The Body › Body Parts › Life/Breathe/Exist › Breath/Breathe

STEDT #32

*m-sak

BREATH(E) / LIFE

Proto-Tibeto-Burman · exemplary

Reconstruction analysis

handlesakprefixNinitialsrhymeakcoverS · T

Intermediate reconstructions

Central Naga (Ao Group)*sak ‘BREATH’PCN #242

Connections

HPTB*r-sak ‘breath(e) / life’pp. 144, 233, 317, 326, 537

Notes

Chinese character; STC #485; LTSR #123 (PLB *C-sak¹); GSR 925a *si̯ək; WTF pp.462-3.

For now, Karenic syllables θaʔ etc. have been assigned to this etymon. But note that the tones are different; compare Jones sets #150 BREATH(E) [pp. 124-5] and #410 CHEST [pp. 140-1].

The basic meaning of this root is the “breath of life” with semantic extensions into HEART (as locus of the life force), CHEST (as locus of the heart), or AIR / STEAM / VAPOR.

Chinese comparandum

息 OC *si̯ək, GSR #925a; Coblin 86: *sjək; B & S 2011: *sək; Mand. xí. S523

Reflexes & cognates619 reflexes · 41 subgroups

Apatanisaʔ ‘breathe / breath’Sun J 93 HCST

Apatanisaʔ ‘breathe’Sun J 93 Tani

Apatanisaʔ ‘pant’Sun J 93 Tani

Apatanisaʔ lin#6426 PTani *len ‘OUT (verbal particle)’ ‘exhale’Sun J 93 Tani

Apatanisaʔ-lĩmorpheme ‘breath’Sun J 93 Tani

Apatanisaʔ-lɯʔmorpheme gɯmorpheme ‘inhale’Sun J 93 Tani

Apatanisaʔ-namorpheme ‘pant’Sun J 93 Tani

Bengnišak ‘breathe / breath’Sun J 93 HCST

Bengnisak ‘breathe’Sun J 93 Tani

Bengnisak-duŋmorpheme ‘pant’Sun J 93 Tani

Bokaršak ‘breathe / breath’Sun J 93 HCST

Bokarsak təŋmorpheme ‘pant’Sun J 93 Tani

Bokarsak-len#6426 PTani *len ‘OUT (verbal particle)’ ‘exhale’Sun J 93 Tani

Bokarsak-oŋmorpheme ‘enhale’Sun J 93 Tani

Bokarsak-rammorpheme (əprefix-čimorpheme) ‘common cold’Sun J 93 Tani

Bokarsak-təŋmorpheme ‘asthma’Sun J 93 Tani

Galo`hag◦len#6426 PTani *len ‘OUT (verbal particle)’ vi.‘exhale’GLDC 09 Galo

Galo`hag◦lɨkmorpheme vi.‘inhale’GLDC 09 Galo

Galo`ha◦guumorpheme n.‘asthma’GLDC 09 Galo

Galo`ha◦gɨɨmorpheme vi.‘sigh’GLDC 09 Galo

Galohag-namsuffix v‘breathe’Das Gupta 63 Gal

Galohag◦namsuffix vi.‘breathe’GLDC 09 Galo

Galosag-namsuffix v‘breath’Das Gupta 63 Gal

Galosag◦du#3602 PTB *du ‘DWELL / STAY / SIT / REST / LIVE’ sag◦bokmorpheme-namsuffix v‘breath’Das Gupta 63 Gal

Miri, Hillsak ‘breath’Simon 76 Miri

Miri, Hillsaŋ-namsuffix ‘breathe’Simon 76 Miri

Nishingsak ‘breathe’Das Gupta 69 Daf

Taginkaibɤmorpheme sak◦lakmorpheme ‘breathe deeply’Das Gupta 83 Tag

Taginsak-namsuffix ‘breathe’Das Gupta 83 Tag

1.1.2Deng7

Darang [Taraon]ɕɯ⁵⁵ ‘breath’Sun H 80 MLD

Kaman [Miju]sɑu³⁵ nɑt⁵⁵#160 PTB *na-n/t ‘ILL / PAIN / SORE / ACHE / DIFFICULT / EVIL SPIRIT’PKC *naa-I, nat-II ‘PAINFUL / SICK’PTk *na ‘HURT’PLB *nan ⪤ *nat ‘SPIRIT / DEMON’PL *C-natᴸ ‘SPIRIT’PL *C-na¹ ‘ILL / SICK’ ‘tuberculosis’Sun H 80 MLD

