Languages › 1 NE Indian Areal Group

Language group

1.2Kuki-Chin (Proto-Kuki-Chin)

10 languages720 reconstructions

Family tree77 groups

0Sino-Tibetan (previously published reconstructions)

0.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)

1NE Indian Areal Group

1.2Kuki-Chin

1.2.1.2Southern Plains Chin

1.2.2Central Chin

1.2.3Maraic

1.2.4“Old Kuki”

1.3“Naga” Areal Group

1.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)

1.3.2Angami-Pochuri Group

1.7.2Northern Naga/Konyakian

2.1.1Western Himalayish

2.3.2Southern Kiranti

2.3.3Central Kiranti

2.3.4Western Kiranti

2.4Kham-Magar-Chepang

6.1.2.1Northern Loloish

6.1.2.2Central Loloish

6.1.2.3Southern Loloish

6.1.2.4Southeastern Loloish

X.2Unknown/Unevaluated

Subgroups

Languages10

Anal Anal5 sources · ISO anm61 reflexes

Chawte ChawteBenedict 72 STC · ISO nct1 reflex

Chinbok Chinbok5 sources · ISO mwq22 reflexes

Kaang KaangVanBik 09 PKC2 reflexes

Khoibu Khoibu3 sources · ISO nkb62 reflexes

Kyaw KyawBenedict 72 STC · ISO nct1 reflex

Ngawn Ng2 sources · ISO cnw11 reflexes

Pankhu Pankhu2 sources · ISO pkh2 reflexes

Thanphum ThanphumLuce 8556 reflexes

Yawdwin Yawdwin2 sources · ISO mwq4 reflexes

Previously published reconstructions4

*Chin PChin2 sources1,167 records

*Kuki PKk4 sources15 records

*Kuki (Southern) S Kuki2 sources4 records

*Kuki (Western) W.Kuki2 sources2 records

Reconstructions720

*nayʔAPPROACHPKC #4799 · 7 reflexes · provisional

*ɓilBLUNTPKC #4008 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*yuunCREEPER / ROPEPKC #5192 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*tshakNORTH (upper part)PKC #4593 · 9 reflexes · provisional

*kaay-I, kayʔ-IIHOLD / PULLPKC #4288 · 5 reflexes

*riːnSCRATCH / DRAW LINEPKC #5774 · 6 reflexes · provisional

*khoom-I, khomʔ-IIASSEMBLE / GATHERPKC #4421 · 12 reflexes · provisional

*sʰikCOLDPKC #4687 · 7 reflexes · provisional

*loonCRAWLPKC #5005 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*raalOPPOSITE (side) / BEYONDPKC #4957 · 7 reflexes · provisional

*sha-wiʔRABBIT / HAREPKC #5164 · 4 reflexes

*kuamVALLEYPKC #4321 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*tay-I, tayʔ-IIADZE (v.) / SHARPPKC #4173 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*poŋ-I, pon-II; puŋ-I, pun-IIASSEMBLE / GATHER / PUT TOGETHERPKC #4119 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*maawBAMBOOPKC #4750 · 12 reflexes · provisional

*tsaarDRY / HARD / STIFFPKC #4534 · 4 reflexes

*klaaŋHILL / MOUNTAINPKC #5263 · 9 reflexes · provisional

*(ɓ/p)ooSPERM / SEMENPKC #3486 · 14 reflexes

*kalʔTRANSVERSE / BOLT (shut) / CONTRADICTPKC #4318 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*khawCAN / ABLEPKC #4427 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*saay-I, sayʔ-IICARVEPKC #4644 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*khlaak ⪤ *khlaʔDESCENDANTPKC #5283 · 6 reflexes · provisional

*kotDOOR / GATEPKC #4273 · 5 reflexes

*ɓaŋ-I, ɓaŋʔ-IIEQUAL / RESEMBLE / SIMILARPKC #4024 · 9 reflexes · provisional

*hot-I, hoʔ-IIFLUSH (game) / HUNT (game) / STIR UPPKC #4715 · 6 reflexes · provisional

*pa-salHUSBANDPKC #4654 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*nu-ŋaak ⪤ *ŋaak-nuuMAIDEN / BELLE / WOMAN (unmarried)PKC #4862 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*ʔaaŋ-I, ʔaan-IIOPEN (mouth)PKC #4497 · 7 reflexes · provisional

*toonPUSHPKC #4220 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*khleŋARRIVE / REACHPKC #5278 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*ŋal ⪤ *hŋalBOAR / PIG (wild)PKC #4847 · 13 reflexes

*sialBUFFALO / BISON / MITHUNPKC #4641 · 18 reflexes

*themCARVE / CHIP / SCRAPEPKC #4377 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*yaamCREEP / CRAWL / SPREADPKC #5191 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*kha(a)m ⪤ *khapFORBID / BAN / OBSTRUCT / REFRAINPKC #4442 · 7 reflexes · provisional

*tsiŋ-hŋiaFOX / DHOLE / WOLF / WILD CANINEPKC #4539 · 8 reflexes · provisional

*θaa-paŋ ⪤ *naaw-paŋYOUNG (n.) / CHILDPKC #4169 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*phaa-I, phaak-IIARRIVE / REACH / ATTAINPKC #4326 · 8 reflexes · provisional

*naaBUFFALOPKC #4804 · 14 reflexes

*laamDANCEPKC #5007 · 28 reflexes · provisional

*hletEXIT / BACKDOORPKC #5106 · 3 reflexes

*ɗeeŋ-I, ɗeen-IIHAMMER / BEAT / HIT / PELTPKC #4087 · 12 reflexes · provisional

*ɗootJAB / PIERCE / STABPKC #4091 · 7 reflexes · provisional

*θuunWRAP / PACK / BUNDLEPKC #4636 · 13 reflexes · provisional

*tuayBAMBOO-SHOOTPKC #4177 · 7 reflexes · provisional

*puarBLOAT / ARROGANT / FULL / SWELLPKC #4127 · 10 reflexes · provisional

*θiaŋ-I, θian-IICLEAR / LEGIBLEPKC #4614 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*meʔ ⪤ *hmeʔCURRYPKC #4760 · 7 reflexes · provisional

*yaamFLEEPKC #5203 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*liŋ-I, lin-IIHOT / RED-HOTPKC #5026 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*ɓawBUMP / SWELLPKC #4011 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*tshaŋFLOUR / BREADPKC #4588 · 7 reflexes · provisional

*wua-I, wuak-IIHIT / BEAT / STRIKEPKC #5152 · 12 reflexes · provisional

*hnamMOUSEPKC #4898 · 4 reflexes

*yumPOINTED / SHARPPKC #5226 · 12 reflexes · provisional

*liiPOOL / LAKE / PONDPKC #5039 · 10 reflexes · provisional

*naak ⪤ *-hnaakRIB / SIDEPKC #4829 · 18 reflexes

*phalSHEAFPKC #4354 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*m-ruːkSTEALPKC #2622 · 8 reflexes

*merʔTWIST / PINCH / SQUEEZEPKC #4796 · 7 reflexes · provisional

*luutENTERPKC #5015 · 14 reflexes · provisional

*hluʔINSERTPKC #5111 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*hniitBLOW (nose)PKC #4885 · 8 reflexes · provisional

*tsheemBLOW / FAN (v.)PKC #4579 · 10 reflexes · provisional

*hluyCOCK / ROOSTERPKC #5104 · 7 reflexes · provisional

*klawDURABLE / LASTINGPKC #5257 · 7 reflexes · provisional

*phalʔEXTINGUISH (fire)PKC #4338 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*weeŋ-I, ween-IIGUARD / WATCHPKC #5149 · 7 reflexes · provisional

