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STEDT #2249

*s/d-krwak

FEAR / FRIGHTEN
Proto-Tibeto-Burman

Reconstruction analysis

handlegrokinitialgrrhymeok~krok=coverK · LT

Intermediate reconstructions

Lolo-Burmese*Nkrok ‘FEAR / BE AFRAID’
Lolo-Burmese*ʔkrok ‘FRIGHTEN’

Connections

HPTB*k/grok ⪤ *k/grak ‘fear / frighten’pp. 327, 377, 513

Chinese comparandum

赫 OC *χɑ̆k, GSR #779a ‘red, fiery; brilliant; majestic, awe-inspiring; frighten’; Schuessler 2007:276 *hrâk; B & S 2011: *qʰˁrak; Mand. hè.
嚇 OC *χɑ̆k, GSR #779b ‘frighten’; Schuessler 2007:276 *hrâk; B & S 2011: *qʰˁ‹r›ak qʰˁ‹r›ak-s; Mand. hè.
嚇 OC *χɑ̆g, GSR #779b ‘frighten’; Schuessler 2007:276 *hrâkh; B & S 2011: *qʰˁ‹r›ak-s; Mand. xià.
虩 OC *χi̯ɑ̆k, GSR #787d-f ‘frightening’; Schuessler 2007:276 *hak; Mand. xì.
覤 OC *χi̯ɑ̆k, GSR #789a ‘fear’; Schuessler 2007:276 *hak; Mand. xì.
恪 OC *k’lɑ̂k, GSR #766g ‘respect; reverent’; Coblin 86:78 ST *khlak > OC *khlak; Schuessler 2007:276 (*khrâk); B & S 2011: (*kʰˁrak); Mand. kè.

Reflexes & cognates126 reflexes · 17 subgroups

0.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)4

*Tibeto-Burmangrâk ⪤ *krâk ‘fear, frighten’LaPolla 87: 174
*Tibeto-Burmangrok ⪤ krok ‘fear / frighten’Benedict 72 STC: 473
*Tibeto-Burmangrɑ̂k~krɑ̂k ‘fear / frighten’Chou 72: 789a
*Tibeto-Burmank/grok ⪤ k/grak ‘fear / frighten’Matisoff 03 HPTB: 597

1.7.3.2Asakian1

Sakáprefix◦caʔ ‘fear / be afraid’Huziwara 08 Sak: 245

2.1.2Bodic2

Cuona Menbatʂɔʔ⁵³ka³¹morpheme v.‘frighten / scare’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1721.06

2.1.2.1Tibetan12

Tibetan (Batang)tʂɑʔ⁵³ v.‘afraid, be’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1366.03
Tibetan (Written)dkrog-pasuffix ⪤ skrog-pasuffix ‘rouse, scare up’Matisoff 03 HPTB: 329
Tibetan (Written)skrag-pasuffix ‘terrified, afraid’LaPolla 87: 174
Tibetan (Xiahe)htɕaχ htsaŋmorpheme v.‘frighten / scare’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1721.04

3.1Tangut2

Tangut [Xixia]kjạ ‘fear, dread’Li 97 Tangut: 2539
Tangut [Xixia]tśja ‘fear, dread’Li 97 Tangut: 4428

3.2Qiangic4

Namuyilu³³morphemequ³³ ‘fear’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 730.19

4Nungic1

Trung [Dulong] (Dulonghe)a³¹prefix kraʔ⁵⁵ ‘fear, frighten’LaPolla 87: 174

6.1Lolo-Burmese2

*Lolo-BurmeseNkrok ‘fear / be afraid’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 104(a)

6.1.1Burmish32

Achang (Lianghe)tʂu³¹ ‘fear’Dai 85 AcJZ
Achang (Longchuan)xʐoʔ⁵⁵ v.‘frighten / scare’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1721.28
Achang (Xiandao)çu³⁵ v.‘frighten / scare’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1721.29
Arakanesehkrau" ‘frighten’Okell 71
Bola (Luxi)kja̱uʔ⁵⁵ v.‘frighten / scare’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1721.32
Burmese (Rangoon)tɕhɑuʔ⁴ v.‘frighten / scare’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1721.27
Burmese (Written)khrok ‘frighten’Okell 71
Burmese (Written)khrɔk⁴ v.‘frighten / scare’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1721.26
Burmese (Written)krok ‘fear, be afraid’Benedict 76 WBur
Hpun (Northern)chòʔ ‘fear / frighten’Henderson 86 Hpun
Hpun (Northern)chòʔ ‘frighten (cp. Fear)’Henderson 86 Hpun
Inthahklo' ‘frighten’Okell 71
Langsu (Luxi)kja̱uk⁵⁵ v.‘frighten / scare’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1721.31
Leqi (Luxi)kju̱ːk⁵⁵ v.‘frighten / scare’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1721.33
Marmakrɔʔ ‘fear / be afraid’Huziwara 08 Sak: 245
Tavoyankhyaú' ‘frighten’Okell 71
Atsi [Zaiwa]kjuʔ³¹ ‘fear, frighten’LaPolla 87: 174
Atsi [Zaiwa]kju̱ʔ⁵⁵ v.‘frighten / scare’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1721.30

6.1.2Loloish3

*Loloish(sə)-grokᴴ ‘fear’Bradley 79 PLo: 689
PNLNkrokᴴ ‘fear’Chen 86 CS: 73.
PNLʔkrok ‘frighten’Chen 86 CS: 157.