Idumananamorpheme si◦ha#1816 NEIA *ha ‘BREATHE’◦lamorpheme ‘pant’Pulu 78

Idumi#102 PNN *s-lal ‘THIRSTY / HUNGRY’◦si◦gamorpheme v‘live’Pulu 78

Idusi-ha#1816 NEIA *ha ‘BREATHE’-gamorpheme ‘breathe’Anonymous 62 Idu

Idusi◦ha#1816 NEIA *ha ‘BREATHE’◦lamorpheme ‘breath’Pulu 78

Idusi◦ha#1816 NEIA *ha ‘BREATHE’◦lamorpheme◦gamorpheme ‘breathe’Pulu 78

1.2.2Central Chin2

Lushai [Mizo]thaw ‘breathe’Marrison 67 Naga

Lushai [Mizo]thawk ‘breath / life’Matisoff 87 BP

1.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)12

*Central Nagasak ‘BREATH’Bruhn 14 PCN: III.242

Ao (Chungli)sa◦shimorpheme ‘breathe’Marrison 67 Naga

Ao (Mongsen: Mangmetong)[tə]prefix-saka n.‘breath’Coupe 07 Ao

Lotha Nagae¹prefix-thək² n.‘breath’Bruhn 14 PCN: III.242

Lotha Nagaeprefix◦thak ‘life’Marrison 67 Naga

Lotha Nagaeprefix◦thak-echen ‘breathe’Marrison 67 Naga

Lotha Nagaeprefix◦thük ‘breath’Murry 78: 12

Lotha Nagaeprefix◦thük◦eprefix◦chen#7730 PCN *tʃh[a/ə]n ‘BREATHE’◦asuffix ‘breathe’Murry 78: 12

Sangtamaprefix◦sa chi#7730 PCN *tʃh[a/ə]n ‘BREATHE’◦chosuffix ‘breath’Kumar 73 Sang

Sangtamaprefix◦sa◦chi#7730 PCN *tʃh[a/ə]n ‘BREATHE’◦chümorpheme ‘breath’Kumar 73 Sang

Sangtam¹aprefix◦(²)saʔ ‘heart / breath’Weidert 87 TBTo: 953

Yimchungrü(¹)šak ‘heart / breath’Weidert 87 TBTo: 953

1.3.2Angami-Pochuri Group4

Angami (Khonoma)ha◦shimorpheme ‘breathe’Marrison 67 Naga

Angami (Kohima)ha ‘breathe’Marrison 67 Naga

Angami (Kohima)ha³¹ v‘breathe’Nienu 90 AngQ: 9.2.1

Chokriha³¹ v‘breathe’Nienu 90 ChoQ: 9.2.1

1.6Mru2

Mruchak ‘breath / life’Matisoff 87 BP

Mrutsʻɑk² ‘breath’Luce 85: Q.38

1.7.1.1Bodo1

Lalung [Tiwa]umorpheme khasmorpheme chomorpheme◦saʔ ‘breathe’Balawan 65: 79

1.7.1.3Koch1

Atongwal#5395 PTB *hwa(l/r) ‘FIRE / SHINE’Allofams2 #6713 PTB *(p/b/h)(w/y)a(ː)(r/l/n/t) ‘FIRE / BURN / SHINE / BRIGHT / LIGHT / WHITE’2a #2152 PTB *bʷar ⪤ *pʷar ‘BURN / FIRE / KINDLE / ROAST’2b #5683 PTB *hwa(ː)r ⪤ *yar ‘WHITE / YELLOW / BRIGHT / SHINE’2c #4513 PTB *hur ⪤ *hwar ⪤ *⪤ *hir ⪤ *hyar ‘SWEAT’2d #694 PTB *hul ⪤ *hwa(ː)l ‘HEAT UP / BURN’2e #5395 PTB *hwa(l/r) ‘FIRE / SHINE’2f #3609 PTB *hwam ‘BURN / SHINE’2g #5518 PTB *hwaŋ ‘SHINE / BRIGHT / YELLOW’2h #2271 PTB *hwa(n/t) ‘SHINE / LIGHT’2i #165 PTB *b/s-wa ‘WHITE / YELLOW / BRIGHT’◦chak- v‘kindle the fire with your breath by blowing’van Breugel 08 Atong