*ɗeʔSQUASH / PRESSPKC #4107 · 6 reflexes · provisional

*wuuŋSWELL / SWOLLENPKC #5173 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*ʔook-I, -ʔoʔ-IITRAP / HANG / MESH / TANGLEPKC #4515 · 8 reflexes · provisional

*ɗaayBIRD-LIMEPKC #4061 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*ʔuutBURN / CHAR / SCORCHPKC #4469 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*manCAPTURE / ARREST / CATCHPKC #4756 · 7 reflexes · provisional

*(ɓ/p)uumHEAP / COLLECTPKC #4030 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*thupHIDEPKC #4390 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*mualHILL / MOUNDPKC #4772 · 10 reflexes · provisional

*sha-thaarMOUNTAIN GOAT / GOAT ANTELOPE / SEROWPKC #4372 · 8 reflexes

*hmuu-I, hmuʔ-IISEE / FIND / GET / SHOWPKC #4880 · 48 reflexes · provisional

*ɓeeŋ-I, ɓeŋʔ ⪤ *ɓen-IISLAPPKC #4046 · 9 reflexes · provisional

*khoŋ-I, khon-IICOLLECT / SAVEPKC #4430 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*tsaaŋ ⪤ *tsooŋJOINT / JUNCTIONPKC #4543 · 5 reflexes

*suanLEAD (metal)PKC #4659 · 4 reflexes

*telPARTICIPATE / INCLUDE / JOINPKC #4216 · 7 reflexes · provisional

*sha-kuʔPORCUPINEPKC #4305 · 11 reflexes

*khuat ⪤ *huatSCRATCHPKC #4457 · 9 reflexes · provisional

*thuuSTINK / SMELL (bad)PKC #4415 · 4 reflexes

*tooBOTTOM / ANUS / BUTTOCK / ENDPKC #4182 · 7 reflexes · provisional

*khoot-I, khoʔ-IIDART / LANCE / SPEAR / THROWPKC #4436 · 8 reflexes · provisional

*peemIMMIGRATE / MIGRATEPKC #4152 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*yuaŋ-I, yuan-IIJUMP / BOUNCE / FLY (v.) / LEAPPKC #5212 · 8 reflexes · provisional

*seerLEMON / LIME (sour)PKC #4660 · 9 reflexes

*tsuu-I, tsuk-IIPECK / BITEPKC #4552 · 10 reflexes · provisional

*nen-I, nenʔ-IIPRESS / PRESS DOWN / SIT UPONPKC #4826 · 5 reflexes

*hreem ⪤ *hriimSCORCH / BURNPKC #5098 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*waanSKY / HEAVENPKC #5170 · 14 reflexes · provisional

*ʔaySTEP- (father, mother, child)PKC #4508 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*ɓualWALLOW / LAKEPKC #4056 · 6 reflexes · provisional

*khraŋ-I, khraŋʔ-IIAWAKEPKC #5340 · 8 reflexes · provisional

*pet-I, peʔ-IIBITEPKC #4124 · 9 reflexes · provisional

*krookBUTTOCKPKC #5314 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*tshut-I, tshuʔ-IICONFISCATE / SNATCHPKC #4582 · 7 reflexes · provisional

*khe(e)n-I, khenʔ-IIHAMMER / HIT / STRIKEPKC #4447 · 9 reflexes · provisional

*th(u/a)nINFUSE / POUR IN / PUT INPKC #4391 · 9 reflexes · provisional

*hmet-I, hmeʔ-IIPRESS / KNEAD / MASSAGEPKC #4878 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*wuumHEAP / PILE (v.)PKC #5150 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*tewʔNIBBLE / BITE / GNAWPKC #4212 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*tsu(u)m-I, tsumʔ-IIPOUND (with fist) / HIT / STRIKEPKC #4555 · 9 reflexes · provisional

*hriimRECUPERATE / REVIVEPKC #5095 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*aŋSHOULDERPKC #3345 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*phaayVALLEY / PLAINSPKC #4364 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*ɓan-hlaaBANANAPKC #4003 · 6 reflexes

*seʔBITEPKC #4639 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*hrolʔINSERT / POKEPKC #5086 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*ɓeelPOT / UTENSIL / CAULDRONPKC #4041 · 16 reflexes · provisional

*loŋSNATCH / CONFISCATEPKC #5051 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*tshun-I, tshunʔ-IISTAB / PRICK / PIERCEPKC #4603 · 12 reflexes · provisional

*tsirʔSWAMP / MIRE / SLOUGHPKC #4568 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*ɓok-ɓoon ⪤ *ɓuk-ɓuBRINJAL / EGGPLANTPKC #4010 · 6 reflexes · provisional

*sanINSERT / PUT INPKC #4655 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*tsemKNIFE / SWORDPKC #4545 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*waaRIVER / STREAM / CREEKPKC #5167 · 8 reflexes · provisional

*t(h)uulSKEWER / SPITPKC #4229 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*reekTIGHTEN / CONSTRICTPKC #4981 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*haalCRAZE / THIRSTPKC #4709 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*θayLANCE / SPEARPKC #4622 · 11 reflexes · provisional

*thiŋ-luaŋLOGPKC #5033 · 6 reflexes · provisional

*saawLONGPKC #4661 · 17 reflexes

*ɗilPOND / LAKEPKC #4100 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*ɓaanREACHPKC #4043 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*khawʔSTURDY / RIGID / STRONG / TOUGHPKC #4460 · 9 reflexes · provisional

*hloomWRAP / COVERPKC #5129 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*mimMAIZEPKC #4775 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*suŋPRECIOUS / RAREPKC #4668 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*phaanREACHPKC #4352 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*khooŋSTRIKE / BANG / BEAT / THRESH / HITPKC #4459 · 6 reflexes · provisional

*ɓaalTARO / ARUMPKC #4050 · 7 reflexes · provisional

*ruamVALLEY / VALEPKC #4982 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*theeCICADA / INSECTPKC #4378 · 4 reflexes

*suu-I, suk-IIPOUND / HAMMER / PUNCHPKC #4667 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*phoo(k/ŋ)STARTLE / ALARM / WAKE UPPKC #4358 · 10 reflexes · provisional

*yep-I, yeʔ-IITUCK IN / INSERTPKC #5243 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*ɓaaYAMPKC #4059 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*man-taatBRINJAL / EGGPLANTPKC #4755 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*kheeŋ-I, kheen-IIHIT (a target)PKC #4449 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*hoolLOOK FOR / SEARCHPKC #4725 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*tsaŋ-tselEARTHWORMPKC #4535 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*hnokOBSTRUCT / DISTURBPKC #4900 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*may-tayPEACHPKC #4778 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*ts(o/u)mPLUMP / FAT (adj.) / CHUBBYPKC #4554 · 3 reflexes

*tshaaySLINGSHOTPKC #4599 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*yuutPAINT / PLASTER / RUBPKC #5222 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*muaŋ-I, muan-IISAFE / SECUREPKC #4785 · 6 reflexes · provisional

*hlok-I, hloʔ-IISHAKE / LIFT UPPKC #5121 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*soomTENPKC #4678 · 41 reflexes · provisional

