*s-yak

HARD / DIFFICULT

Proto-Tibeto-Burman · exemplary · provisional

Reconstruction analysis

handleʔyakinitialʔyrhymeakcoverH · T

Intermediate reconstructions

Northern Naga/Konyakian*jek ‘HARD’

Notes

Jingpho yak ‘difficult’ is evidently a borrowing from Tai (cf. Proto-Tai *jaak), since PTB *-k regularly becomes Jingpho -ʔ.

Chinese comparandum

阸/阨 OC *ʔěk ~ *ʔěg, GSR #844g-h ‘defile, narrow pass; straits, difficulties’; Schuessler 2007:223 *rêkh ~ *ʔêkh; Mand. è ~ ài.
隘 OC *ʔěk ~ *ʔěg, GSR #849h ‘defile, narrow pass; in straits, distress’; B & S 2011: *qˁ‹r›ik {qˁ‹r›[i]k}; Mand. è ~ ài.

Reflexes & cognates13 reflexes · 5 subgroups

1.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)1

Ao (Chungli)taprefix◦sak ‘hard’Marrison 67 Naga

1.7.2Northern Naga/Konyakian1

See Matisoff 1983 (“Translucent insights”) #70.

*Northern Nagajek ‘hard’French 83: 501

1.7.2.2Konyak-Chang8

Changsek bumorpheme ‘expensive’French 83: 501

Changsek okmorpheme bumorpheme ‘hard’French 83: 501

Changsek okmorpheme kaŋmorpheme komorpheme bumorpheme ‘vigorous’French 83: 501

Changsek◦bümorpheme ‘dear (expensive)’Marrison 67 Naga

Changsiek ‘difficult’Marrison 67 Naga

Changsiek ‘difficult’French 83: 501

Wanchotiak ‘hard’French 83: 501

Wanchotsak umorpheme ‘hard’French 83: 501

6.1.2.2Central Loloish3

Jinuoja³³ ‘difficult’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1067.44

Jinuoja³³ ‘difficult’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 879.34

Jinuo (Youle)jɑ³³ ‘difficult’Gai 86

9.0.1Old Chinese1

Chinese (Old)ʔěk ‘straits, difficulties’Matisoff 83 TIL: 70

Cite this entry

STEDT etymon #175, *s-yak ‘HARD / DIFFICULT’.

Stable link: https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/175

Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].

BibTeX

@misc{stedt-175,
  title  = {{*s-yak 'HARD / DIFFICULT'}},
  author = {STEDT},
  year   = {2017},
  note   = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #175},
  url    = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/175}
}