1.7.2Northern Naga/Konyakian1

*Northern Nagasaːk v.‘live / breathe’French 83: 462

1.7.2.1Tangsa-Nocte1

Nocterʌk-²hoŋmorpheme v.‘breathe’Weidert 87 TBTo: 1088

1.7.2.2Konyak-Chang7

Changhak ‘life’Marrison 67 Naga

Changhak ‘life, breath’French 83: 462

Changhak hinmorpheme v.‘breathe’French 83: 462

Changhak-hinmorpheme ‘breathe’Marrison 67 Naga

Changhʌ́k v.‘breath’Weidert 87 TBTo: 1088

Changhʌ̀k-hínmorpheme v.‘breathe’Weidert 87 TBTo: 1088

Konyak (Tamlu)ɣák - hɛ́suffix v.‘breathe’Weidert 87 TBTo: 1088

1.7.3.1Jingpho11

Jingphoǹprefix-sàʔ ‘breath’Matisoff 74 TJLB: 385

Jingphon³¹prefixsaʔ³¹ n‘air; breath’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0020.19

Jingphon³¹prefixsaʔ³¹lam³³#1017 PTB *lam ‘ROAD’PTani *lam ‘ROAD’PKC *lam ‘WAY / PATH / ROAD’PKC *lam ‘DIRECTION / SIDE / TOWARDS’PCN *laːm ‘PATH, ROAD, WAY’PBG *lam ‘ROAD’TGTM *ᴮgjam ‘ROAD’PKir *ʔlam ‘ROAD / PATH’ ‘genitals’Dai 83 Jing

Jingphonprefix◦sa lam#1017 PTB *lam ‘ROAD’PTani *lam ‘ROAD’PKC *lam ‘WAY / PATH / ROAD’PKC *lam ‘DIRECTION / SIDE / TOWARDS’PCN *laːm ‘PATH, ROAD, WAY’PBG *lam ‘ROAD’TGTM *ᴮgjam ‘ROAD’PKir *ʔlam ‘ROAD / PATH’ ‘penis’Matisoff 87 BP

Jingphonprefix◦sàʔ ‘breath / life’Matisoff 87 BP

Jingphonprefix◦sa◦sa ‘breathe’Marrison 67 Naga

Jingphonprefix◦soi#1745 PTB *swar ‘BLOW / BLOW NOSE / BREATHE / LUNG’ nprefix◦sàʔ ‘breath / life’Matisoff 87 BP

Jingphosàʔ ‘breathe’Matisoff 74 TJLB: 385

Jingphosaʔ ‘breathe’Coblin 86: 48

Jingpho¹nprefix◦¹shaʔ-¹shaʔ v.‘breathe’Weidert 87 TBTo: 1088

Jingpho¹nprefix◦¹shaʔ-¹shaʔ ‘heart / breath’Weidert 87 TBTo: 953

1.7.3.2Asakian6

Gananăprefix◦sʻɑʔ³ ‘breath’Luce 85: L.141

Kadu (Kantu)ăprefix◦sʻɑ² ‘breath’Luce 85: L.141

Sak (Bawtala)ăprefix◦sʻɑ² ‘breath’Luce 85: L.141

Sak (Bawtala)ăprefix◦sʻɑʔ² ‘breath, to breathe’Luce 85: G.60

Saksvumorpheme◦saʔ ‘breath’Huziwara 08 Sak: 16a

Saksvumorpheme◦saʔ=kɨ́ŋmorpheme ‘breathe’Huziwara 08 Sak: 16

2.1.1Western Himalayish15

Bunansà ‘pulse’Sharma, S.R. 91 Bu: 9.3.2

Bunansà wan#5640 PTB *waŋ ‘BREATHE’◦camorpheme v‘breathe’Sharma, S.R. 91 Bu: 9.2.1

Byangsiʃak◦cimorpheme◦momorpheme vi.‘breathe’Sharma 2003: 865

Chaudangsisak-cimorpheme◦momorpheme v.‘breathe’Krishan 2003: 735

Darmasak-ɕimorpheme-momorpheme v.‘breathe’Krishan 2003: 725

Kanauririṅsā n‘breath’also contains *s-riŋ ⪤ *s-r(y)aŋBailey 11

Kanauririṅ#71 PTB *s-riŋ ⪤ *s-r(y)aŋ ‘LIVE / ALIVE / GREEN / RAW / GIVE BIRTH’PKC *hriŋ-I, hrin-II ‘GREEN / ALIVE / FRESH’PTk *hriŋ ‘ALIVE’PNN *criŋ ‘ALIVE’PNN *C-raŋ ‘ALIVE’PKir *hiŋ- ‘LIVE’PLB *tsiŋ² ‘LIVE’◦sā ‘breath / life’Matisoff 87 BP