*hooŋBARK (of tree) / COVER / SHELLPKC #4698 · 7 reflexes

*θoopKISS / SUCKPKC #4621 · 28 reflexes

*thoŋPUNCH / HITPKC #4403 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*thiŋ-I, thin-IISHAKE / SHUDDERPKC #4406 · 8 reflexes · provisional

*phelSLIVER / SPLINTERPKC #4355 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*tha(a)ŋSNARE / TRAPPKC #4412 · 7 reflexes · provisional

*ɓeelCHEEKPKC #4016 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*yilCUCUMBERPKC #5193 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*ɗaalPREVENT / PROTECTPKC #4102 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*petSPRING / SPRINTPKC #4162 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*lian-II, lianʔ-IIBIG / LARGEPKC #4992 · 9 reflexes

*θuŋSTICK / STALK / STEMPKC #4630 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*let-I, leʔ-IITRANSLATE / FLIP OVER / RESPONDPKC #5059 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*θiimTRANSPARENT / CLEAR / WISEPKC #4634 · 6 reflexes · provisional

*tiaŋSPEAR / STICKPKC #4233 · 6 reflexes

*θuuSUGAR CANEPKC #4633 · 14 reflexes · provisional

*khru(u)lRESCIND / DETERPKC #5349 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*na(a)mSWORD / KNIFEPKC #4840 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*hliŋTHORNPKC #5124 · 9 reflexes · provisional

*klipGADFLYPKC #5261 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*hookPEEL / BARK (v.) / SKIN (v.)PKC #4729 · 7 reflexes · provisional

*ɗo(o)ŋTIP / END / SPROUTPKC #4112 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*klaakWORTHY / ACCEPTABLEPKC #5275 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*khirSCAB / DRY CRUST (nasal mucus)PKC #4456 · 3 reflexes

*yoŋ-I, yon-IISEARCH / LOOK FOR / QUESTPKC #5233 · 8 reflexes · provisional

*phuuWORTHY / EXPEDIENTPKC #4368 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*pumROUND / SPHERICALPKC #4160 · 6 reflexes · provisional

*maŋ-khooŋTRAP (falling log) / DEADFALLPKC #4795 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*ɗorSHADOW (v.)PKC #4106 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*tsomSHORT / SHRINKPKC #4561 · 5 reflexes

*tshi(i)ŋ-I, tshi(i)n-IISHORTPKC #4598 · 5 reflexes

*ɓaarFEED (using palm of hand)PKC #4027 · 12 reflexes

*tomRETRACTED / CONTRACTEDPKC #4223 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*tua(k/ʔ)PAIR / COUPLEPKC #4215 · 6 reflexes · provisional

*θaa-I, θaat-IISMALLPKC #4628 · 4 reflexes

*kul-I, kulʔ-IISURROUND / CONFINEPKC #4315 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*thamCARESS / GROPE / TOUCH (with hand)PKC #4376 · 6 reflexes

*sooy-I, soyʔ-IICROOKED / ASKEW / WRYPKC #4646 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*kopPAIR / COUPLEPKC #4303 · 6 reflexes · provisional

*sʰayLONGPKC #4690 · 4 reflexes

*tshinTEST / TRY OUTPKC #4605 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*khoyʔTOUCH (with hand)PKC #4462 · 5 reflexes

*ɗee(ŋ/k)ALMOSTPKC #4060 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*tsooyBORROW / CARRY (in the hand)PKC #4524 · 4 reflexes

*θeeŋ-I, θeen-IIWEAR (lower garments)PKC #4635 · 7 reflexes · provisional

*pawʔANY / EVERYPKC #4118 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*ʔooy-I, ʔoyʔ-IIWEAR (necklace)PKC #4517 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*khraʔLOUSE (body)PKC #5346 · 6 reflexes · provisional

*si(n/l)WEAR / PUT ON (cloth)PKC #4685 · 7 reflexes · provisional

*tinEVERY / EACH / ALLPKC #4193 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*seekSEVERAL / FREQUENT / EVERYPKC #4673 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*ɗapGROPEPKC #4085 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*tshapADD / REPEATPKC #4577 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*maay-momSPIDERPKC #4793 · 11 reflexes · provisional

*haanABATE / CEASE / SUBSIDEPKC #4695 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*ʔinABLATIVE MARKERPKC #4463 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*tamABUNDANT / MANY / PLENTYPKC #4170 · 10 reflexes · provisional

*puʔACCUSEPKC #4117 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*thak-I, thaʔ-IIACRID / PUNGENT / SPICYPKC #4370 · 6 reflexes · provisional

*yo(o)ŋADDICTED / HABITUATEDPKC #5181 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*tookADEQUACY / SUFFICIENCYPKC #4172 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*kiaŋADJACENT / BESIDE / NEARPKC #4248 · 6 reflexes · provisional

*khum-I, khumʔ-IIADMIT / ENCLOSE / LOCKPKC #4420 · 10 reflexes · provisional

*thuuAFFAIR / MATTER (n.) / WORDPKC #4371 · 9 reflexes · provisional

*tumAIM / ASPIRE / INTENDPKC #4174 · 6 reflexes · provisional

*hu(u)yAIR / WINDPKC #4696 · 6 reflexes · provisional

*laaw ⪤ *hlaawALARMED / AFRAID / NERVOUSPKC #4985 · 7 reflexes · provisional

*koŋALLEY / LANE / PATH / ROADPKC #4250 · 6 reflexes · provisional

*phalALLOW / ACCEDE / LET / PERMITPKC #4325 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*yoŋALSO / TOOPKC #5184 · 8 reflexes · provisional

*lakAMONG / AMID / BETWEENPKC #4986 · 8 reflexes · provisional

*khleŋ-I, khleŋʔ-IIAMPUTATE / CUT OFFPKC #5277 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*leeAND / WITHPKC #4987 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*pluŋANTHILLPKC #5247 · 7 reflexes · provisional

*thuamAPPAREL / CLOTH / DRESSPKC #4373 · 6 reflexes · provisional

*laŋ-I, laŋʔ ⪤ *lan-IIAPPEAR / UNOBSTRUCTED / VISIBLEPKC #4988 · 12 reflexes · provisional

*ʔ(a/e)lARGUE / CHALLENGE / VIEPKC #4464 · 6 reflexes · provisional

*hnialARGUE / DENY / DISPUTEPKC #4884 · 6 reflexes · provisional

*kluŋ-I, klun-IIARRIVE / RETURNPKC #5254 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*ka(a)(y/l)ASCEND / CLIMB UPPKC #4252 · 6 reflexes · provisional

*ŋeenASK / APPEAL / REQUESTPKC #4846 · 10 reflexes · provisional

*suut ⪤ *sootASK / INQUIREPKC #4638 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*θialASK / SEND (on errand)PKC #4611 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*phakASTRINGENT (taste)PKC #4327 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*ɓeel-I, ɓelʔ-IIATTACH / ADHERE / APPENDPKC #4002 · 10 reflexes · provisional

*hiipATTRACTPKC #4697 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*puyAUGMENTATIVEPKC #4120 · 6 reflexes · provisional

*hrialAVOID / GO (round)PKC #5072 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*hrayAXE / ADZE (n.)PKC #5073 · 9 reflexes · provisional

*klaŋ-waalBACHELORPKC #5255 · 7 reflexes · provisional

*tshia-I, tshiat-IIBAD / BROKENPKC #4578 · 14 reflexes · provisional

*yaalBAG / POCKETPKC #5187 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*kolʔBALD / BARRENPKC #4254 · 7 reflexes · provisional

