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STEDT #174

*s-ra

HARD / DIFFICULT / POOR / DISTRESSED

Proto-Tibeto-Burman

Reconstruction analysis

handleraprefixsinitialrrhymeacoverL · V

Intermediate reconstructions

Loloish*ʔ/s-ra² ‘DIFFICULT / POOR’

Notes

This etymon bears a fortuitous resemblance to #5726 PLB *ša¹ EASY / CHEAP, a root with the opposite meaning.

Chinese comparandum

粗 *N-sˁra ‘coarse, crude, thick; vulgar, rude’
鹵 *rˁaʔ {[r]ˁaʔ} ‘rustic, coarse’

Reflexes & cognates97 reflexes · 7 subgroups

2.1.2.1Tibetan15

Tibetan (Alike)ʂa mosuffix ‘hard’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1034.05

Tibetan (Alike)ʂa mosuffix ‘solid’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1043.05

Tibetan (Amdo:Bla-brang)ʂa mosuffix ‘hard’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 831.4

Tibetan (Amdo:Zeku)ʂa mosuffix ‘hard’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 831.5

Tibetan (Amdo:Zeku)ʂæ-mosuffix ‘firm, hard’Sun J 85 Amdo: 262

Tibetan (Amdo:Zeku)ʂæ-wæsuffix ‘hard’Sun J 85 Amdo: 344

Tibetan (Batang)sa⁵⁵mᴜ⁵³suffix ‘hard’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1034.03

Tibetan (Khams:Dege)sa⁵³ ‘hard’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 831.3

Tibetan (Written)sra mosuffix ‘hard’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1034.01

Tibetan (Written)sra-bosuffix ‘tough, proof against onslaught’Matisoff 93 PC

Tibetan (Written)sra.basuffix ‘hard, solid, compact, firm’Sun J 85 TbGl: 344

Tibetan (Written)sra.mosuffix ‘firm, hard’Sun J 85 TbGl: 262

Tibetan (Written)sra◦basuffix ‘hard’Marrison 67 Naga

Tibetan (Xiahe)ʂa mosuffix ‘hard’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1034.04

Tibetan (Xiahe)ʂa mosuffix ‘solid’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1043.04

6.1.2Loloish1

*Loloishʔ/s-ra² ‘difficult’Bradley 79 PLo: 544B

6.1.2.1Northern Loloish24

Nusu (Northern)ʐa³⁵ ‘difficult’Sun J 86 Nusu

Nusu (Northern)ʐa³⁵ ‘poor’Sun J 86 Nusu

Nusu (Central)ʐa⁵⁵ ‘difficult’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1067.34

Nusu (Central)ʐa⁵⁵ ‘poor’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1084.34

Nusu (Bijiang)ʐɑ⁵³ ‘poor’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 909.45

Nusu (Bijiang)ʐɑ⁵⁵ɑ³¹morpheme ‘difficult’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 879.45

Nusu (Southern)ʑɔ⁵³ ‘poor’Sun J 86 Nusu

Nusu (Southern)ʑɔ⁵⁵ ‘difficult’Sun J 86 Nusu

Yi (Liangshan)ʂa³³ ‘poor (no money)’Ma 08 Yi: index

Yi (Liangshan)ʂa³³zɯ³³morpheme ‘poor people’Ma 08 Yi: index

Yi (Liangshan)ʂa³⁴ndu̱³³morpheme ‘hard (difficult); laborious; strenuous’Ma 08 Yi: index

Yi (Liangshan)ʥo³⁴morphemeʂa³³ ‘arduous; difficult (living conditions)’Ma 08 Yi: index

Yi (Mile)xo⁵⁵ ‘difficult’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 879.25

Yi (Mile)ʂo⁵⁵ ‘poor’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 909.25

Yi (Mojiang)so³³ ‘poor’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 909.26

Yi (Nanhua)pe³³morphemeʂo⁵⁵ ‘difficult’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1067.37

