STEDT
Verbs of Motion, of Manipulation, and of Production  ›  Digging, excavation
STEDT #2325

*r-(k/g)wa-t

DIG UP / SCOOP OUT
Proto-Tibeto-Burman

Reconstruction analysis

handlekoprefixrinitialkrhymeo-t=r-gosuffixgcoverK · VLT

Intermediate reconstructions

Tani*ko ~ *kjo ‘DIG (HOLE)’JS-HCST: 162
Karenic*khuᴮ ‘DIG’TL#83

Connections

HPTB*r-ko-t ⪤ *r-go-t ‘dig out / scoop up’pp. 127, 129, 380, 461, 463
HPTB (PLB)*k-rakᴴ ‘gather together, scoop together’p. 319

Notes

Both the open syllable and stopped variant are well attested. This root was formerly reconstructed as *r-ko-t ⪤ *r-go-t.

Chinese comparandum

堀 OC *k’wət, GSR #496p; B & S 2011: *kʰˁut {[kʰ]ˁut}; Mand. kū.
搰 OC *g’wət, GSR #486c ‘dig out’; Schuessler 2007:327 *gût; B & S 2011: *ɡˁut {[ɡ]ˁut}; Mand. hú.
掘 OC *g’i̯wət, GSR #496s; B & S 2011: *ɡot {[ɡ]ot}; Mand. jué.

Reflexes & cognates69 reflexes · 16 subgroups

0.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)6

*Tibeto-Burmanr-go-t v.‘dig out / scoop out’Weidert 87 TBTo: 706
*Tibeto-Burmanr-go-t~r-ko-t ‘dig in ground / underground’Chou 72: 496p
*Tibeto-Burmanr-go-t~r-ko-t ‘dig (in ground)’Chou 72: 496p
*Tibeto-Burmanr-ko-t v.‘dig out / scoop out’Weidert 87 TBTo: 706
*Tibeto-Burmanr-ko-t ‘dig out / scoop out’Benedict 72 STC: 420
*Tibeto-Burmanr-ko-t ⪤ r-go-t ‘dig out / scoop up’Matisoff 03 HPTB: 596

1.1.1Tani1

*Taniko~ kjo ‘dig (hole)’Sun J 93 HCST: 103

1.1.1.1Western Tani10

Apatanitàprefix-kro ‘dig’Sun J 93 Tani
Bengnikoː v‘hoe’Sun J 93 Tani
Bengnikoː rhyme! ‘dig (hole)’Sun J 93 HCST
Bengniuŋmorpheme koː ‘dig a hole’Sun J 93 Tani
Bokarkoː ‘dig (hole)’Sun J 93 HCST
Bokarkoː ‘dig’Sun J 93 Tani
Bokarkoː v.‘dig / scoop out’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1698.24
Galo-`koo vs:adv.‘hole (result)’GLDC 09 Galo
Galo`ko◦namsuffix vt.‘dig (by scooping away dirt)’GLDC 09 Galo

1.1.1.2Eastern Tani3

Padam [Abor]ko ‘dig (hole)’Sun J 93 HCST
Milangkyo ɟuŋmorpheme ‘digging’Tayeng 76 Mil
Milangkyo-mamorpheme ‘dig’Tayeng 76 Mil

1.1.2Deng3

Kaman [Miju]guɑ³⁵ v.‘dig / scoop out’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1698.23
Kaman [Miju]guɑ³⁵; son³⁵morpheme ‘dig’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 597.48

1.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)1

Lotha Nagakho◦chetmorpheme ‘dig’Marrison 67 Naga

1.7.2Northern Naga/Konyakian1

1.7.2.1Tangsa-Nocte1

Tangsakhot v.,v.‘dig (out) / scoop (out)’Weidert 87 TBTo: 706

1.7.3.1Jingpho5

Jingphogòt vs.‘scooped out’Benedict 72 STC: 420
Jingpholəgot / ləkhot ‘dig’Benedict 72 STC: 135n368
Jingpholəgot ⪤ ləkhot ‘scoop up’Benedict 72 STC: 420
Jingpholəgot~ləkhot ‘dig in ground / underground’Chou 72: 496p
Jingpholəgot~ləkhot ‘scoop up’Chou 72: 496p

2.1.2.1Tibetan20

Tibetan (Batang)kᴜ⁵³ v.‘dig / scoop out’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1698.03
Tibetan (Lhasa)ko⁵⁵ v.‘dig / excavate’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1458.02
Tibetan (Lhasa)ko⁵⁵ v.‘dig / scoop out’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1698.02
Tibetan (Written)(b)rkos ‘dig (imp / pf)’Sun J 85 TbGl: 526
Tibetan (Written)rko-basuffix v.,v.‘dig (out) / scoop (out)’Weidert 87 TBTo: 706
Tibetan (Written)rko-basuffix / rkod-pasuffix ‘dig’Benedict 72 STC: 135n368
Tibetan (Written)rko-basuffix ⪤ rkod-pasuffix ‘dig out, engrave’Benedict 72 STC: 420
Tibetan (Written)rkod-pasuffix v.,v.‘dig (out) / scoop (out)’Weidert 87 TBTo: 706
Tibetan (Written)rko◦byedmorpheme n‘hoe’Marrison 67 Naga

3.3rGyalrongic1

6.1.2.1Northern Loloish4

Nusu (Central)khua̱⁵³ v.‘dig / scoop out’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1698.34
Nusu (Southern)khuɛ³⁵ ‘hoe’Sun J 86 Nusu
Nusu (Southern)khuɛ̱⁵³ ‘dig’Sun J 86 Nusu

9.0.1Old Chinese3

Chinese (Old/Mid)gʻi̯wət/gʻi̯uət ‘dig out (earth)’Chou 72: 496s
Chinese (Old/Mid)kʻwət/kʻuət ‘dig (in ground)’Chou 72: 496p
Chinese (Old)gjo/ut ‘dig out (earth)’Baxter 92: 323

Cite this entry

STEDT etymon #2325, *r-(k/g)wa-t ‘DIG UP / SCOOP OUT’.
Stable link: https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/2325
Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].
References: cf. STC#420, HPTB
BibTeX
@misc{stedt-2325,
  title  = {{*r-(k/g)wa-t 'DIG UP / SCOOP OUT'}},
  author = {STEDT},
  year   = {2017},
  note   = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #2325},
  url    = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/2325}
}