Language group

7Karenic (Proto-Karenic)

33 languages188 reconstructions

Family tree77 groups

0Sino-Tibetan (previously published reconstructions)

0.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)

1NE Indian Areal Group

1.2.1.2Southern Plains Chin

1.2.2Central Chin

1.2.3Maraic

1.2.4“Old Kuki”

1.3“Naga” Areal Group

1.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)

1.3.2Angami-Pochuri Group

1.7.2Northern Naga/Konyakian

2.1.1Western Himalayish

2.3.2Southern Kiranti

2.3.3Central Kiranti

2.3.4Western Kiranti

2.4Kham-Magar-Chepang

6.1.2.1Northern Loloish

6.1.2.2Central Loloish

6.1.2.3Southern Loloish

6.1.2.4Southeastern Loloish

7Karenic

X.2Unknown/Unevaluated

Languages33

Blimaw BlimawMatisoff 03 HPTB1 reflex

Bwe Bw3 sources · ISO bwe983 reflexes

Bwe (Western) W.Bw2 sources · ISO bwe141 reflexes

Geba Geba2 sources · ISO kvq119 reflexes

Karen Karen4 sources · ISO ksw1,275 reflexes

Karen (Pho) Karen (P)Matisoff 78 VSTB1 reflex

Karen (Sgaw) Karen (Sgaw)2 sources · ISO ksw43 reflexes

Karen (Sgaw/Hinthada) KarenBDai 89 KarB · ISO ksw289 reflexes

Karen (Sgaw/Yue) KarenADai 89 KarA · ISO ksw203 reflexes

Kayah KHLuangthongkum 13299 reflexes

Kayah Li EKayahMatisoff 03 HPTB · ISO eky1 reflex

Kayan KNLuangthongkum 13 · ISO pdu293 reflexes

Kayan (Pekon) Pekon KayanManson 10 Kayan · ISO pdu3,441 reflexes

Kayaw KW2 sources · ISO kvl315 reflexes

Pa-O T11 sources · ISO blk2,485 reflexes

Pa-O (Northern) N. Pa-o (Taunggyi)2 sources · ISO blk380 reflexes

Pa-O (Southern) S.POLuangthongkum 13 · ISO blk265 reflexes

Paku PakuLuce 85 · ISO kpp118 reflexes

Palaychi Palaychi6 sources · ISO kpp268 reflexes

Pwo Pwo6 sources · ISO pwo58 reflexes

Pwo (Bassein) B Pho7 sources · ISO pwo267 reflexes

Pwo (Delta) Pwo (Delta)Luce 85 · ISO pwo123 reflexes

Pwo (Moulmein) MP8 sources · ISO kjp270 reflexes

Pwo (Northern) N.PWLuangthongkum 13 · ISO pww281 reflexes

Pwo (Southern) S.PWLuangthongkum 13297 reflexes

Pwo (Tenasserim) Pwo (Tenasserim)Luce 85 · ISO kjp117 reflexes

Red Karen KarenniBenedict 72 STC · ISO eky4 reflexes

Sgaw Sgaw7 sources · ISO ksw179 reflexes

Sgaw (Bassein) BS4 sources · ISO ksw236 reflexes

Sgaw (Moulmein) MS3 sources · ISO ksw230 reflexes

