STEDT
Verbs of Motion, of Manipulation, and of Production  ›  Fighting
STEDT #2596

*g-raːl ⪤ *g-ran ⪤ *ray

ENEMY / FIGHT / QUARREL / STRIFE / SWORD / WAR
Proto-Tibeto-Burman

Reconstruction analysis

handleraninitialrrhymean=(g-)rcoverL · VNL

Intermediate reconstructions

Tani*rol ‘ENEMY’JS-HCST: 234
Kuki-Chin*raal ‘ENEMY / BATTLE / WAR’PKC #937
Tangkhulic*raal ‘ENEMY / WAR’DRM#503

Connections

HPTB*g-raːl ⪤ *g-ran ⪤ *ray ‘enemy / fight / quarrel / strife / sword / war’pp. 44, 48, 261, 387, 388, 404, 407, 423, 425, 516

Notes

Tibetan has evidence for both the -l and -n finals.

This root is quite possibly related to #5531 PTB *d-gra STRANGER / ENEMY; this open-syllable variant is also attested directly in Tibetan.

Written Burmese rây ‘brave’ is a possible doublet of ran ‘quarrel’.

Chinese comparandum

Cf. comparanda for #5570 PTB *dar ⪤ *d(u/i)r TREMBLE / SHIVER (fear, cold) and for #5531 PTB *d-gra STRANGER / ENEMY.

Reflexes & cognates61 reflexes · 20 subgroups

0.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)3

*Tibeto-Burman(g-)rɑl ‘fight / quarrel / war’Chou 72: 147r
*Tibeto-Burmang-raːl ⪤ g-ran ⪤ ray ‘enemy / fight / quarrel / strife / sword / war’Matisoff 03 HPTB: 609
*Tibeto-Burmang-raːl ⪤ ran ⪤ ray ‘war / strife’Matisoff 85 GSTC: 149

1.1.1Tani1

1.1.1.2Eastern Tani2

Padam [Abor]mimorpheme-rol ‘enemy’Sun J 93 HCST
Milangmamorpheme-rol ‘enemy’Tayeng 76 Mil

1.2Kuki-Chin2

*Chinraal ‘ENEMY / BATTLE / WAR’VanBik 09 PKC: 937
*Chinraal-phraamorpheme ‘BRAVE / FEARLESS’VanBik 09 PKC: 923

1.2.1.1Northern Chin2

Thadogáal ‘enemy, battle, rival, war’VanBik 09 PKC: 937
Tiddimgaːl² te¹morpheme ‘enemy’VanBik 09 PKC: 937

1.2.1.2Southern Plains Chin2

Khumitváay ‘war, fight’VanBik 09 PKC: 937

1.2.2Central Chin8

Lai (Hakha)râal ‘enemy, battle’VanBik 09 PKC: 937
Lai (Falam)rǎal ‘enemy, battle’VanBik 09 PKC: 937
Lai (Hakha)râal-thrǎamorpheme-Imorpheme, -thrat-II be v.‘brave, fearless’VanBik 09 PKC: 923
Lai (Falam)rǎal-thràamorpheme-Imorpheme, -thràt-II be v.‘brave’VanBik 09 PKC: 923
Lushai [Mizo]ra:l ‘war against, warrior’Benedict 72 STC: 71n220
Lushai [Mizo]ráal n‘enemy, the foe (in warfare)’VanBik 09 PKC: 937
Lushai [Mizo]raːl ‘war against, warrior’Matisoff 85 GSTC: 149

1.2.3Maraic2

Lakher [Mara]chāmorpheme-rìa be v.‘at war’VanBik 09 PKC: 937
Lakher [Mara]rìa-phamorpheme be v.‘brave, fearless’VanBik 09 PKC: 923

1.3“Naga” Areal Group1

Maringral ‘enemy’Marrison 67 Naga

1.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)11

Ao (Chungli)aprefix◦rür ‘war’Marrison 67 Naga
Ao (Mongsen: Mangmetong)amorpheme◦ɹi◦ɹəsuffix n.‘enemy’Coupe 07 Ao
Lotha Nagao¹prefix-rəʔ³ n.‘enemy’Bruhn 14 SuppCN
Lotha Nagaoprefix◦rrü v‘fight’Marrison 67 Naga
Lotha Nagaoprefix◦rrü ‘war’Marrison 67 Naga
Lotha Nagaoprefix◦rrü ‘enemy’Marrison 67 Naga
Sangtamro◦rüsuffix ‘enemy’Marrison 67 Naga
Yacham-Tengsaaprefix◦li ‘enemy’Marrison 67 Naga
Yimchungrüthüprefix◦ri◦rimorpheme ‘enemy’Marrison 67 Naga
Yimchungrüthprefix◦ri◦tsümorpheme ‘war’Marrison 67 Naga

1.3.2Angami-Pochuri Group3

Angami Nagateprefix-hrə ‘war’Benedict 72 STC: 71n220
Angami (Khonoma)theprefix◦rhü ‘war’Marrison 67 Naga
Angami (Kohima)teprefix◦rhü ‘war’Marrison 67 Naga

1.3.3Zeme Group3

Zemeheprefix◦rei ‘war’Marrison 67 Naga
Mziemeheprefix◦reu ‘war’Marrison 67 Naga

1.4Meithei2

1.7.2Northern Naga/Konyakian2

1.7.2.1Tangsa-Nocte1

1.7.2.2Konyak-Chang1

2.1.2.1Tibetan6

Tibetan (Written)ḥgran-pasuffix ‘fight, contend with’Benedict 72 STC: 113n318
Tibetan (Written)ḥgran-pasuffix ‘fight’Benedict 72 STC: 15n53
Tibetan (Written)ral-grimorpheme ‘sword’Marrison 67 Naga
Tibetan (Written)ral-grimorpheme ‘sword’Matisoff 85 GSTC: 149
Tibetan (Written)ral-grimorpheme ‘sword’Benedict 72 STC: 15n53
Tibetan (Written)ral-grimorpheme ‘sword’Benedict 72 STC: 71n220

9.0.1Old Chinese2

Chinese (Old/Mid)t̑i̯ɑn/tśi̯ɑ̈n v.‘battle / fight’Chou 72: 147r
Chinese (Old)t̂i̯an v.‘battle; fight’Matisoff 85 GSTC: 149

Cite this entry

STEDT etymon #2596, *g-raːl ⪤ *g-ran ⪤ *ray ‘ENEMY / FIGHT / QUARREL / STRIFE / SWORD / WAR’.
Stable link: https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/2596
Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].
References: cf. STC p.15, HPTB
BibTeX
@misc{stedt-2596,
  title  = {{*g-raːl ⪤ *g-ran ⪤ *ray 'ENEMY / FIGHT / QUARREL / STRIFE / SWORD / WAR'}},
  author = {STEDT},
  year   = {2017},
  note   = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #2596},
  url    = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/2596}
}