Yi (Nanhua)pe³³morphemeʂo̱⁵⁵ ‘difficult’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 879.24

Yi (Nanhua)ʂo⁵⁵ ‘poor’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1084.37

Yi (Nanhua)ʂo⁵⁵ ‘poor’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 909.24

Yi (Nanjian)ʂa²¹ ‘difficult’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 879.23

Yi (Nanjian)ʑe⁵⁵morphemeʂa²¹ ‘poor’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 909.23

Yi (Weishan)ʂɑ²¹ ‘difficult’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1067.36

Yi (Weishan)ʂɑ²¹ ‘poor’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1084.36

Yi (Wuding)ʂu³³ ‘difficult’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1067.38

6.1.2.2Central Loloish37

Lahu (Lancang)xɑ¹¹ ‘difficult’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1067.43

Lahu (Lancang)xɑ¹¹ ‘poor’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1084.43

Lahu (Black)hā ‘difficult, poor, suffer’Matisoff 88 DL: 1066

Lahu (Black)hā ‘distress’Matisoff 93 PC

Lahu (Black)mì#2453 PTB *m-l(e/ə)y ‘EARTH / COUNTRY / GROUND / MUD / SOIL’PKC *lay ‘EARTH / SOIL / WORLD’PCN *a-lej ‘GROUND, EARTH / FIELD’PTk *lej ‘EARTH’PKar *miᴬ ‘WILD’ hā ve#450 PTB *way ‘BE / COPULA / NOMINALIZER / SUBORDINATOR’Allofams1 #1821 PTB *s/g-ray ⪤ *way ‘BE / COPULA / NOMINALIZER / SUBORDINATOR / GOD’1a #449 PTB *g-ray ‘BE / COPULA / NOMINALIZER / SUBORDINATOR’1b #658 PTB *g-ray ‘GOD / CREATOR’1c #450 PTB *way ‘BE / COPULA / NOMINALIZER / SUBORDINATOR’1d #5495 PTB *s-ray ‘PLURALIZER’ ‘rough ground’Matisoff 93 PC

Lahu (Black)xᴀ¹¹ ‘difficult’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 879.33

Lahu (Black)xᴀ¹¹ ‘poor’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 909.33

Lahu (Yellow)xa⁵ ‘difficult’Chang 86

Lahu (Yellow)xa⁵ ‘poor’Chang 86

Lisu (Northern)hwa⁵⁵ V‘difficult’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Northern)hæ̃⁵⁵wa³³morphemedu³³morpheme N‘harm; suffer’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Northern)hæ̃⁵⁵wa³³morphemele³³morpheme N‘harm; suffer’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Central)sha¹ ‘difficult’Fraser 22

Lisu (Central)sha¹ ‘hard (difficult)’Fraser 22

Lisu (Central)sha¹ ‘poor (destitute)’Fraser 22

Lisu (Northern)tshɔ³³morphemeɕwa⁵⁵ ‘poor; the poverty-stricken’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisuxuɑ⁵⁵ ‘difficult’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1067.40

Lisu (Northern)ɕa³⁵morphemehwa⁵⁵ ‘chronic and stubborn disease; difficult to do’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisuɕuɑ⁵⁵ ‘poor’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1084.40