*poolBAND / GROUP / CHURCHPKC #4121 · 7 reflexes · provisional

*ɓ(o/u)ŋBANYANPKC #4004 · 8 reflexes · provisional

*hmooŋ ⪤ *hmuuŋBANYANPKC #4872 · 9 reflexes · provisional

*riiBANYANPKC #4920 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*ɓuuk ⪤ *ɓookBARN / BOOTH / HUTPKC #4005 · 8 reflexes · provisional

*tsi(i)ŋ-I, tsi(i)n-IIBARREN / CHILDLESSPKC #4521 · 8 reflexes · provisional

*paa-laakBATPKC #4122 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*hriŋ-I, hrin-IIBEAR (child) / GIVE BIRTHPKC #5074 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*tsaŋ-I, tsan-IIBECOME / CHANGE INTO / MATUREPKC #4522 · 7 reflexes · provisional

*taayBEER RESIDUEPKC #4179 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*hlaanBEFORE / TIME (ancient)PKC #5103 · 5 reflexes

*halBEG / ASKPKC #4700 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*pranBEGIN / STARTPKC #5310 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*riŋ-I, rin-IIBELIEVE / TRUSTPKC #4921 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*kuayBEND OVERPKC #4258 · 10 reflexes · provisional

*heekBETRAY / MALIGNPKC #4701 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*laaŋ ⪤ *hlaaŋBIER / STRETCHERPKC #4991 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*khit-I, khiʔ-IIBIND / TIEPKC #4424 · provisional

*kraan ⪤ *kroonBIND / TIE (knot)PKC #5312 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*hriaŋBIRCH TREEPKC #5075 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*ɗumBLACK / BLUEPKC #4062 · 7 reflexes

*womBLACK / DARKPKC #5135 · 13 reflexes

*moʔBLAME / FAULT / SINPKC #4752 · 6 reflexes · provisional

*khrepBLINKPKC #5341 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*plokBOIL (v.)PKC #5248 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*khuarBORE / DIG UP / DRILLPKC #4426 · 17 reflexes · provisional

*ɗaarBRASS / BELLPKC #4063 · 6 reflexes · provisional

*waa(ŋ/y)BREADTH / WIDTHPKC #5136 · 7 reflexes · provisional

*rookBREAK DOWN (v.i.) / DESTROYEDPKC #4924 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*tshaakBRIDLEPKC #4580 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*ɗukBRUISE (v.) / PINCHPKC #4064 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*ɗoonBUILD / SPAN (v.) / STACKPKC #4065 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*ɓorBUNCH (flower)PKC #4012 · 5 reflexes

*hrewBURROWPKC #2604 · 2 reflexes

*kek-I, keʔ-IIBURST / EXPLODE / LEAK / RUPTUREPKC #4261 · 7 reflexes · provisional

*wuuyBURYPKC #5137 · 9 reflexes · provisional

*phuumBURY / COVER / IMMERGEPKC #4328 · 19 reflexes · provisional

*ɓuayBUSY / BUSTLE / CONFUSED / DISTURBPKC #4013 · 6 reflexes · provisional

*tsoo-I, tsook-IIBUYPKC #4526 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*ʔan-kramCABBAGE / MUSTARD / GREENSPKC #5315 · 7 reflexes · provisional

*tanCALF (of leg)PKC #4183 · 6 reflexes

*ɗaayCALM / COOL / QUIET / SILENTPKC #4066 · 10 reflexes · provisional

*kolCARE / TAKE CARE / SUPERVISEPKC #4263 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*pua-I, puak-IICARRY (on back)PKC #4130 · 13 reflexes · provisional

*yooŋ-I, yoon-IICARRY (together)PKC #5190 · 8 reflexes · provisional

*toopCEASE / END / STOPPKC #4185 · 7 reflexes · provisional

*ɗiʔCEASE / FINISH / VANISHPKC #4067 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*loom-I, lomʔ-IICELEBRATE / HAPPY / REJOICEPKC #4999 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*khleŋ-I, khlen-IICHANGE / EXCHANGEPKC #5281 · 8 reflexes · provisional

*ho(o)lCHARCOALPKC #4703 · 11 reflexes

*ɗooyCHARM / MAGIC / LUREPKC #4068 · 7 reflexes · provisional

*ɗooyCHASE / PURSUEPKC #4069 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*ɓumCHEAT / LIE / BEWITCHPKC #4014 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*lalCHIEF / BOSS / LORDPKC #5002 · 6 reflexes · provisional

*ɓooyCHIEF / MASTERPKC #4017 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*tsiapCHIRPPKC #4527 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*saatCHOP / CUT / STRIKEPKC #4645 · 10 reflexes · provisional

*kupCIRCLE / EMBRACEPKC #4266 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*weelCIRCLE / GO (round)PKC #5138 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*waatCLEAR (jungle) / CUT (jungle)PKC #5139 · 7 reflexes · provisional

*hu(u)mCLENCH / CLASP (in the fist)PKC #4705 · 6 reflexes · provisional

*θiŋ-I, θin-IICLEVER / CLEAR / WISEPKC #4615 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*khaarCLOSE / SHUTPKC #4429 · 6 reflexes · provisional

*ŋaanCOBRA / POISONOUS SNAKEPKC #4848 · 3 reflexes

*ɗaanCODE / CUSTOM / METHOD / WAYPKC #4070 · 9 reflexes · provisional

*kualCOIL / LOOPPKC #4267 · 7 reflexes · provisional

*tsimCOLLAPSE / FALL DOWNPKC #4529 · 6 reflexes · provisional

*kluu-I, kluuk-IICOLLAPSE / FALL OVERPKC #5256 · 7 reflexes · provisional

*hriatCOMB (v.) / BRUSHPKC #5077 · 7 reflexes · provisional

*huŋCOMEPKC #4706 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*poot ⪤ *puutCOME OUT / EMERGE / PROTRUDEPKC #4134 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*ruulCOMPENSATE / REPAYPKC #4925 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*kimCOMPLETE / FULLPKC #4268 · 9 reflexes · provisional

*phuak-I, phuaʔ-IICOMPOSE / NAME (v.) / MAKE UPPKC #4331 · 7 reflexes · provisional

*raayCONCEIVE / PREGNANTPKC #4926 · 7 reflexes · provisional

*tshaalCONFRONT / QUESTION (v.) / REPROACHPKC #4583 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*peʔCONNECT / JOIN / LINKPKC #4136 · 8 reflexes · provisional

*ɓoomCONTAINER / BOX / BASKETPKC #4021 · 9 reflexes · provisional

*tshuaŋ-I, tshuan-IICOOK / PUT ON TOP OFPKC #4584 · 8 reflexes · provisional

*khaawCORD / ROPEPKC #4431 · 8 reflexes · provisional

*paaŋCOTTONPKC #4137 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*reelCOUNT / READ / THINKPKC #4928 · 7 reflexes · provisional

*kakCRACK / REND / SPLITPKC #4269 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*khuaŋ-I, khuan-II; huaŋ-I, huan-IICROW (v.)PKC #4435 · 8 reflexes · provisional

*hraayCUPPKC #5078 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*nawCUP / MUG / JUGPKC #4808 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*wialCURL UP / ENTWINEPKC #5141 · 6 reflexes · provisional

*lipCURL UP / EVAGINATE / TURN INSIDE OUTPKC #5006 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*phuŋCUSTOM / BEHAVIOR / RITESPKC #4332 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*ʔaatCUT / SEVER / SLICEPKC #4474 · 13 reflexes · provisional

