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STEDT #1104

*ŋəw

WEEP
Proto-Tibeto-Burman

Reconstruction analysis

handleŋuw/kinitialŋrhymeuw/kcoverM · WT

Intermediate reconstructions

Lolo-Burmese*ŋəw¹ ‘WEEP’
Loloish*ŋo¹ ‘CRY’

Connections

HPTB*ŋəw ‘weep’p. 185

Notes

Proto-Kiranti reflects an allofam with a velar suffix. The Maru form ŋuk³¹, on the other hand, shows the regular Maru reflex -uk of PTB *-əw, as discovered by Burling (1966). (In a parallel manner, Maru -it is the regular reflex of PTB *-əy.)

Chinese comparandum

Cf. comparanda for #2142 PTB *ʔaːw SHOUT / CRY OUT.

Reflexes & cognates227 reflexes · 23 subgroups

0Sino-Tibetan (previously published reconstructions)1

*Sino-Tibetannguɣw ‘cry / weep’Coblin 86: 60

0.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)5

*Tibeto-Burmannguw (*A) ‘cry / weep’Coblin 86: 60
*Tibeto-Burmanŋuw ‘weep, cry’LaPolla 87: 27

1.1.2Deng3

Kaman [Miju]ŋɑi⁵⁵ ‘cry, weep’Sun H 80 MLD
Kaman [Miju]ŋɑi⁵⁵ ‘weep’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 718.48

1.6Mru1

Mruŋoʔ² v.‘weep, cry’Luce 85: S.31

2.1.2Bodic5

Baimadzɿ³⁴¹morpheme dzɿ³⁴¹morpheme ŋo⁵³ ŋo⁵³ v‘cry / weep’Sun H 91 Baim: 3.4.8
Tshona (Wenlang)ŋru³⁵ ‘cry, weep’Lu 86 CuoM
Tshona (Mama)ŋu¹³ ‘cry, weep’Sun H 80 MLD

2.1.2.1Tibetan25

Tibetan (Amdo:Zeku)ŋu ‘weep (imp / pf)’Sun J 85 Amdo: 566
Tibetan (Batang)nge²³¹ v.‘cry / weep’Dai 89 Bata: 3.4.8
Tibetan (Jirel)ngu-cyemorpheme-temorpheme n‘weeping’Hale 73 CSD: 10a.23
Tibetan (Sherpa:Helambu)ŋu yenmorpheme v‘cry / weep’Bishop 89: 3.4.8
Tibetan (Spiti)u◦ɟɔŋmorpheme ‘cry’Sharma, S.R. 79 Sp
Spitiŋo◦jemorpheme v‘cry / weep’Bodh 91: 3.4.8
Tibetan (Written)ngu-basuffix ‘weep, roar’Coblin 86: 60
Tibetan (Written)ngu◦ssuffix ‘weep (imp / pf)’Sun J 85 TbGl: 566
Tibetan (Written)ŋu-basuffix v.‘weep, cry’Luce 85: S.31
Tibetan (Written)ŋu-basuffix v.‘cry, weep’Luce 85: X.86
Tibetan (Written)ŋu-basuffix ‘weep, cry’LaPolla 87: 27
Tibetan (Written)ŋu-basuffix ‘weep, cry’Benedict 72 STC: 79

2.3Kiranti1

*Kirantiŋok- (?*ŋak- v.‘cry’Michailovsky 91 Kr: 41

2.3.3Central Kiranti3

Dumiŋok- v.‘weep’Michailovsky 91 Kr: 41
Dumiŋok◦nɨmorpheme ‘cry, weep:’Driem 93 Dumi
Khaling√ŋok- v.‘cry, to weep’Michailovsky 91 Kr: 41

2.3.4Western Kiranti2

Sunwarngaːk- v.‘cry’Michailovsky 91 Kr: 41

3.1Tangut2

Tangut [Xixia]ngu v.‘cry / weep’Dai 89 Xixi: 3.4.8

3.2Qiangic10

Muyatə̱⁵⁵prefixɴGɐ̱⁵³ v.‘cry’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1485.15
Muya [Minyak]NGɛ³⁵ v.‘cry / weep’Sun H 91 MuyQ: 3.4.8
Namuyiŋgu⁵⁵dʑu⁵⁵morpheme v.‘cry / weep’Sun H 91 NamQ: 3.4.8
Namuyiŋgu⁵⁵dʑu⁵⁵morpheme ‘weep’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 718.19
Namuyingu⁵⁵ndʑu⁵³morpheme v.‘cry’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1485.46
Qiang (Taoping)ŋə⁵⁵ ‘cry, weep’Sun H 81 Qia

