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STEDT #5531

*d-gra

STRANGER / ENEMY
Proto-Tibeto-Burman

Notes

The Qiangic / rGyalrongic forms are probably borrowings from Tibetan. This root is undoubtedly allofamically related to #2596 PTB *g-raːl ⪤ *g-ran ⪤ *ray ENEMY / FIGHT / QUARREL / STRIFE / SWORD / WAR.

A Chinese comparandum 旅 OC gli̯o GSR #77a Mand. lyǔ ‘guest, stranger; traveller’ has been suggested by Gong Hwang-cherng (2001:27). The semantic connection between ‘enemy’ and ‘guest’ is paralleled in Indo-European: PIE *ghos-ti- > PGermanic *gastiz ‘guest’, Latin hostis ‘enemy’ (< ‘stranger’). Cf. also the opposed meanings of English ‘host’: (a) ‘entertainer of guests’, (b) ‘army of foes’.

Chinese comparandum

旅 OC *gli̯o, GSR #77a ‘guest, stranger; traveller; to travel, lodge; lodging’; Schuessler 2007:367 *raʔ; B & S 2011: *raʔ {[r]aʔ}; Mand. lǚ.

Reflexes & cognates35 reflexes · 6 subgroups

0.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)1

*Tibeto-Burmangra ‘stranger / guest / enemy’Matisoff 03 HPTB: 591

2.1.2.1Tibetan14

Tibetan (Alike)ɣdʑa jæsuffix n‘enemy (personal) / antagonizer’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0197.05
Tibetan (Amdo:Zeku)dʐa yasuffix ‘enemy’Sun J 85 Amdo: 232
Tibetan (Amdo:Zeku)rɟja jasuffix ‘enemy’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 297.5
Tibetan (Batang)dʐa⁵⁵jɛ⁵⁵suffix n‘enemy (personal) / antagonizer’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0197.03
Tibetan (Lhasa)tʂa¹³wo⁵⁵suffix n‘enemy (personal) / antagonizer’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0197.02
Tibetan (Written)dgra bosuffix n‘enemy (personal) / antagonizer’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0197.01
Tibetan (Xiahe)dʑa jasuffix n‘enemy (personal) / antagonizer’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0197.04

3.2Qiangic10

Guiqiongdʐu̵³⁵ n‘enemy (personal) / antagonizer’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0197.16
Muyadʐa³³ɦu⁵³morpheme n‘enemy (personal) / antagonizer’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0197.15
Muya [Minyak]dʐa³⁵wu³³morpheme ‘enemy’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 297.15
Pumi (Jiulong)dʐə³⁵ɕə⁵⁵morphemepe⁵⁵morpheme n‘enemy (personal) / antagonizer’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0197.10
Pumi (Taoba)dʐa⁵³wu⁵⁵morpheme ‘enemy’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 297.10
Queyu (Xinlong)ʒdʒa⁵⁵ n‘enemy (personal) / antagonizer’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0197.13
Xumidʐɑ³⁵ ‘enemy’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 297.20
Zhaba (Daofu County)dʐa³³ n‘enemy (personal) / antagonizer’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0197.14

3.3rGyalrongic1

Daofudʐa wumorpheme n‘enemy (personal) / antagonizer’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0197.12

3.3.1rGyalrong4

rGyalrong (Maerkang)təmorpheme grə n‘enemy (personal) / antagonizer’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0197.11
rGyalrongtəngrɐ ‘enemy’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 297.12
Caodengʁgrɐ(-jɐmorpheme) ‘enemy’Sun J 97 Cao
rGBenzhentəmorpheme-grɐ ‘enemy’Sun J 97 rGB

Cite this entry

STEDT etymon #5531, *d-gra ‘STRANGER / ENEMY’.
Stable link: https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/5531
Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].
References: cf. HPTB p. 73
BibTeX
@misc{stedt-5531,
  title  = {{*d-gra 'STRANGER / ENEMY'}},
  author = {STEDT},
  year   = {2017},
  note   = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #5531},
  url    = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/5531}
}