*ɗaamDAMP / MOISTPKC #4072 · 7 reflexes · provisional

*hnomDAMP / MOISTPKC #4888 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*thimDARKPKC #4381 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*tshu(u)nDAYLIGHT / NOONPKC #4587 · 8 reflexes · provisional

*lay-ɓaaDEBTPKC #5008 · 9 reflexes · provisional

*ropDECAY / ROTPKC #4929 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*khleemDECEIVE / COZENPKC #5282 · 7 reflexes · provisional

*tsayDECORATEPKC #4531 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*kiamDECREASE / SUBSIDEPKC #4272 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*p(i/e)mDEFLATED / DENTEDPKC #4138 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*haaw-I, hawʔ-IIDEMAND / ASKPKC #4710 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*ɗe(e)pDENTEDPKC #4074 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*ʔii(t/n)DESIRE / LOVE / COVETPKC #4475 · 9 reflexes

*ramDESTROY / ANNIHILATE / WASTEPKC #4930 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*hreeŋ-I, hreen-IIDETAIN / TIEPKC #5079 · 8 reflexes · provisional

*pialDEVIATE / AVOID / STRAYPKC #4139 · 6 reflexes · provisional

*ɗaayDEWPKC #6170 · 15 reflexes

*p(h)a(a)mDIE / WASTEDPKC #4140 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*harDIFFICULT / HARDPKC #4711 · 10 reflexes · provisional

*taay-maaDILIGENT / ACTIVEPKC #4187 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*yorDIMINISH / DECREASEPKC #5196 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*puurDIPPKC #4141 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*law-I, lawʔ-II; hlaw-I, hlawʔ-IIDISAPPEAR / LOSEPKC #5011 · 7 reflexes · provisional

*niŋ-I, nin-II; neŋ-I nen-IIDISDAIN / SICK OFPKC #4811 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*tsuʔDISPUTE / CLAIMPKC #4533 · 6 reflexes · provisional

*semDISTRIBUTE / APPORTION (v.)PKC #4648 · 6 reflexes · provisional

*hroomDISTRIBUTE / SHAREPKC #5080 · 6 reflexes · provisional

*kh(r)enDIVIDE / SEPARATEPKC #5342 · 8 reflexes

*maa-I, maak-IIDIVORCE (v.)PKC #4762 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*tuaʔDO / MAKE / WORKPKC #4188 · 7 reflexes · provisional

*hnuukDRAG / PULLPKC #4890 · 3 reflexes

*ɗok-I, ɗoʔ-IIDRAW / PULLPKC #4076 · 5 reflexes

*wut-I, wuʔ-II; wit-I, wiʔ-IIDRILL / BORE / PIERCEPKC #5143 · 9 reflexes · provisional

*ɗoonDRINKPKC #4077 · 7 reflexes · provisional

*hroopDRINK / EAT (semi-liquid food)PKC #5081 · 6 reflexes · provisional

*ka- ⪤ *kha-ɗiiDROOL / DRIBBLEPKC #4078 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*kuuyDROOPPKC #4274 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*khlepDROOPPKC #5284 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*ŋuayDROOP / WILTPKC #4850 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*khuaŋDRUM (n.)PKC #4439 · 15 reflexes · provisional

*tumDRUM (v.) / PLAY (instruments)PKC #4189 · 13 reflexes · provisional

*hulDRY / SICCATIVEPKC #4713 · 8 reflexes

*ʔayEAT / CONSUMEPKC #4479 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*ki(i)wELBOWPKC #4276 · 15 reflexes · provisional

*saayELEPHANTPKC #4649 · 22 reflexes · provisional

*kooyEMBRACEPKC #4277 · 6 reflexes · provisional

*looŋ ⪤ *hlookEMPTYPKC #5014 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*ruakEMPTY / NAKED / VOIDPKC #4936 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*t(h)uarENDURE / SUFFER / TOLERATEPKC #4190 · 9 reflexes · provisional

*ɗawENTERTAIN / FEED / PROVIDE (hospitality)PKC #4080 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*yolENTICE / BRIBEPKC #5198 · 6 reflexes · provisional

*phu(n/t)ERECT / PITCH / PLANT (v.) / POSTPKC #4335 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*tsiaʔEXACTPKC #4536 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*ɓayEXERT / ATTEMPTPKC #4025 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*ph(u/o)lEXHUME / TAKE OUTPKC #4336 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*ɓay-sayEXPECT / HOPEPKC #4026 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*riŋ-I, rin-IIEXPECT / HOPE FORPKC #4938 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*hrilʔEXPLAIN / TEACHPKC #5082 · 11 reflexes · provisional

*phawEXPOSE / SPREAD OUTPKC #4337 · 9 reflexes · provisional

*maŋ-I, man-IIEXTINCT / DISAPPEAR / LOSTPKC #4764 · 11 reflexes · provisional

*puurFALL / UPROOTPKC #4144 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*khelFALSE / WICKEDPKC #4441 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*hlaa-I, hlaat-IIFAR (away) / REMOTEPKC #5108 · 14 reflexes · provisional

*raŋ-I, ran-IIFAST / QUICKPKC #4939 · 11 reflexes · provisional

*tulʔFEEDPKC #4194 · 6 reflexes · provisional

*ɗaŋ-I, ɗaŋʔ-IIFEED / ENTERTAIN / SUPPLYPKC #4081 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*khluu-I, khluuk-IIFELL / CUT DOWNPKC #5286 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*phuurFELL / UPROOTPKC #4339 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*komFELLOWSHIP (have) / ASSOCIATEPKC #4279 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*kolFETTER / YOKEPKC #4280 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*kloomFEW / LITTLEPKC #5260 · 4 reflexes

*patFIBER / COTTON / THREADPKC #4146 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*sualFIGHT / STRUGGLEPKC #4650 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*muyFIGURE / LOOKPKC #4766 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*yaw-I, yoʔ-IIFINISH / COMPLETEPKC #5202 · 9 reflexes · provisional

*θekFIRM / STRONGPKC #4617 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*ŋooyFISH-TRAPPKC #4854 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*luaŋ-I, luan-IIFLOWPKC #5020 · 30 reflexes · provisional

*phuulFOAM / OVERFLOW / BUBBLE / BOIL (v.)PKC #4340 · 8 reflexes · provisional

*hroo(ŋ/k)FOLLOW / GO ALONG / PROCEEDPKC #5083 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*yoʔFOLLOW / WALK ONPKC #5204 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*serFORGE / MAKEPKC #4651 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*hŋilʔFORGET / FALL ASLEEPPKC #4914 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*nuayFRAGMENT / PIECE / COINPKC #4815 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*phuayFRAY / RUB / SCRATCHPKC #4341 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*hreʔFRET / DISLIKEPKC #5084 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*hooyFRIEND / FELLOWPKC #4716 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*ʔuuFROG / TOADPKC #4487 · 13 reflexes

*tualFRONTYARD / FELLOW (villager)PKC #4197 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*kiawFRYPKC #4284 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*tik-I, tiʔ-IIFUEL / ADD (to fire)PKC #4198 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*ɗiŋFUTURE MARKERPKC #4083 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*ɗumGARDENPKC #4084 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*huanGARDENPKC #4717 · 7 reflexes · provisional

