STEDT
Shape, Size, Color, Measure, Number, Time, Space  ›  Qualities  ›  Positive/Desirable qualities  ›  Positive Qualities
STEDT #156

*g-sal

CLEAR / BRIGHT / PLEASANT
Proto-Tibeto-Burman

Reconstruction analysis

handlesalprefixginitialsrhymealcoverS · L

Intermediate reconstructions

Lolo-Burmese*ša¹ ‘EASY / CHEAP’HPTB:613

Connections

HPTB*g-sal ‘clear / bright / pleasant’pp. 404, 405, 428

Chinese comparandum

粲 OC *ts’ɑn, GSR #154b ‘bright, splendid’; Schuessler 2007:176 *tshâns; B & S 2011: *tsʰˁar-s {[tsʰ]ˁar-s}; Mand. càn.

Reflexes & cognates44 reflexes · 16 subgroups

0.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)1

*Tibeto-Burmang-sal ‘clear / bright / pleasant’Matisoff 03 HPTB: 612

1.3.2Angami-Pochuri Group1

Ntenyikethan n‘light (bright)’Marrison 67 Naga

1.7.3.1Jingpho4

Jingphosan³¹ ‘clear (water)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1022.19
Jingphosan³¹ ‘clarify / clear up’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1197.19
Jingphosan³¹ ‘clear (water)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 855.47

2.1.2Bodic4

Kaikesāl◦masuffix adj‘bright’Hale 73 CSD: 12b.33
Tsangla (Motuo)sai⁵⁵pu¹³suffix ‘bright’Zhang Jichuan 86
Tshona (Mama)sɛː⁵⁵po⁵³suffix ‘bright’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 833.6
Cuona Menbasɛː⁵⁵po⁵³suffix ‘bright’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1012.06

2.1.2.1Tibetan10

Tibetan (Batang)se⁵⁵pᴜ⁵³suffix ‘bright’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1012.03
Tibetan (Khams:Dege)se⁵⁵mo⁵³suffix ‘bright’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 833.3
Tibetan (Lhasa)sɛ⁵⁵po⁵³suffix ‘bright’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 833.2
Tibetan (Lhasa)sɛ⁵⁵po⁵⁵suffix ‘bright’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1012.02
Tibetan (Written)gsal posuffix ‘bright’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 833.1
Tibetan (Written)gsal-basuffix be v.‘clear / distinct / bright’Benedict 72 STC: 15n54(a)

2.1.4Tamangish2

Manang (Prakaa)³tʰaŋmorpheme ³səl◦pəsuffix ‘bright / light’Hoshi 84: 0474a
Manang (Prakaa)³tʰoŋmorpheme ³səl◦pəsuffix ‘bright / light’Hoshi 84: 0474b

3.2Qiangic2

Muya [Minyak]sa⁵⁵sa⁵⁵ ‘bright’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 833.15
Qiang (Mianchi)pɛ́morpheme-sè̥ ‘today [?=sky-bright]’Evans 99 Qiang: 1085

3.3.1rGyalrong1

4Nungic1

6.1Lolo-Burmese2

This etymon bears a fortuitous resemblance to #174 PTB *s-ra HARD / DIFFICULT / POOR / DISTRESSED, a root with the opposite meaning.

*Lolo-BurmeseC-ša¹ ‘easy / cheap’Matisoff 03 HPTB: 613
*Lolo-Burmesesa¹ ‘clear / bright / pleasant’Matisoff 03 HPTB: 612

6.1.1Burmish1

6.1.2Loloish2

6.1.2.2Central Loloish10

Kucongsʌ33 ‘easy’Dai 09 Kucong
Lahu (Black)ša ‘easy, pleasant’Matisoff 88 DL
Lahu (Yellow)sa¹ ‘easy’Chang 86
Lisu (Northern)dʑɔ⁴⁴morphemesa³³ N‘happiness; easy life’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)sa³³ V‘easy; comfortable; feel nice’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)sa³³sa³⁵ ‘easy; simple’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Central)sa⁴ ‘easy, be’Fraser 22
Lisusɑ⁴⁴ ‘easy’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 878.27

6.1.2.3Southern Loloish2

Akhasaˇ-eumorpheme be v.‘easy (not difficult); flat’Lewis 89 AETD: 389
Sangkongʑa⁵⁵ ‘easy / cheap’Matisoff 03 HPTB: 36

6.1.2.4Southeastern Loloish5

Azhasɔ²¹ ‘easy’Pelkey 11 Phula: 982
Southern Mujikə²¹morphemesa³³ ‘easy’Pelkey 11 Phula: 982
Pholakɛ³³morphemesɑ⁵⁵ ‘easy’Pelkey 11 Phula: 982
Hlepho Phowakə³³morphemesa²¹ ‘easy’Pelkey 11 Phula: 982
Phuzaɡə³³morphemeɡa³³morphemesa³¹ ‘easy’Pelkey 11 Phula: 982

6.2Naxi1

Cite this entry

STEDT etymon #156, *g-sal ‘CLEAR / BRIGHT / PLEASANT’.
Stable link: https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/156
Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].
References: cf. STC p.15, HPTB pp.404, 405, 428
BibTeX
@misc{stedt-156,
  title  = {{*g-sal 'CLEAR / BRIGHT / PLEASANT'}},
  author = {STEDT},
  year   = {2017},
  note   = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #156},
  url    = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/156}
}