Kanaurisā n‘pulse (in body)’Bailey 11

Kanaurisā khyāmigʻmorpheme ‘take one's pulse’Bailey 11

Kanaurisā khyāmigʻmorpheme v‘feel pulse’Bailey 11

Kanaurisā◦söṅ#71 PTB *s-riŋ ⪤ *s-r(y)aŋ ‘LIVE / ALIVE / GREEN / RAW / GIVE BIRTH’PKC *hriŋ-I, hrin-II ‘GREEN / ALIVE / FRESH’PTk *hriŋ ‘ALIVE’PNN *criŋ ‘ALIVE’PNN *C-raŋ ‘ALIVE’PKir *hiŋ- ‘LIVE’PLB *tsiŋ² ‘LIVE’ ‘breath / life’Matisoff 87 BP

Kanaurisa◦səṇ#71 PTB *s-riŋ ⪤ *s-r(y)aŋ ‘LIVE / ALIVE / GREEN / RAW / GIVE BIRTH’PKC *hriŋ-I, hrin-II ‘GREEN / ALIVE / FRESH’PTk *hriŋ ‘ALIVE’PNN *criŋ ‘ALIVE’PNN *C-raŋ ‘ALIVE’PKir *hiŋ- ‘LIVE’PLB *tsiŋ² ‘LIVE’ ‘breath’Sharma, D.D. 88 Kn: 30

Pattani [Manchati]sàg◦lèpmorpheme◦tsimorpheme v‘breathe’Sharma, S.R. 91 Ma: 9.2.1

Pattani [Manchati]səg ‘breath, sound’Sharma, D.D. 82 TH

Pattani [Manchati]səg lʰepmorpheme◦tʃimorpheme v.‘breathe’Sharma, D.D. 82 TH

2.1.2.1Tibetan2

Jirellwa#2121 PTB *g-lwa-p ‘LUNG’MesorootsTGTM *ᴮglwap/ᴬglwap ‘LUNG’Allofams1a #457 PTB *tsywap ‘LUNG’1b #5481 PTB *p-wap ‘LUNG’1c #5482 PTB *s-wap ‘LUNG’1d #5738 PTB *s-map ‘LUNG’1e #2121 PTB *g-lwa-p ‘LUNG’-syakq ‘lung’Matisoff 78 VSTB: 1b

Tibetan (Jirel)lwā#2121 PTB *g-lwa-p ‘LUNG’MesorootsTGTM *ᴮglwap/ᴬglwap ‘LUNG’Allofams1a #457 PTB *tsywap ‘LUNG’1b #5481 PTB *p-wap ‘LUNG’1c #5482 PTB *s-wap ‘LUNG’1d #5738 PTB *s-map ‘LUNG’1e #2121 PTB *g-lwa-p ‘LUNG’◦syākq ‘lung’Matisoff 87 BP

2.1.3Lepcha1

Lepchahák ‘breath / life’Matisoff 87 BP

2.1.4Tamangish24

*TGTMᴬsaː ‘breath’Mazaudon 94 These: 924

Gurung (Ghachok)soq ‘breath / life’Matisoff 87 BP

Gurung (Ghachok)soq ‘breath’Glover 72 GuVo: 2.A.69

Gurung (Ghachok)soq sẽqmorpheme◦basuffix ‘breathe’Glover 72 GuVo: 2.B.2.20

Gurung (Ghachok)soq◦basuffix ‘live’Glover 72 GuVo: 2.B.2.32

Gurungsoq◦go̩suffix adj‘alive (human)’Hale 73 CSD: 12a.08

Gurung (Ghachok)soq◦gõsuffix ‘alive / live’Glover 72 GuVo: 12.A.8

Gurung²so ‘breath’Mazaudon 94 These: 925

Manang (Gyaru)saː² ‘breathe’Nagano 84 Man: 016

Manang (Prakaa)³sa ²piːmorpheme- ‘breathe (out)’Hoshi 84: 0279b

Manang (Prakaa)³sa ²timorpheme- in‘breathe’Hoshi 84: 0279a

Manang (Prakaa)¹sa ‘breath’Mazaudon 94 These: 924

Tamang (Risiangku)glap#2121 PTB *g-lwa-p ‘LUNG’MesorootsTGTM *ᴮglwap/ᴬglwap ‘LUNG’Allofams1a #457 PTB *tsywap ‘LUNG’1b #5481 PTB *p-wap ‘LUNG’1c #5482 PTB *s-wap ‘LUNG’1d #5738 PTB *s-map ‘LUNG’1e #2121 PTB *g-lwa-p ‘LUNG’-sya ‘lung’Matisoff 78 VSTB: 1b