*taʔGAUGE / MEASUREPKC #4199 · 8 reflexes · provisional

*kalGO / PACE / WALKPKC #4285 · 8 reflexes · provisional

*θeʔGO / WALKPKC #4618 · 6 reflexes · provisional

*ʔukGOVERN / RULEPKC #4489 · 6 reflexes · provisional

*huumGRAIN (of unhusked rice and millet)PKC #4718 · 8 reflexes · provisional

*θaŋGRAIN / SEEDPKC #4619 · 9 reflexes · provisional

*suum ⪤ *siimGRASP / HOLD (in the fist)PKC #4652 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*tsipGRATE / BREAK (into pieces)PKC #4540 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*khlaanGRAVE / TOMBPKC #5288 · 7 reflexes · provisional

*raw-I, roʔ-IIGRILL / BAKE / BURNPKC #4943 · 7 reflexes · provisional

*rialGRIND / CRUSH / GNASHPKC #4944 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*tsep-I, tseʔ-IIGRIP / CLASPPKC #4541 · 7 reflexes · provisional

*ruum ⪤ *hruumGROAN / GROWL / ROARPKC #4945 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*khraalGROINPKC #5344 · 12 reflexes · provisional

*ŋi(i)r ⪤ *ŋu(u)rGROWLPKC #4857 · 6 reflexes · provisional

*phunGRUMBLE / MURMURPKC #4342 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*khualGUEST / STRANGER / VISITORPKC #4446 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*ɗook ⪤ *ɗuukGULP / SWALLOWPKC #4086 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*krimHALF / MIDWAYPKC #5322 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*ŋiaŋHANDLE (n.) / SPOUTPKC #4858 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*ɓat-I, ɓaʔ-IIHANG / HANG UPPKC #4029 · 9 reflexes · provisional

*θaakHARD / INTENSE / STRONGPKC #4620 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*hnoʔHASTENPKC #4893 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*hua-I, huat-IIHATE / ABHORPKC #4719 · 7 reflexes · provisional

*huayHAUNTED / DANGEROUSPKC #4720 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*thuuHEARTHSTONE / TRIVETPKC #4389 · 6 reflexes · provisional

*ruŋ-I, run-IIHELPPKC #4948 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*ɓoomHELP / ASSISTPKC #4031 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*shaaŋ-I, shaan-IIHIGH / TALLPKC #4689 · 17 reflexes

*khlaw-I, khlawʔ-IIHINDER / FORBID / PROHIBITPKC #5290 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*ʔo(o)ŋHOLE / APERTURE / OPENINGPKC #4491 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*taatHONE / RUB / SHARPENPKC #4202 · 13 reflexes · provisional

*phayHORIZONTAL / FLAT / LEVEL / WEFTPKC #4343 · 8 reflexes · provisional

*wa-kok ⪤ *-ʔokHORNBILLPKC #4292 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*hu(u)rHORNY / AMATORY / LUSTFULPKC #4722 · 11 reflexes · provisional

*ɗooŋHOUSEHOLD / FAMILYPKC #4089 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*khlaamHUT / FIELDHUTPKC #5291 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*wuurICE / FROST / SNOWPKC #5156 · 9 reflexes · provisional

*l(i/e)mIMAGE / IDOL / PICTUREPKC #5027 · 8 reflexes · provisional

*luaʔINHABIT / OCCUPY / INHERITPKC #5028 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*rawINHERITANCE / ASSET / WEALTHPKC #4951 · 6 reflexes · provisional

*maa ⪤ *mooINTERROGATIVE PARTICLEPKC #4773 · 8 reflexes · provisional

*soomINVITE / SUMMONPKC #4656 · 6 reflexes · provisional

*yomJOIN / CONNECT / LINKPKC #5211 · 6 reflexes · provisional

*kooyKEEPPKC #4296 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*phunKIND / SORT / CLANPKC #4344 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*hnamKISSPKC #4894 · 7 reflexes · provisional

*tshamLACK / INCOMPLETE / SHORT OFPKC #4591 · 7 reflexes · provisional

*rayLATE / LONG (time)PKC #4954 · 9 reflexes

*suanLAY OUT (dead person)PKC #4658 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*pleepLAYERPKC #5250 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*thuaʔLAYER / FOLDPKC #4396 · provisional

*ʔewLEAN BACKPKC #2227 · 2 reflexes

*hŋa(t/n)LEAN ONPKC #4915 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*tshiinLID / COVERPKC #4592 · 6 reflexes · provisional

*ɓok-I, ɓoʔ-IILIE (face down) / PROSTRATEPKC #4034 · 11 reflexes · provisional

*hleŋLIE / CHEATPKC #5114 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*tsooyLIFT / ELEVATEPKC #4546 · 8 reflexes · provisional

*lii(m/p) ⪤ *hliimLIFT / RAISEPKC #5031 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*ɗom-I, ɗomʔ-IILIFT / SUPPORTPKC #4093 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*ɗayLIGHT / DAYLIGHTPKC #4094 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*waaŋ-I, waan-II ⪤ *waakLIGHT / SHINEPKC #5159 · 12 reflexes · provisional

*ŋaayLISTEN / HARKPKC #4860 · 11 reflexes · provisional

*nuŋ-I, nun-IILIVE / ALIVEPKC #4817 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*ʔaʔLOCATIVE MARKER (to, on, etc.)PKC #4493 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*kooŋ ⪤ *kuuŋLOIN / WAISTPKC #4300 · 8 reflexes · provisional

*thiamLOOMPKC #4398 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*phelʔLOOSEN / UNDERCUT / UNDOPKC #4346 · 5 reflexes

*thaŋ-I, -than-IILOUD / SOUND / FAMOUSPKC #4399 · 9 reflexes · provisional

*ɗua-I, ɗuat-IILOVE / DOTE / TENDPKC #4095 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*ʔooy-I, ʔoyʔ-IILULL / HUSH / SOOTHEPKC #4495 · 7 reflexes · provisional

*klaŋLUMP / CLOD / SOLID (thing)PKC #5265 · 8 reflexes · provisional

*θ(o/u)kLUST FOR / DESIREPKC #4623 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*ɓulMAIMEDPKC #4035 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*siamMAKE / CREATEPKC #4662 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*tsalMALE ANIMALPKC #4548 · 9 reflexes · provisional

*yiaMANNER / HABIT / METHODPKC #5215 · 7 reflexes · provisional

*hnemMANY / MUCHPKC #4897 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*pherMATPKC #4347 · 11 reflexes · provisional

*poyMATTER (v.) / SERIOUSPKC #4155 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*tokMEDDLE / PICK AT / TOUCHPKC #4206 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*tuyMELT / LIQUEFYPKC #4208 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*θaaŋMILLET / RICE PADDYPKC #4624 · 9 reflexes · provisional

*kh(r)ial-I, kh(r)ialʔ-IIMISS / FAIL / MISTAKEPKC #5347 · 7 reflexes · provisional

*polʔMIX / MINGLEPKC #4156 · 8 reflexes · provisional

*hraamMOAN / CRY / GROANPKC #5089 · 9 reflexes · provisional

*yiiŋMORNING (early)PKC #5218 · 14 reflexes · provisional

*suunMOURN / WAILPKC #4663 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*tsaaŋMOVEPKC #4550 · 7 reflexes · provisional

*ɓuanMUD / FOAMPKC #4037 · 6 reflexes · provisional

*nooy ⪤ *naayMUDDY / DIRTYPKC #4821 · 7 reflexes · provisional

*nooŋMURDERPKC #4822 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*tiitMUSCLEPKC #4210 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*paaMUSHROOM / FUNGUS / TOADSTOOLPKC #4157 · 12 reflexes

*kruulNECESSARY / ESSENTIALPKC #5325 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*khriiNECKLACE / BEADSPKC #5348 · 7 reflexes