6.1.2.1Northern Loloish30

Gazhuotɕo³⁵ v.‘frighten / scare’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1721.47
Lalogoq ‘afraid / be afraid’Björverud 94
Lalogo̱³³ ‘fear’Chen 86 CS: 73.
Laloko³³ ‘frighten’Chen 86 CS: 157.
Liphodʐu̱³³ ‘fear’Chen 86 CS: 73.
Liphoku̱³³ ‘frighten’Chen 86 CS: 157.
Nasudžu 32s ‘fear / be afraid’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 104(a)
Nasudʑo̱² ‘fear’Chen 86 CS: 73.
Nasutɕo̱² ‘frighten’Chen 86 CS: 157.
Nesudʐu̱³³ ‘fear’Chen 86 CS: 73.
Nesutsu̱³³ ‘frighten’Chen 86 CS: 157.
Nosudʑu̱⁴ ‘fear’Chen 86 CS: 73.
Nosuku̱⁴ ‘frighten’Chen 86 CS: 157.
Nusu (Southern)dʐu̱⁵³ ‘fear’Sun J 86 Nusu
Nusu (Central)gɹu̱⁵³ v.‘afraid, be’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1366.34
Nusu (Northern)gɹu̱⁵⁵ ‘fear’Sun J 86 Nusu
Nusu (Central)kɹu̱⁵³ v.‘frighten / scare’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1721.34
Yi (Liangshan)ku̱³³ ‘frighten; intimidate; scare’Ma 08 Yi: index
Yi (Liangshan)ku̱³³lɯ³⁴morpheme ‘frighten; intimidate; scare; threaten’Ma 08 Yi: index
Yi (Liangshan)ʥu̱³³ɬa³³morpheme ‘fear’Ma 08 Yi: index
Yi (Mile)dʐu̱³³ ‘fear’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 730.25
Yi (Nanhua)tsu³³ v.‘shiver / tremble (from fear)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1303.37
Yi (Weishan)ko³³ v.‘frighten / scare’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1721.36
Yi (Wuding)tɕu̱² v.‘frighten / scare’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1721.38
Yi (Xide)ku̱³³lɯ³⁴morpheme v.‘frighten / scare’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1721.35

6.1.2.2Central Loloish23

Ahidʐu̱³³ ‘fear’Chen 86 CS: 73.
Ahitʂu̱³³ ‘frighten’Chen 86 CS: 157.
Jinuo (Youle)khø³³ ‘fear’Gai 86
Jinuonɔ⁴⁴morphemetɕhø³³ v.‘frighten / scare’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1721.44
Jinuotɕhø³⁵ ‘fear’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 730.34
Kucongkɔ33 tsʌ31morpheme ‘frighten’Dai 09 Kucong
Kucongkɯ33 ‘fear’Dai 09 Kucong
Lahukɔ̂ʔ ‘fear, frighten’LaPolla 87: 174
Lahukɔ̂ʔ ‘fear’Benedict 72 STC: 76n232
Lahu (Yellow)kɯ⁶ ‘fear’Chang 86
Lisuchaw2 ‘frighten’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 104(b)
Lisuchaw² ‘fear’Bradley 79 PLo: 689
Lisu (Central)chaw² v.‘frighten’Fraser 22
Lisu (Northern)dʑɔ³³ V‘afraid; fear’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisudʒo⁴⁴ ‘fear’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 730.27
Lisujaw3 ‘fear / be afraid’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 104(a)
Lisujaw³ ‘fear’Bradley 79 PLo: 689
Lisu (Central)jaw³ v.‘fear’Fraser 22
Lisutɕo³⁵ v.‘frighten / scare’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1721.40
Sani [Nyi]<go⁴⁴> ‘fear’Chen 86 CS: 73.
Sani [Nyi]gu 44 ‘fear / be afraid’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 104(a)

6.1.2.3Southern Loloish7

Akhagu HS ‘fear / be afraid’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 104(a)
Hani (Lüchun)na³¹morphemegu̱³³ v.‘frighten / scare’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1721.41
Hani (Mojiang)l̥a³³morphemekv̱³³ v.‘frighten / scare’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1721.42
Woniku 45 ‘fear / be afraid’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 104(a)

6.1.2.4Southeastern Loloish4

Azhaʦu³³ ‘fear’Pelkey 11 Phula: 793
Pholakɔ̠⁵⁵ ‘fear’Pelkey 11 Phula: 793
Phuzadʐɯ⁵⁵ ‘fear’Pelkey 11 Phula: 793

6.2Naxi3

Na (Yongning)qv˧˥ v.‘frighten’Michaud 06 NaLaze
Naxitʂɚ²¹ v.‘frighten / scare’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1721.45

7Karenic3

*Karenxa ‘scare, frighten’Benedict 72 STC: 159n430
*Karenxɑ ‘scare / frighten with outcries / use violent language in order to terrify’Chou 72: 789a
Kayan (Pekon)há V‘frighten’Manson 10 Kayan

9.0.1Old Chinese3

STC cites several Chinese comparanda, including GSR 766q, 766g, 813a-f, 813g, and 789a.

Chinese (Old/Mid)glɑ̂k/lɑ̂k v.‘fear’Chou 72: 766q
Chinese (Old/Mid)xi̯ɑ̌k/xi̯ɒk ‘fear’Chou 72: 789a
Chinese (Old)kʻlɑ̂k ‘respect, reverent (inspire fear)’Chou 72: 766g

Cite this entry

STEDT etymon #2249, *s/d-krwak ‘FEAR / FRIGHTEN’.
Stable link: https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/2249
Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].
References: cf. STC#473, HPTB pp.327, 377, 513
BibTeX
@misc{stedt-2249,
  title  = {{*s/d-krwak 'FEAR / FRIGHTEN'}},
  author = {STEDT},
  year   = {2017},
  note   = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #2249},
  url    = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/2249}
}