Lisu (Northern)ɕwa⁵⁵ V‘poor; difficult; have hardships’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Northern)ɕwa⁵⁵gi²¹morphemele²¹morpheme ‘pauper; poor wretch’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Northern)ɕwa⁵⁵khu³³morpheme ‘endure hard work; difficulty; difficult times’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Northern)ɕwa⁵⁵khɤ³³morpheme ‘persecute; deliberately make things difficult’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Northern)ɕwa⁵⁵lɔ³³morpheme mɤʔ²¹lɔ³³morpheme ‘toiling; hard and difficult’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Northern)ɕwa⁵⁵lɤ⁵⁵morpheme ‘take pleasure in other's misfortune; speak ironically of; difficult times; difficult seasons’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Northern)ɕwa⁵⁵my²¹morpheme mɯʔ²¹morphememy²¹morpheme ‘poor place; poor and remote place’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Northern)ɕwa⁵⁵pha²¹morpheme ‘poor person (man)’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Northern)ɕwa⁵⁵pha²¹morpheme mɯʔ²¹morphemepha²¹morpheme ‘poor; the impoverished (ma’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Northern)ɕwa⁵⁵su³³morpheme ‘poor people; poverty-stricken people; labouring people’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Northern)ɕwa⁵⁵su³³morpheme mɯʔ²¹morphemesu³³morpheme ‘poor people; poverty-stricken people; labouring people’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Northern)ɕwa⁵⁵tsi⁵⁵morpheme ‘take pleasure in other's misfortune; speak ironically of; difficult times; difficult seasons’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Northern)ɕwa⁵⁵tsi⁵⁵morpheme mɯʔ²¹morphemetsi⁵⁵morpheme ‘difficult times’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Northern)ɲa³⁵morphemeɕwa⁵⁵ ‘the difficulty is; put someone in a difficult position; depressed’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisuʃuɑ⁵⁵ ‘difficult’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 879.27

Lisuʃuɑ⁵⁵ ‘poor’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 909.27

Yi (Sani)no⁵⁵morphemeʂɒ⁵⁵ ‘difficult’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1067.39

Yi (Sani)ʂɒ⁵⁵ ‘poor’morphemeHuang and Dai 92 TBL: 1084.39

6.1.2.3Southern Loloish11

Hani (Lüchun)sø³¹ ‘difficult’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1067.41

Hani (Pijo)sjhɔ̀ ‘poor’Hansson 89 AHKP: 349

Hani (Caiyuan)sɔ³¹ ‘poor’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 909.30

Hani (Gelanghe)ɕa³¹ ‘difficult’Li Yongsui 86 Hani

Hani (Gelanghe)ɕa³¹ ‘poor’Li Yongsui 86 Hani

Hani (Shuikui)ɣu⁵⁵morphemeʃɔ³¹ ‘difficult’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 879.32

Hani (Shuikui)ʃɔ³¹ ‘poor’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 909.32

Hani (Khatu)shò ‘poor’Hansson 89 AHKP: 349

Hani (Mojiang)u⁵⁵morphemeʃɔ³¹ ‘difficult’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1067.42

Hani (Mojiang)ʃɔ³¹ ‘poor’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1084.42

Mpiso¹ʔuŋ¹morpheme ‘poor’Srinuan 76

6.1.2.4Southeastern Loloish7

Azhaʂɔ̠⁴⁵ ‘poor’Pelkey 11 Phula: 1020

Azhaχɔ̠⁴⁵ ‘difficult’Pelkey 11 Phula: 983

Southern Mujisa⁵⁵ ‘poor’Pelkey 11 Phula: 1020

Pholaxɑ³³ ‘poor’Pelkey 11 Phula: 1020

Hlepho Phowakə³³morphemesa⁵⁵ ‘difficult’Pelkey 11 Phula: 983

Hlepho Phowasa⁵⁵za⁵⁵morpheme ‘poor’Pelkey 11 Phula: 1020

Phuzasa³³ ‘poor’Pelkey 11 Phula: 1020

6.2Naxi3

Laze (Xiangjiao)lu˧morphemehɑ˧ ‘difficult, hard to do’Michaud 06 NaLaze: 2146

Na (Yongning)lo˧morphemehɑ˧ ‘difficult, hard to do’Michaud 06 NaLaze

Naxi (Yongning)lo³³morphemexɑ³³ ‘difficult’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 879.29

Cite this entry

STEDT etymon #174, *s-ra ‘HARD / DIFFICULT / POOR / DISTRESSED’.

Stable link: https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/174

Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].

BibTeX

@misc{stedt-174,
  title  = {{*s-ra 'HARD / DIFFICULT / POOR / DISTRESSED'}},
  author = {STEDT},
  year   = {2017},
  note   = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #174},
  url    = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/174}
}