*hriawNEEDLEPKC #5090 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*weeŋNEIGHBOR / AREA / DISTRICTPKC #5161 · 6 reflexes · provisional

*muyNIGHT / DARKNESSPKC #4777 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*ŋuuNOD / DOZEPKC #4864 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*lawNOT (negative marker)PKC #5035 · 6 reflexes · provisional

*tuuNOWPKC #4213 · 8 reflexes · provisional

*yoolOBLONG / OVAL (figure)PKC #5221 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*klorOILY / GREASYPKC #5268 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*hlunOLD / ANCIENT / PASTPKC #5115 · 4 reflexes

*looŋONLY / ALONEPKC #5036 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*ʔoŋ-I, ʔon-II; hoŋ-I, hon-IIOPENPKC #4496 · 13 reflexes · provisional

*ɗawOPPOSE / FIGHTPKC #4097 · 6 reflexes · provisional

*ɗaŋOTHER / ALIASPKC #4098 · 7 reflexes · provisional

*liamOVERFLOW / DISAPPEARPKC #5037 · 8 reflexes · provisional

*ɓaa-I, ɓat-IIOWE / BORROWPKC #4039 · 12 reflexes · provisional

*tshim-ɓuuOWLPKC #4594 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*raawPALE / DISCOLOREDPKC #4959 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*yeŋ-I, yen-IIPARALYZEPKC #5223 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*kaarPART / SEPARATEPKC #4304 · 2 reflexes

*sialPAVE / CLEAR (road)PKC #4664 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*khok-I, khoʔ-IIPEEL OFF / STRIPPKC #4451 · 6 reflexes · provisional

*rualPEERS / CONTEMPORARY / FRIENDPKC #4960 · 6 reflexes · provisional

*law-I, loʔ-IIPICK (fruit) / PLUCKPKC #5038 · 6 reflexes · provisional

*wa-huyPIGEONPKC #4730 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*tshimPILLAGE / ATTACK / EXTINGUISHPKC #4595 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*θaarPINE (tree) / FIRPKC #4625 · 11 reflexes · provisional

*puulPLAGUE / EPIDEMICSPKC #4158 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*moolPLAIN / DULL / STUPID / SIMPLEPKC #4780 · 7 reflexes · provisional

*hriʔPLAN / ATTEMPTPKC #5092 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*ɓot-I, ɓoʔ-IIPLUCK / PULL OUT / UPROOTPKC #4040 · 6 reflexes

*tuurPOISONPKC #4217 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*ruuPOISON / POTIONPKC #4962 · 8 reflexes · provisional

*lay-I, layʔ-IIPOUR / POUR OUTPKC #5041 · 6 reflexes · provisional

*roonPOUR INPKC #4963 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*ɓuŋ-I, ɓuŋʔ-II; ɓun-I, ɓut-IIPOUR OUT / EMPTY OUTPKC #4042 · 10 reflexes · provisional

*hualPRESERVE / SECUREPKC #4731 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*yootPRESS OUTPKC #5227 · 2 reflexes

*soʔPRICK / PROBEPKC #4669 · 6 reflexes · provisional

*neʔ ⪤ *hneʔPRINT / FOOTPRINTPKC #4827 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*lanPROCEED / CONTINUE ONPKC #5042 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*phuaŋ-I, phuan-IIPROCLAIM / PROFESS / REVEALPKC #4348 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*tiamPROMISE / VOWPKC #4219 · 7 reflexes · provisional

*yuukPULL OUT / RETRACTPKC #5228 · 3 reflexes

*phooyPULL OUT / UPROOTPKC #4350 · 2 reflexes

*miim ⪤ *hmiimQUAILPKC #4782 · 7 reflexes · provisional

*yokQUICKLYPKC #5229 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*hnamRACE / TRIBE / NATIONPKC #4902 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*waaŋRARE / SCARCEPKC #5165 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*phaarRASH / LEPROSY / MANGEPKC #4351 · 10 reflexes · provisional

*helRAW / UNRIPEPKC #4733 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*klanREDEEM / RANSOM / SAVEPKC #5270 · 7 reflexes · provisional

*tshiirREGRETPKC #4596 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*tuuRELATIVIZER (who, which)PKC #4221 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*taaŋREMAINPKC #4222 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*lawRESEMBLEPKC #5044 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*yaʔRESPECT / REVEREPKC #5230 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*tsoolRESTPKC #4556 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*ɗiimREST / ENDPKC #4104 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*kiirRETURNPKC #4306 · 11 reflexes · provisional

*looyRETURN / GO (home)PKC #5045 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*rumRICHPKC #4965 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*haaw-I, hawʔ-IIRICH / WEALTHYPKC #4734 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*liŋROLL UP / CURL UPPKC #5047 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*tsiʔROOF (v.)PKC #4557 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*mua(t/n)ROT / FESTER / BRITTLEPKC #4783 · 7 reflexes · provisional

*hraatROUGH / HARSH / SHARPPKC #5097 · 8 reflexes · provisional

*ɓialROUND / CIRCLEPKC #4045 · 6 reflexes · provisional

*klaarROW / LINEPKC #5272 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*tsaaŋROW / LINE (horizontal)PKC #4558 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*ŋal ⪤ *hŋalRUDE / OVERBEARING / PRESUMPTOUSPKC #4865 · 4 reflexes

*maŋRULER / CHIEFPKC #4784 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*θualSAG / LONG / HANG ( low)PKC #4627 · 8 reflexes

*ʔalSALTYPKC #4500 · 9 reflexes · provisional

*neelSANDPKC #4831 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*thek-I, theʔ-IISCATTER / SPATTER / SPRINKLEPKC #4405 · 7 reflexes · provisional

*tawSCOLDPKC #4224 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*haawSCOLD / ACCOST / QUARRELPKC #4737 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*ɗa(l/n)SEPARATEPKC #4105 · 3 reflexes

*khlaySEPARATE / REMOVE / TRANSFERPKC #5299 · 7 reflexes

*tshiiSESAME SEEDPKC #4597 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*kamSET (trap) / PROP UPPKC #4308 · 7 reflexes · provisional

*hli(i)mSHADE / SHADOW (n.)PKC #5119 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*hliapSHADOW (n.) / SUNSHADEPKC #5120 · 6 reflexes · provisional

*wawSHARE / LOTPKC #5168 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*ruk ⪤ *hrukSHEATHE / CORK / PUT ON (cloth)PKC #4971 · 6 reflexes · provisional

*klaaŋ-I, klaan-IISHINE / LIGHT / BRIGHTPKC #5274 · 8 reflexes · provisional

*thaaySHOVEL / SCRAPEPKC #4407 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*themSHRED / BIT / SCRAP (small amount)PKC #4408 · 2 reflexes

*tsonSHRINK / CONTRACTPKC #4562 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*yumSHY / BASHFULPKC #5235 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*saa-I, sak-IISINGPKC #4674 · 6 reflexes · provisional

*tiaSIZEPKC #4228 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*thiamSKILLFUL / ADROIT / KNOW-HOWPKC #4410 · 9 reflexes · provisional

*salSLAVE / SERVANTPKC #4675 · 6 reflexes · provisional

*mimSLEEK / GLOSSYPKC #4788 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*tool-I, tolʔ-IISLIDE / BACKSLIDE / GLIDE (v.i.)PKC #4230 · 6 reflexes · provisional