4Nungic12

Anongŋü ‘weep, cry’LaPolla 87: 27
Anongŋü ‘weep, cry’Benedict 72 STC: 79
Rawangŋɯ³³ vi.‘cry’LaPolla 03: 1361
Anongŋɯ⁵⁵ ‘cry’Sun J 88 Ano
Nungɑ³¹prefixŋɯ⁵⁵ v.‘cry’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1485.21
Anongɑ³¹prefixŋɯ⁵⁵ ‘weep’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 718.44
Trung [Dulong] (Dulonghe)ŋɯ⁵³ ‘cry, weep’Sun H 82 Dul
Trung [Dulong] (Nujiang)ŋɯ⁵³ ‘cry, weep’Sun H 82 Dul

6.1Lolo-Burmese1

6.1.1Burmish44

Achang (Lianghe)ŋɑu⁵⁵ ‘cry, weep’Dai 85 AcJZ
Achang (Longchuan)ŋau⁵⁵ ‘cry, weep’Dai 85 AcJZ
Achang (Luxi)ŋau³¹ ‘cry, weep’Dai 85 AcJZ
Achang (Xiandao)ŋ̊au⁵⁵ ‘cause to cry’Dai 89 Xian: 2045.1
Bolaŋau⁵⁵ ‘cry’Dai 89 Bola: 2045
Burmese (Modern)ŋui³ v.‘cry, weep’Luce 85: G.98
Burmese (Modern)ŋui³ v.‘weep, cry’Luce 85: V.17
Burmese (Spoken)ŋo³ v.‘weep, cry’Luce 85: S.31
Burmese (Written)ngui ‘cry, weep’Coblin 86: 60
Burmese (Written)ṅui ‘cry (weep)’Marrison 67 Naga
Burmese (Written)ŋuiw v.‘cry, weep’Luce 85: G.98
Burmese (Written)ŋuiw v.‘weep, cry’Luce 85: V.17
Burmese (Written)ŋuiw³ v.‘cry, weep’Luce 85: X.86
Danuŋo⁴ v.‘weep, cry’Luce 85: S.31
Hpun (Northern)ŋó-ŋmorpheme ‘cry / weep (3rd.sg.) / (s)he cries’Henderson 86 Hpun
Hpun (Metjo)ŋuh¹ v.‘cry, weep’Luce 85: G.98
Hpun (Metjo)ŋuh¹ v.‘weep, cry’Luce 85: S.31
Hpun (Northern)ŋúʔ, ŋú-ŋmorpheme, ŋᴜ́ʔ ‘weep / cry’Henderson 86 Hpun
Hpun (Northern)ŋᴜ́ʔ, ŋúʔ, ŋú-ŋmorpheme ‘cry / weep’Henderson 86 Hpun
Lashiŋa:u³¹ v.‘cry / weep’Dai 89 Lash: 3.4.8
Lashi (Lachhe')ŋɑu⁴ v.‘weep, cry’Luce 85: S.31
Maru [Langsu]ŋuk³¹ v.‘cry / weep’Dai 89 Lang: 3.4.8
Taung-Yoŋo⁴ v.‘weep, cry’Luce 85: S.31
Atsi [Zaiwa]ŋau⁵¹ ‘cry, weep’Xu 84 Zaiwa
Atsi [Zaiwa]ŋɑu² v.‘weep, cry’Luce 85: S.31

6.1.2Loloish4

Lolophoŋɯ³³ v.‘cry / weep’Dai 89 Lolo: 3.4.8
PNLŋo¹ ‘cry’Chen 86 CS: 131.