Tamang (Risiangku)²saː ‘breath’Mazaudon 91 TamQ

Tamang (Risiangku)²saː ‘breathing / breath’Mazaudon 94 These: 925

Tamang (Risiangku)²saː-⁴kalmorpheme n‘windpipe, trachea’Mazaudon 91 TamQ: 4.2.1

Tamang (Risiangku)⁴klop#2121 PTB *g-lwa-p ‘LUNG’MesorootsTGTM *ᴮglwap/ᴬglwap ‘LUNG’Allofams1a #457 PTB *tsywap ‘LUNG’1b #5481 PTB *p-wap ‘LUNG’1c #5482 PTB *s-wap ‘LUNG’1d #5738 PTB *s-map ‘LUNG’1e #2121 PTB *g-lwa-p ‘LUNG’ -¹sja ‘lung’Mazaudon 94 These: 195

Tamang (Sahu)san◦wamorpheme san◦wamorpheme 'paŋmorpheme-pasuffix v.‘pant (through mouth)’Taylor 72 TmVo: 13.B.21.1

Tamang (Taglung)saː ‘breath’Mazaudon 94 These: 925

Thakali (Syang)⁵⁵sa ‘breathing / breath’Mazaudon 94 These: 925

Thakali (Tukche)sā ‘breath / life’Matisoff 87 BP

Thakali (Tukche)sa ‘breath’Hari 71a ThVo: 2.A.69

Thakali (Tukche)ᴴsa ‘breath’Mazaudon 94 These: 925

2.2Newar5

Newarsā◦samorpheme ‘breath / life’Matisoff 87 BP

Newarsā◦saːmorpheme lhātamorpheme ‘breath / life’Matisoff 87 BP

Newarsa◦sɔ:#77 PTB *g/m-swan ‘BREATH(E) / LIVE’ lhayemorpheme v.‘breathe (infinitive verb)’Shakya 89: 9.2.1

Newar (Kathmandu)sa◦sɔɔ#77 PTB *g/m-swan ‘BREATH(E) / LIVE’ ‘breath / life’Genetti 90 Kath

Newar (Kathmandu)sa◦sɔɔ#77 PTB *g/m-swan ‘BREATH(E) / LIVE’◦layemorpheme ‘breath / life’Genetti 90 Kath

2.3Kiranti2

*Kirantisak ‘breath’Michailovsky 91 Kr: 23

*Kirantisak◦masuffix ‘breath’Michailovsky 91 Kr: 23

2.3.1Eastern Kiranti12

Athpare (Rai)sok◦mamorpheme ‘breath’Ebert 97 Athpare

Athpare (Rai)sok◦mamorpheme sommamorpheme ‘breathe’Ebert 97 Athpare

Athpare (Rai)sok◦mamorpheme sondmorpheme-uemorpheme ‘breathe’Ebert 97 Athpare

Belharesak◦masuffix ‘breath’Bickel 95

Limbusaŋmorpheme◦gumorpheme◦sok◦mēmorpheme ‘breath / life’Matisoff 87 BP

Limbusok◦māsuffix ‘breath / life’Matisoff 87 BP

Limbusɔk◦masuffix ‘breath’Michailovsky 89 Lm

Limbusɔk◦masuffix ‘breath’Michailovsky 91 Kr: 23

Limbusɔk◦masuffix soːnt#77 PTB *g/m-swan ‘BREATH(E) / LIVE’- v.‘breathe’Michailovsky 89 Lm

Yakhasa◦wasuffix puŋmeʔnamorpheme ‘pulse’Kohn 90: 9.3.2

Yakhasoʔ◦masuffix so◦masuffix◦namorpheme naːlimorpheme ‘windpipe / trachea’Kohn 90: 4.2.1