Sgaw (Northern) N.SGLuangthongkum 13 · ISO ksw312 reflexes

Sgaw (Southern) S.SGLuangthongkum 13 · ISO ksw300 reflexes

White Karen Karen(White)Benedict 72 STC · ISO kvq7 reflexes

Previously published reconstructions9

*Karen PK8 sources667 records

*Karen (Central) PCKLuangthongkum 131 record

*Karen (Northern) PNKLuangthongkum 131 record

*Karen (Pwo) *PJones 61170 records

*Karen (Pwo-Sgaw) *PSJones 61132 records

*Karen (Sgaw) *SJones 61176 records

*Karen (Southern) PSKLuangthongkum 131 record

*Karen (TP) *TPJones 61110 records

*Karen [Burling] RBLuangthongkum 13192 records

Reconstructions188

*ɁdɛᴮDAUGHTER-IN-LAWPKar #7279 · 8 reflexes

*swaᴮCHARCOALPKar #7251 · 9 reflexes

*dzyanGROIN / LOINSPKar #339 · 21 reflexes

*s-nakRIBPKar #556 · 13 reflexes · exemplary

*thwɛᴬRIGHT (SIDE)PKar #7442 · 9 reflexes

*təᴮARRIVEPKar #7208 · 10 reflexes

*dowᴮTHREAD (a needle)PKar #7504 · 10 reflexes

*dəŋᴮANTPKar #7207 · 16 reflexes

*θeHORSEPKar #6086 · 19 reflexes

*p-soᴮLUNGPKar #7384 · 15 reflexes

*ɁbaŋᴮBAMBOO SHOOTPKar #7216 · 17 reflexes

*gwaᴬHUSBANDPKar #7355 · 10 reflexes

*(p/b)leɁᴰLEMUR (FLYING~) / FLYING SQUIRRELPKar #7367 · 8 reflexes

*hɲɔɁᴰSWOLLEN, SWELLINGPKar #7492 · 10 reflexes

*(jowᴮ)khanᴬBAMBOO RATPKar #7214 · 8 reflexes

*gramᴬBEDBUGPKar #7221 · 7 reflexes

*k-sreᵀHORSEPKar #7353 · 10 reflexes

*k-chVNᴬLORISPKar #7381 · 7 reflexes

*cuᴬPOINTED (as of needles), SHARP POINTPKar #7424 · 10 reflexes

*chaNᴮPUSHPKar #7432 · 7 reflexes

*khó'θwè ⪤ *kòθwíSWEATPKar #5630 · 8 reflexes

*k-hneᴬBEE (Apis dorsata)PKar #7223 · 14 reflexes

*boᴮOX, BULL, COWPKar #7413 · 6 reflexes

*chaɁᴰSEWPKar #7455 · 12 reflexes

*nVɁᴰENTERPKar #7309 · 7 reflexes

*k-mlɔNᴬTRUNK (OF AN ELEPHANT)PKar #7517 · 7 reflexes

*ɁɛNᴮBITE (v.)PKar #7228 · 8 reflexes

*doŋᴮHIT HARD (with a fist)PKar #7350 · 8 reflexes

*khɔɁᴰMANGOPKar #7388 · 13 reflexes

*bəŋᴬPOTPKar #7428 · 10 reflexes

*klonBACK (body)PKar #3325 · 22 reflexes

*sunᴮPORCUPINEPKar #7426 · 10 reflexes

*hmaᴬWIFEPKar #7537 · 10 reflexes

*siɁᴰCATERPILLARPKar #7246 · 14 reflexes

*(t/d)aɁᴰɁbaŋᴬCENTIPEDEPKar #7249 · 6 reflexes

*neᴮOBTAIN / RECEIVE / TAKE / GETPKar #7408 · 9 reflexes

*ŋjajᴬCICADAPKar #7255 · 8 reflexes