*tholʔSLIDE / BACKSLIDE / GLIDE (v.t.)PKC #4411 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*teŋSLIP / FALL DOWNPKC #4231 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*plootSLIP OUTPKC #5252 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*naalSLIPPERY / SLICKPKC #4833 · 8 reflexes · provisional

*tshawSLOPE (upward) / ASCENTPKC #4601 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*milSMOOTH / SLEEKPKC #4790 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*ŋilSMOOTH / SLICK / GLOSSYPKC #4868 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*neelSMOOTH / SUPPLEPKC #4837 · 16 reflexes · provisional

*tseŋ-kolSNAIL (water)PKC #4563 · 7 reflexes · provisional

*malSOLITARY / FEW / LITTLEPKC #4791 · 4 reflexes

*kri(i)ŋSOOTPKC #5328 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*ʔooSOUND / VOICEPKC #4503 · 14 reflexes · provisional

*tuʔSOW / PLANT (v.)PKC #4232 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*k(h)aapSPAN (n.) / HANDSPANPKC #4311 · 6 reflexes · provisional

*riitSPARROWPKC #4976 · 4 reflexes

*seeŋSPENDPKC #4676 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*ʔaaySPICE / TURMERIC / YELLOWPKC #4504 · 8 reflexes · provisional

*raawSPIRITPKC #4977 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*tshaaSPIT OUTPKC #4602 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*khleek-I, khleʔ-IISPLIT / CRACKPKC #5302 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*m-hewSPOILED / WASTE(D)PKC #2263 · 2 reflexes

*phaʔSPREAD / STRETCHPKC #4356 · 7 reflexes · provisional

*θekSPUR (of fowl)PKC #4629 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*ka(a)ySQUINT (eyes)PKC #4312 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*ɗiŋ-I, ɗin-IISTAND / STOPPKC #4108 · 15 reflexes · provisional

*tuy-khuu ⪤ *tuy-huuSTEAM / VAPORPKC #4740 · 8 reflexes · provisional

*tsok-I, tsoʔ-IISTIR / MINGLE / MIXPKC #4566 · 9 reflexes · provisional

*ŋolSTOPPKC #4869 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*koŋSTORY / ABOUT (something)PKC #4314 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*waaySTRAY / LOST / WANDERPKC #5171 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*yamSTRETCH / SUSPENDPKC #5238 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*(k)rialSTRIPED / SPOTTEDPKC #5330 · 9 reflexes · provisional

*tsakSTRONG / TOUGHPKC #4567 · 6 reflexes · provisional

*ɗayʔSUFFICE / ENOUGHPKC #4109 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*nuarSULK / AGITATEPKC #4839 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*khraalSUMMER / DRY SEASONPKC #5355 · 6 reflexes

*khu(u)m-I, khumʔ-IISURPASS / TRANSCENDPKC #4461 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*pooŋSURROUNDING / VICINITYPKC #4163 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*ɗolʔSWALLOWPKC #4110 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*ts(a/o)mTASTEPKC #4569 · 2 reflexes

*tia(m/p)TASTE / TESTPKC #4236 · 8 reflexes · provisional

*tshimTELL / INFORM / TEACHPKC #4604 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*(ŋaay-)ɗiiTHATCHPKC #4870 · 8 reflexes · provisional

*phuuTHROB / PULSATEPKC #4361 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*tshep-I, tsheʔ-IITHROWPKC #4607 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*tikTIMEPKC #4239 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*hunTIME / SEASONPKC #4741 · 9 reflexes · provisional

*w(o/a)yTIMES (classifier)PKC #5175 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*tsimTIRED OF / BORED / IRKEDPKC #4571 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*tsaay-tseʔTONGS / PINCERS / PLIERSPKC #4572 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*tsuŋTOP / ABOVE / SURFACEPKC #4573 · 9 reflexes · provisional

*khlu(u)ŋTOP / APEXPKC #5307 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*tshiipTOP / CROWN (of head)PKC #4608 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*nun-tsan; nuŋ-tsaŋTRAIT / BEHAVIORPKC #4842 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*tsi(i)lTRAMPLE / TREAD OUT / WALK ONPKC #4574 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*suanTRANSFER / REMOVEPKC #4679 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*phuu-I, phuuk-IITRANSPLANT / UPROOTPKC #4362 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*laaŋ-I, laan-IITRAVEL / VISITPKC #5060 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*yinTRAVEL / VISITPKC #5242 · 8 reflexes · provisional

*norTRUNK (elephant)PKC #4843 · 3 reflexes

*phi(i/a)rTWIN / TWAINPKC #4363 · 6 reflexes · provisional

*hnuayUNDER / UNDERNEATHPKC #4909 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*suutUNDO / UNTIE / WITHDRAWPKC #4680 · 6 reflexes

*hliitUNTIE / UNDOPKC #5126 · 2 reflexes

*phoŋUPROOT / UNLOOSE (v.t.)PKC #4365 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*hnee-I, hneek-IIURGE / STIMULATEPKC #4910 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*tseʔURINATE / DEFECATE (uncontrollably)PKC #4575 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*maŋ-I, man-II; hmaŋ-I, hman-IIUSE / USED TOPKC #4798 · 8 reflexes · provisional

*huutVAPORIZE / GILDPKC #4743 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*tha-ruy ⪤ *-hruyVEIN / ARTERY / SINEWPKC #4418 · 6 reflexes

*weʔVISIT / CHECK UP (on s.thg.)PKC #5176 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*plooŋ-I, ploon-IIVISIT / MOVEPKC #5253 · 6 reflexes · provisional

*palWADE / PASS BY / TREAD ON / WALK ONPKC #4167 · 7 reflexes · provisional

*hloʔWAGESPKC #5127 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*looŋ-I, loŋʔ-IIWALLOW / ROLL ABOUTPKC #5064 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*waak-I, waʔ-IIWANDER / CRAWL / ROAMPKC #5178 · 12 reflexes · provisional

*soopWASHPKC #4682 · 9 reflexes · provisional

*sumWEALTH / MONEY / RICHESPKC #4684 · 11 reflexes · provisional

*rimWEARY / ANXIOUS / REGRET / TIREDPKC #4983 · 8 reflexes · provisional

*huʔWELL-COOKEDPKC #4745 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*tsiin ⪤ *tseenWET / RAIN (continously)PKC #4576 · 7 reflexes

*koy ⪤ *khoy ⪤ *hoyWHEREPKC #4323 · 7 reflexes · provisional

*p(h)aʔWHILEPKC #4168 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*(k)(r)aaŋ-I, (k)(r)aan-IIWHITE / LIGHT (color)PKC #5334 · 12 reflexes · provisional

*kaawWIDE / OPENPKC #4324 · 5 reflexes

*hraaŋ-I, hraan-IIWILD / FRANTIC / ANGRYPKC #5101 · 10 reflexes · provisional

*sha-hŋarWILDCATPKC #4918 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*tayWIN / OVERCOMEPKC #4245 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*heel-I, helʔ-IIWOO / COURT (v.)PKC #4746 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*ɓiaWORDPKC #4057 · 3 reflexes · provisional

*kruanWORKPKC #5336 · 6 reflexes · provisional

*hnaaWORK / JOBPKC #4911 · 6 reflexes · provisional

*rianWORK / JOBPKC #4984 · 2 reflexes · provisional

*hliamWOUND / INJUREPKC #5128 · 4 reflexes · provisional

*ɓuanWRESTLEPKC #4058 · 5 reflexes · provisional

*ʔeŋ-I, ʔen-IIYELLOWPKC #4519 · 10 reflexes · provisional