Yakhasɔʔ◦masuffix sɔmorpheme◦masuffix◦namorpheme v‘breathe’Kohn 90: 9.2.1

2.3.2Southern Kiranti7

Bantawasak◦masuffix ‘breath’Michailovsky 91 Kr: 23

Bantawasak◦masuffix ‘breath’Rai 85 BnDs

Bantawasak◦masuffix ‘breath / life’Rai 84 BnDc: 62

Bantawasak◦masuffix pakmorpheme- v.t.‘give life’Rai 84 BnDc: 62

Bantawasak◦masuffix paktmorpheme- v.t‘give life to smn’Rai 84 BnDc: 62

Bantawasak◦masuffix sontmorpheme- ‘breathe / inhale’Rai 84 BnDc: 65

Bantawasa◦wamorpheme◦ʔemsmorpheme- v.t.‘breathe’Rai 84 BnDc: 63

2.3.4Western Kiranti4

Sunwar'soːk◦ti#1814 PTB *ti ‘BREATHE’ ‘breath’Michailovsky 91 Kr: 23

Sunwar'soːk◦ti#1814 PTB *ti ‘BREATHE’ ‘breath / life’Matisoff 87 BP

Sunwarso◦ti#1814 PTB *ti ‘BREATHE’ ‘breath’Michailovsky 91 Kr: 23

Sunwarso◦ti#1814 PTB *ti ‘BREATHE’ phere-cāloanword ‘breath / life’Matisoff 87 BP

2.4Kham-Magar-Chepang6

Chepanghawʰsekmorpheme-sa ‘pant’Caughley 72 CVoc: 2.B.2.21

Chepanghləyŋʰ#5788 PTB *s-ləy ‘PANT’-sa ‘pant’Caughley 72 CVoc: 2.B.2.21

Chepangsyak-ʔomorpheme ‘alive’Caughley 72 CVoc: 12.A.8

Kham'saː ‘breath / life’Matisoff 87 BP

Kham'səː ‘breath’Watters 89 KhQ: 2.A.69

Kham'səː domorpheme◦horəymorpheme-nyasuffix ‘breathe’Watters 89 KhQ: 2.B.2.20

3.2Qiangic7

Lyuzuse³⁵ n‘air; breath’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0020.18

Lyuzuse³⁵ n‘steam’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0021.18

Namuyisæ³⁵ n‘air; breath’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0020.46

Namuyisæ³⁵ n‘steam’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0021.46

Xumisi⁵³ n‘air; breath’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0020.17

Xumisi⁵³ n‘steam’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0021.17

Zhaba (Daofu County)sha⁵⁵ n‘breath’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0020.14

4Nungic6

Anongsa ‘breath of life’Coblin 86: 48

Rawangʃɑʔ³¹ ‘air’LaPolla 03: 21

Rawangʃɑʔ³¹ ‘breath’LaPolla 03: 22

Dulongɑŋ⁵⁵morphemesɑʔ⁵⁵ n‘air; breath’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0020.20

Trung [Dulong] (Dulonghe)sɯ³¹ ɯm⁵⁵morpheme ‘hold the breath / suffocate’Sun H 82 Dul

Trung [Dulong] (Nujiang)sɑ̆ʔ⁵⁵ zɑŋ⁵³#1842 PTB *g/m/b-raŋ ‘STRONG / FIRM / TENSE’PKC *khraŋ-I, khran-II ‘GROW / INCREASE / RISE’PKC *khrooŋ ‘STRONG’PCN *m-raŋ ‘HARD / STRONG’PNN *raŋ ‘HARD’ ‘strength’Sun H 82 Dul

5Tujia1

Tujia (Northern)ɕe⁵⁵ tɕʰi⁵⁵#1843 PTB *tsyi-k ‘STRENGTH’ ‘strength’Tian 86

6.1Lolo-Burmese2

*Lolo-BurmeseC-sak ‘breath / air / afflatus’prefixMatisoff 72 LTSR: 123

*Lolo-BurmeseC-sakᴸ ‘breath(e) / life’Matisoff 03 HPTB: 612

6.1.1Burmish45

Achang (Longchuan)a³¹prefixsɔʔ⁵⁵ n‘steam’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0021.28

Achang (Xiandao)a³¹prefix sɔʔ⁵⁵ ‘breath’Dai 89 Xian: 191

Achang (Xiandao)sɔʔ⁵⁵ n‘air; breath’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0020.29

Achang (Xiandao)sɔʔ⁵⁵ n‘steam’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0021.29

Achang (Xiandao)ʂa⁵⁵ v‘gasp, pant’Dai 89 Xian: 1692

Bolasaʔ⁵⁵ ‘breath’Dai 89 Bola: 191

Bola (Luxi)saʔ⁵⁵ n‘air; breath’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0020.32

Bola (Luxi)saʔ⁵⁵ n‘steam’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0021.32