*thəŋᴮSTAND (v.)PKar #7481 · 15 reflexes

*ɁbluŋᴮFAT (adj)PKar #7314 · 10 reflexes

*s-kiᴬCRICKETPKar #7270 · 7 reflexes

*chaᴮSTARPKar #7482 · 19 reflexes

*jɔɁᴰDEEPPKar #7283 · 12 reflexes

*rwiᴮROOTPKar #7445 · 10 reflexes

*mɨᴮSUNPKar #7489 · 21 reflexes

*thawᴬLONG / TALL / HIGHPKar #7379 · 12 reflexes

*jɛɁᴰEARTHWORMPKar #7301 · 5 reflexes

*plomᴮPILEPKar #7423 · 10 reflexes

*phəᴮSHORT / LOWPKar #7460 · 9 reflexes

*sh(u/ɔ́)ʔSUCKLE / NURSEPKar #5625 · 14 reflexes

*leɁᴰPUT ON (A NECKLACE), WEARPKar #7434 · 8 reflexes

*ɁdoᴮBIG / LARGEPKar #7226 · 8 reflexes

*haKᴰCHILI PEPPER / PUNGENTPKar #7253 · 9 reflexes

*sɔɁᴰPUT ON, WEARPKar #7433 · 10 reflexes

*ɁdejᴬCUCUMBERPKar #7277 · 8 reflexes

*s-gaNᴬEGGPLANTPKar #7305 · 5 reflexes

*luNᴮPUMPKIN (ashy)PKar #7431 · 8 reflexes

*məŋᴮTRUNK (OF A TREE), FIRE WOODPKar #7516 · 7 reflexes

*t-laᵀONEPKar #7411 · 12 reflexes

*loɁᴰALL / ALL GONE / WHOLEPKar #7206 · 9 reflexes

*ɁdwɛᴮGRASSHOPPERPKar #7336 · 9 reflexes

*graᴮINSECTPKar #7357 · 16 reflexes

*hreŋᴬTHOUSAND (amount of money)PKar #7502 · 5 reflexes

*ch(w)ɛŋᴬWEAR (A SHOULDER BAG)PKar #7530 · 10 reflexes

*ɁdeɁᴰWINGPKar #773 · 26 reflexes

*(chjaNᴬ)graᴮLOUSE (chicken) / INSECTPKar #5785 · 9 reflexes · provisional

*k/s-wɛjᴬ/ᴮMILLIPEDEPKar #7391 · 9 reflexes

*ɁboɁᴰREACH INTOPKar #7440 · 9 reflexes

*ɁdwɨNᴬTHICKPKar #7500 · 6 reflexes

*ɁjɛnᴮNARROWPKar #7403 · 9 reflexes

*b-ɁwaNᴬTERMITEPKar #7497 · 8 reflexes

*biᴮTERMITE (winged)PKar #7498 · 10 reflexes

*khejᴮTICKPKar #7506 · 8 reflexes

*roŋᴮWEEVILPKar #7533 · 9 reflexes

*rɔᴬTOMORROWPKar #7511 · 7 reflexes

*dɨmᴬARMSPAN (with open hand)PKar #7373 · 9 reflexes

*kjaɁᴰASTRINGENTPKar #7212 · 7 reflexes

*sraᴬBAMBOO STRIPPKar #7215 · 10 reflexes

*plaᴬ/ᴮBATPKar #7218 · 10 reflexes

*hlowᴮBATHEPKar #7219 · 10 reflexes

*laɁᴰBELOW / UNDER / UNDERNEATHPKar #7225 · 11 reflexes

*srejᴮBRAIDPKar #7237 · 13 reflexes

*p/b-naᴮBUFFALOPKar #7242 · 10 reflexes

*kɨᴬCARAPACE / SHELLPKar #7248 · 8 reflexes

*phruNᴬCARESSPKar #7244 · 9 reflexes

*kuᴬ/ᴮCATFISHPKar #7247 · 7 reflexes

*kwiᴮCHAMELEONPKar #7250 · 10 reflexes

*chjaNᴬCHICKENPKar #7252 · 10 reflexes

*thuᴮCIVET CATPKar #7256 · 5 reflexes

*sejᴮCLASSIFIER (HAND OF BANANAS)PKar #7257 · 8 reflexes

