’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 175
Wonixo 33 ‘stand’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 175

6.1.2.4Southeastern Loloish4

Azhaxʌ̠⁴⁵ ‘stand (be standing)’Pelkey 11 Phula: 888
Azhaxʌ̠⁴⁵tɔ²²morphemelɛ²²morpheme ‘stand up’Pelkey 11 Phula: 887
Pholaxɛ̠³¹tɔ³³morphemelɔ³³morpheme ‘stand up’Pelkey 11 Phula: 887
Pholaxɨ̠³¹ ‘stand (be standing)’Pelkey 11 Phula: 888

6.2Naxi5

Laze (Xiangjiao)hĩẽ˥ v.‘stand up’Michaud 06 NaLaze: 2885
Na (Yongning)hĩ˧˥ v.‘stand up’Michaud 06 NaLaze
Naxixy⁵⁵ v.‘stand’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1784.45

Cite this entry

STEDT etymon #145, *g-r(y)ap ‘STAND’.
Stable link: https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/145
Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].
References: cf. STC#246, HPTB pp. 136, 342, 48, 339
BibTeX
@misc{stedt-145,
  title  = {{*g-r(y)ap 'STAND'}},
  author = {STEDT},
  year   = {2017},
  note   = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #145},
  url    = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/145}
}