Bolasaʔ⁵⁵ ta̱u³⁵morpheme ʃɛ⁵⁵morpheme ‘inhale, breath’Dai 89 Bola: 2352

Bolasaʔ⁵⁵ tʰɔ³⁵#23 PTB *tuŋ ‘CORPSE’ ‘die (breath one's last)’Dai 89 Bola: 1781

Bolaʃɛ⁵⁵ v‘gasp, pant’Dai 89 Bola: 1692

Burmese (Modern)aprefix◦sak ‘breath, to breathe’Luce 85: G.60

Burmese (Modern)aprefix◦sak ‘breath; life’Luce 85: V.128

Burmese (Written)aprefix◦sak ‘life’Marrison 67 Naga

Burmese (Written)aprefix◦sak ‘breath, to breathe’Luce 85: G.60

Burmese (Written)aprefix◦sak ‘breath; life’Luce 85: V.128

Burmese (Written)aprefix◦sak ‘breath / to breathe’Luce 85: Y.48

Burmese (Written)aprefix◦sak-rhaṅmorpheme ‘live (to be alive)’Marrison 67 Naga

Burmese (Written)aprefix◦sak◦rhūmorpheme ‘breathe’Marrison 67 Naga

Burmese (Written)sak ‘breath’Hansson 89 AHKP: 475

Burmese (Written)sak ‘breath, life’Benedict 76 WBur

Burmese (Written)tθɑk⁴ clf‘lifetime’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0915.26

Burmese (Written)ɑ¹prefixtθɑk⁴ n‘life’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0163.26

Burmese (Written)ɑ¹prefixtθɑk⁴ n‘life span’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0164.26

Burmese (Written)əprefix-sak ‘breath, life’Benedict 76 WBur

Burmese (Written)əprefix-sak ‘breath, life’Coblin 86: 48

Burmese (Written)ʔəprefix◦sak ‘breath / life’Matisoff 87 BP

Burmese (Written)ʔəprefix◦sak hru#67 PTB *h(r)u ‘BLOW / BREATH(E) / LIFE’ v.‘breathe’Matisoff 87 BP

Hpun (Northern)ăprefix◦ʃòʔ ‘breath’Henderson 86 Hpun

Hpun (Northern)ăprefix◦ʃòʔ ăprefix◦ʃeɪmorpheme ‘breathe’Henderson 86 Hpun

Hpun (Metjo)ăprefix◦ʃᴜʔ⁵ ‘breath, to breathe’Luce 85: G.60

Langsu (Luxi)soʔ⁵⁵ n‘air; breath’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0020.31

Langsu (Luxi)soʔ⁵⁵ n‘steam’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0021.31

Lashisɔʔ⁵⁵ khjo³³#489 PTB *k/s-raw(k/ŋ) ⪤ *k-rwa(k/ŋ) ‘THROAT’PTk *rok ‘THROAT / LARYNX / VOICE’ ‘windpipe / trachea’Dai 89 Lash: 4.2.1

Lashisɔʔ⁵⁵ ʃɛ̱:³³morpheme v.‘breathe’Dai 89 Lash: 9.2.1

Lashiʃɛ̱:³³ v.‘pant’Dai 89 Lash: 9.2.2

Leqi (Luxi)sɔʔ⁵⁵ n‘air; breath’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0020.33

Leqi (Luxi)sɔʔ⁵⁵ n‘steam’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0021.33

Marmaəprefix◦θaʔ ‘breath’Huziwara 08 Sak: 16a

Marmaəprefix◦θaʔ=ŋaŋmorpheme ‘breathe’Huziwara 08 Sak: 16

Maru [Langsu]sɔʔ⁵⁵ khjɔ³¹#489 PTB *k/s-raw(k/ŋ) ⪤ *k-rwa(k/ŋ) ‘THROAT’PTk *rok ‘THROAT / LARYNX / VOICE’ ‘windpipe / trachea’Dai 89 Lang: 4.2.1

Maru [Langsu]sɔʔ⁵⁵ ʃɛ³¹morpheme v.‘breathe’Dai 89 Lang: 9.2.1

Maru [Langsu]ʃɛ³¹ v.‘pant’Dai 89 Lang: 9.2.2

Atsi [Zaiwa]soʔ⁵⁵ n‘air; breath’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0020.30

Atsi [Zaiwa]soʔ⁵⁵ n‘steam’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0021.30

6.1.2Loloish7

*LoloishC-sakᴸ ‘breath’Bradley 79 PLo: 138

*LoloishC-sakᴸ ‘life’Bradley 79 PLo: 139

*LoloishC-sakᴸ ‘breath’Hansson 89 AHKP: 475

*LoloishC-sakᴸ ‘steam’Bradley 79 PLo: 644

Lolophose̱³¹ gɒ³³#1809 PL *ku ‘BREATHE’ v.‘breathe’Dai 89 Lolo: 9.2.1

Lolophose̱³¹ gɒ³³morpheme v.‘pant’Dai 89 Lolo: 9.2.2

PNLCprefix-sakᴸ ‘air’Chen 86 CS: 150.