*plɔŋᴮCLASSIFIER FOR A PIECE OF MEAT, CAKE, ETC.PKar #7260 · 7 reflexes

*ɁdəᴬCLASSIFIER FOR FOUR-LEGGED ANIMALSPKar #7264 · 7 reflexes

*ɁbɔNᴬCLASSIFIER FOR LONG OBJECTSPKar #7263 · 7 reflexes

*braᴬCLASSIFIER FOR PEOPLE, PERSONSPKar #7259 · 9 reflexes

*khoᴮCLASSIFIER FOR PLANTS (CLUMPS, CLUSTERS)PKar #7261 · 5 reflexes

*phloŋᴮCLASSIFIER FOR ROUND OBJECTSPKar #7262 · 10 reflexes

*hlowᴮCOTTON THREADPKar #7267 · 10 reflexes

*s-hmaᴮCROCODILEPKar #7271 · 6 reflexes

*k-hniᴬCROP (OF FOWL), GIZZARDPKar #7272 · 7 reflexes

*khaNᴬCROSS (v.)PKar #7273 · 6 reflexes

*ɁoᴮCROW (v.)PKar #7275 · 10 reflexes

*k-hnɔNᴮCRUSH (v.)PKar #7276 · 7 reflexes

*khiɁᴰDARK / LATE EVENINGPKar #7278 · 10 reflexes

*ɁəŋᴬDEAFPKar #7282 · 12 reflexes

*t-khroɁᴰDEER (SAMBHAR)PKar #7285 · 12 reflexes

*ɁwiᴮDELICIOUSPKar #7286 · 8 reflexes

*laŋᴬDESCENT / GO DOWN / SETPKar #7287 · 10 reflexes

*ɁdVNᴮDIP UPPKar #7289 · 7 reflexes

*thəNᴬDIPTEROCARPUSPKar #7290 · 7 reflexes

*maᴬDO / MAKEPKar #7293 · 10 reflexes

*(thoᴮ)lwiᴮDOVEPKar #7294 · 10 reflexes

*mwɨNᴬDRUNKPKar #7298 · 24 reflexes

*hɲawᴬEASYPKar #7302 · 8 reflexes

*chuNᴬEXERT FORCING TO EXPELPKar #7310 · 6 reflexes

*dɛɁᴰFALL DOWNPKar #7313 · 10 reflexes

*kəɁᴰFEEL FULL (AFTER EATING)PKar #7316 · 7 reflexes

*daɁᴰFISHPKar #7320 · 8 reflexes

*phɔᴬFLOWERPKar #7326 · 14 reflexes

*klaᴬFOREST / JUNGLEPKar #7328 · 8 reflexes

*s-beŋᴬFORGETPKar #7327 · 9 reflexes

*lwɛᴬGOPKar #7335 · 9 reflexes

*loᴬGREAT-GRANDCHILDPKar #7338 · 8 reflexes

*laᴬGREAT-GREAT-GRANDCHILDPKar #7339 · 9 reflexes

*s-luHAIRPKar #5634 · 65 reflexes

*doᴮHANDLEPKar #7341 · 9 reflexes

*klVŋᴮHATPKar #7342 · 6 reflexes

*ɁɔᴮHAVE / BE / EXIST / STAY / THERE ISPKar #7344 · 11 reflexes

*lekᴰHAWK / EAGLEPKar #7343 · 13 reflexes

*saɁᴰHEARTPKar #7346 · 10 reflexes

*thəᴮHEAVYPKar #7347 · 6 reflexes

*srɔᴮHEMPPKar #7348 · 10 reflexes

*glamᴮHIPPKar #7349 · 8 reflexes

*phwiᴬLIGHT (weight)PKar #7370 · 12 reflexes

*khlɛNᴬLINEAR MEASURE (about two yards)PKar #7374 · 8 reflexes

*ŋjaɁᴰLONG (of time)PKar #7378 · 12 reflexes

*pəᴮLOOK AFTER (things)PKar #7380 · 6 reflexes

*ɁaᴬMANY / MUCHPKar #7389 · 9 reflexes

*khlɔᴮMATPKar #7390 · 11 reflexes

