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STEDT #159

*b-tsan

STRONG / FIRM / STEADFAST
Proto-Tibeto-Burman · exemplary

Reconstruction analysis

handletsanprefixbinitialtsrhymeancoverTS · N

Intermediate reconstructions

Northern Naga/Konyakian*jan ‘STRONG / FIRM / STEADFAST’
Lolo-Burmese*zan¹ ‘STRONG / FIRM’

Connections

HPTB*b-tsan ‘strong / firm’p. 260

Notes

We set up this root with an initial affricate to accommodate the Tibetan and Northern Naga forms. At the PLB level, the initial had simplified to a sibilant, a development which is replicated in scattered forms elsewhere, e.g. Sangtam a ze and Kayan Pekon sên.

Reflexes & cognates25 reflexes · 11 subgroups

0.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)2

*Tibeto-Burmanb-tsan ‘strong / firm / steadfast’Matisoff 85 GSTC: 016
*Tibeto-Burmanb-tsan ‘strong / firm’Matisoff 03 HPTB: 616

1.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)1

Sangtamaprefixze ‘strong’Marrison 67 Naga

1.7.2Northern Naga/Konyakian2

*Northern Nagajan ‘strong / firm / steadfast’French 1983, p. 497.Matisoff 85 GSTC: 016

1.7.2.1Tangsa-Nocte10

Nocteaprefix can ‘hard’French 83: 501
Nocteaprefix can ‘loud’French 83: 501
Nocteaprefix-can ‘hard’Matisoff 85 GSTC: 016
Nocteaprefixchan ‘strong’Marrison 67 Naga
Noctecan ‘difficult’Matisoff 85 GSTC: 016
Noctecan ‘difficult’French 83: 501
Noctelomorpheme can ‘strong’French 83: 501
Noctelomorpheme-can ‘strong’Matisoff 85 GSTC: 016
Tangsa (Yogli)aprefix tsan ‘hard’French 83: 501
Tangsa (Yogli)amorpheme-tsan ‘hard’Matisoff 85 GSTC: 016

1.7.2.2Konyak-Chang1

Phomʒæn⁵⁵ ‘hard (firm)’Burling 98 Phom

2.1.2.1Tibetan1

Tibetan (Written)btsan-posuffix ‘strong, mighty, powerful; firm, staunch, immovable; safe, sure; definite’“... staunch, immovable; safe, sure; definite, decided.” Matisoff 85 GSTC: 016

6.1Lolo-Burmese2

*Lolo-Burmesezan¹ ‘strong / firm’Matisoff 03 HPTB: 620

6.1.1Burmish4

Burmese (Written)san ‘strong, vigorous’Matisoff 85 GSTC: 016
Burmese (Written)sâñ ‘strong, violent; ill’Benedict 76 WBur
Burmese (Written)san ‘strong, vigorous’Benedict 76 WBur
Burmese (Written)than ‘strong, violent’Benedict 76 WBur

6.1.2.2Central Loloish3

Lahu (Black) ‘durable, strong, firm; steadfast’Matisoff 85 GSTC: 016
Lisu (Northern)ze⁴⁴ V‘strong; solid; firm’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)zɯ³⁵zɯ³⁵ V‘strong; hard; firm’Bradley 94 Lisu

6.1.2.3Southern Loloish3

Akha (Yunnan)prefix zìq ‘firm’Hansson 89 AHKP: 492

7Karenic2

Kayan (Pekon)âumorphemesênâumorphemeklə̤̀nmorpheme Velab‘stable and firm, solid’Manson 10 Kayan
Kayan (Pekon)sên ADJ‘firm’Manson 10 Kayan

Cite this entry

STEDT etymon #159, *b-tsan ‘STRONG / FIRM / STEADFAST’.
Stable link: https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/159
Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].
References: cf. HPTB, GSTC
BibTeX
@misc{stedt-159,
  title  = {{*b-tsan 'STRONG / FIRM / STEADFAST'}},
  author = {STEDT},
  year   = {2017},
  note   = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #159},
  url    = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/159}
}