6.1.2.1Northern Loloish46

Gazhuoŋ³²³ ‘cry, weep’Dai 91 TB15
Gazhuoŋ³²³ v.‘cry / weep’Dai 89 Gazh: 3.4.8
Gazhuoŋˌ³²³ ‘cry’Dai 87 Gazh
Gazhuoŋˌ³²³ kɯ³²³morpheme ‘cause to cry’Dai 87 Gazh
Laloŋú ‘cry’Björverud 94
Laloŋu̪⁵⁵ ‘cry’Chen 86 CS: 131.
Laloŋu̪⁵⁵ v.‘cry / weep’Chen 86 Yi: 3.4.8
Liphoŋɯ³³ ‘cry’Chen 86 CS: 131.
Liphoŋɯ³³ ‘cry / weep’Chen 86 Yi: 3.4.8
Nasuŋɯ³³ ‘cry’Chen 86 CS: 131.
Nasuŋɯ³³ v.‘cry / weep’Chen 86 Yi: 3.4.8
Neisuny¹³ ‘cry’Chen 86 CS: 131.
Nesuŋɣ⁵⁵ v.‘cry / weep’Chen 86 Yi: 3.4.8
Nesuŋɯ⁵⁵ ‘cry’Chen 86 CS: 131.
Noesuny¹³ ‘cry / weep’Chen 86 Yi: 3.4.8
Nosuŋo³³ ‘cry’Chen 86 CS: 131.
Nosuʑi³³morphemeŋo⁴⁴ ‘cry / weep’Chen 86 Yi: 3.4.8
Nusu (Central)ŋɯ³⁵ ‘cry, weep’Sun J 86 Nusu
Nusu (Northern)ŋˌ³¹ ‘cry, weep’Sun J 86 Nusu
Nusu (Southern)ɣɯ̃⁵⁵ ‘cry, weep’Sun J 86 Nusu
Yi (Dafang)ŋɯ³³ ‘cry, weep’Chen 85 YiJZ
Yi (Liangshan)ʑi³³morphemeŋo³⁴ ‘cry’Ma 08 Yi: index
Yi (Lishan)ŋɯ⁵⁵ ‘cry’Dai 87 Gazh
Yi (Lishan)ŋɯ⁵⁵ bi³¹morpheme ‘cause to cry’Dai 87 Gazh
Yi (Nanjian)ŋu̪⁵⁵ ‘cry, weep’Chen 85 YiJZ
Yi (Nanjian)ŋu̪⁵⁵ ‘weep’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 718.23
Yi (Xide)ŋo³³ ‘cry’Chen 79 YiCh
Yi (Xide)ɕi³³morpheme-ŋo³⁴ ‘cry, weep, sob’Chen 79 YiCh
Yi (Xide)ɕi³³morpheme-ŋo³⁴ ‘cry’Chen 79 YiCh
Yi (Xide)ʑi³³morpheme ŋo⁴⁴ ‘cry, weep’Chen 85 YiJZ
Yi (Xide)ʑi³³morphemeŋo³⁴ v.‘cry’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1485.35
Yi (Xide)ʑi³³morphemeŋo⁴⁴ ‘weep’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 718.21

6.1.2.2Central Loloish26

Ahiŋɯ³³ ‘cry’Chen 86 CS: 131.
Ahiŋɯ³³ ‘cry / weep’Chen 86 Yi: 3.4.8
Ahiŋɯ³³ v.‘cry / weep’Luo 90: 3.4.8
Jinuo (Baka)ŋjv̩³¹ ‘cry, weep’Dai 89 JinB: 2118
Jinuo (Baya/Banai)ŋjy³¹ ‘cry, weep’Dai 89 JinA: 2118
Jinuo (Youle)ȵu⁴² ‘cry, weep’Gai 86
Lisungu⁴ ‘cry’Bradley 79 PLo: 670
Lisu (Theng-yüeh)ngu⁴ v.‘weep, cry’Luce 85: V.17
Lisu (Central)ngu⁴ v.‘cry’Fraser 22
Lisu (Central)ngu⁴ v.‘weep / cry’Fraser 22
Lisu (Nujiang)ŋu³³ ‘cry, weep’Xu 86 Lisu
Lisuŋu³³ ‘weep’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 718.27
Lisu (Northern)ŋu³³tɕhɔʔ²¹morphemenɔ³³morpheme ‘sob’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Putao)ŋu⁴ v.‘cry, weep’Luce 85: G.98
Lisu (Theng-yüeh)ŋu⁴ v.‘cry, weep’Luce 85: G.98
Lisu (Putao)ŋu⁴ v.‘weep, cry’Luce 85: S.31
Lisu (Putao)ŋᴜ⁴ v.‘weep, cry’Luce 85: V.17
Sani [Nyi]ŋu̱³³ ‘weep’Wu 84
Sani [Nyi]ŋɯ³³ ‘cry’Chen 86 CS: 131.
Sani [Nyi]ŋˌ⁴⁴ ‘cry / weep’Chen 86 Yi: 3.4.8
Sani [Nyi]ŋˌ⁴⁴ (v) ‘cry’Ma 89 SanQ: 329.1

6.1.2.4Southeastern Loloish3

Azhaȵy²¹ ‘cry’Pelkey 11 Phula: 782
Pholaŋɯ³³ ‘cry’Pelkey 11 Phula: 782
Phuzaŋə⁵⁵ ‘cry’Pelkey 11 Phula: 782

6.2Naxi7

Na (Yongning)ŋv˩ v.‘cry, to weep’Michaud 06 NaLaze
Naxi (Yongning)ŋv³³ŋv³¹; ŋv³³ ‘weep’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 718.29
Naxi (Western)ŋv³¹ ‘cry, weep’He 85
Naxi (Eastern)ŋv¹³ ‘cry, weep’He 85

9.0.1Old Chinese1

Chinese (Old)ngagw ‘cry / weep’Coblin 86: 60

Cite this entry

STEDT etymon #1104, *ŋəw ‘WEEP’.
Stable link: https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/1104
Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].
References: cf. HPTB p. 185, STC#079
BibTeX
@misc{stedt-1104,
  title  = {{*ŋəw 'WEEP'}},
  author = {STEDT},
  year   = {2017},
  note   = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #1104},
  url    = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/1104}
}