*(jowᴮ)wiᴬMOLEPKar #7392 · 9 reflexes

*hrunᴬMONEYPKar #7393 · 9 reflexes

*khwoɁᴰMONITOR LIZARD (LAND~)PKar #7394 · 6 reflexes

*treᴬMONITOR LIZARD (WATER~)PKar #7395 · 6 reflexes

*s-raNᴮMYNAHPKar #7400 · 5 reflexes

*hmejᴮNAILPKar #7401 · 17 reflexes

*braᴮOLD (of humans)PKar #7409 · 21 reflexes

*lejᴬOLD (of things)PKar #7410 · 7 reflexes

*joᴬPANGOLIN, ANTEATERPKar #7415 · 9 reflexes

*glɛᴬPATH / TRAIL / WAYPKar #7417 · 6 reflexes

*(thoᴮ)braɁᴰPEACOCKPKar #7418 · 8 reflexes

*k-bɔŋᴬPEN / COOPPKar #7419 · 9 reflexes

*thuNᴮPOLEPKar #7425 · 9 reflexes

*thɛɁᴰPULL UPPKar #7430 · 7 reflexes

*(thoᴮ)hrwiɁᴰQUAILPKar #7436 · 8 reflexes

*p-ɁdɛᴬRABBIT, HAREPKar #7437 · 7 reflexes

*ɁbəᴮRAISE, FEED (ANIMALS)PKar #7438 · 6 reflexes

*throɁᴰRESINPKar #7441 · 8 reflexes

*deNᴬROAST (by stuffing into fresh bamboo sections)PKar #7444 · 8 reflexes

*səŋᴬROTTEN, BAD SMELLPKar #7446 · 6 reflexes

*thuɁᴰRUB / CLEAN / POLISH / SCRUBPKar #7447 · 10 reflexes

*hmɛɁᴰSANDPKar #7450 · 6 reflexes

*s-ɁbeŋᴮSCALE (OF FISH)PKar #7451 · 8 reflexes

*caᴬSELLPKar #7452 · 11 reflexes

*(t/k)-hnɔɁᴰSHIVERINGPKar #7458 · 7 reflexes

*thwɨNᴬSHOVE (WITH THE FOOT)PKar #7462 · 7 reflexes

*blɛɁᴰSKINKPKar #7464 · 10 reflexes

*s-ŋwiᴮSNAIL (WATER~)PKar #7469 · 6 reflexes

*g-hmaNᴬSPLEENPKar #7475 · 8 reflexes

*plaᴮSPLIT (bamboo strip)PKar #7476 · 6 reflexes

*pruᴬSPRAY (v.)PKar #7477 · 9 reflexes

*ɈimᴮSQUEEZE / MASSAGEPKar #7479 · 10 reflexes

*ɈiᴮSTINGYPKar #7484 · 5 reflexes

*blejᴬSTRING / ROPEPKar #7487 · 10 reflexes

*goᴮSUNLIGHT / HOTPKar #7490 · 9 reflexes

*thuᴮSWAY / SWINGPKar #7491 · 6 reflexes

*plaᴬTASTELESS / FADEDPKar #7494 · 7 reflexes

*thwaNᴮTENDONPKar #7496 · 6 reflexes

*ploŋᴮTERMITE MOUNDPKar #7499 · 9 reflexes

*cəŋᴬTIE (a string)PKar #7507 · 10 reflexes

*khiŋᴬTILTEDPKar #7509 · 8 reflexes

*jamᴮTREADPKar #7515 · 9 reflexes

*thuɁᴰWARTPKar #7524 · 6 reflexes

*chrowᴮWASH (clothes)PKar #7527 · 7 reflexes

*blaᴮWASH (the face)PKar #7526 · 16 reflexes

*thɛŋᴬWEAVE (baskets)PKar #7532 · 20 reflexes

*cɔᴮWETPKar #7534 · 13 reflexes

*nɨŋᴬWINPKar #7539 · 9 reflexes

*g/k-hmaᴮWRONG / MISTAKE / ERRORPKar #7541 · 7 reflexes

*mwɛᴮYESPKar #7545 · 9 reflexes

*ɈaᴮYOUNG / SOFT / TENDERPKar #7546 · 8 reflexes