6.1.2.1Northern Loloish51

Gazhuosa⁵³ ‘air, breath’Dai 87 Gazh

Gazhuosa⁵³ n‘air; breath’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0020.47

Gazhuosa⁵³ n‘steam’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0021.47

Lalosjìq ‘air / breath / steam’Björverud 94

Laloɕi̱² ‘air’Chen 86 CS: 150.

Liphose̱² ‘air’Chen 86 CS: 150.

Luquansa 55c ‘breath / air / afflatus’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 123

Nasusa 55 ‘breath / air / afflatus’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 123

Nasusa̱⁵⁵ ‘air’Chen 86 CS: 150.

Nasusa̱⁵⁵ gɤ²¹morpheme v.‘pant’Chen 86 Yi: 9.2.2

Neisusa¹³ ‘air’Chen 86 CS: 150.

Nesuɕe̱² ‘air’Chen 86 CS: 150.

Noesusa¹³mbi¹³morpheme v‘pant’Chen 86 Yi: 9.2.2

Nosuso̱⁵⁵ ‘air’Chen 86 CS: 150.

Nosuso⁵⁵tshɿ²¹morphemeso⁵⁵ŋgo³³morpheme v‘breathe’Chen 86 Yi: 9.2.1

Nosuso⁵⁵ʂɿ³³morpheme v‘pant’Chen 86 Yi: 9.2.2

Nusu (Central/Zhizhiluo)sa̱³¹ ‘breath’Dai 89 NusA: 191.

Nusu (Central)sa̱⁵³ ‘breath’Dai 89 NusB: 191.

Nusu (Central)sa̱⁵³ n‘air’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0020.34

Nusu (Bijiang)sɑ̱⁵³ ‘strength’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 513.45

Nusu (Central/Zhizhiluo)ɕe⁵³ v‘gasp, pant’Dai 89 NusA: 1692.

Nusu (Central)ɕe⁵⁵ v‘gasp, pant’Dai 89 NusB: 1692.

Yi (Liangshan)so⁵⁵ ‘breath; steam (vapor); vapor’Ma 08 Yi: index

Yi (Liangshan)so⁵⁵bi⁵⁵morpheme ‘leak (air)’Ma 08 Yi: index

Yi (Liangshan)so⁵⁵fu³³morpheme ‘die (breathe one's last)’Ma 08 Yi: index

Yi (Liangshan)so⁵⁵gɛ²¹morpheme ‘die (breathe one's last)’Ma 08 Yi: index

Yi (Liangshan)so⁵⁵mi²¹morpheme ‘hold one's breath’Ma 08 Yi: index

Yi (Liangshan)so⁵⁵phu³³morphemeso⁵⁵nɯ²¹morphemeʂɿ³³morpheme ‘breathe heavily’Ma 08 Yi: index

Yi (Liangshan)so⁵⁵ti³³morpheme ‘breathe heavily’Ma 08 Yi: index

Yi (Liangshan)so⁵⁵xo³³morpheme ‘breathe with difficulty; die’Ma 08 Yi: index

Yi (Liangshan)so⁵⁵ȵi²¹morpheme ‘die (breathe one's last)’Ma 08 Yi: index

Yi (Liangshan)so⁵⁵ʦhu³³morpheme ‘breathe with difficulty’Ma 08 Yi: index

Yi (Liangshan)so⁵⁵ʦhɿ²¹morphemeso⁵⁵ŋgo³³morpheme ‘breathe’Ma 08 Yi: index

Yi (Liangshan)so⁵⁵ʦi³³morpheme ‘breath, catch one's’Ma 08 Yi: index

Yi (Liangshan)sɿ⁵⁵ ‘asthma; wheeze’Ma 08 Yi: index

Yi (Lishan)sɛ̱³¹ ‘air, breath’Dai 87 Gazh

Yi (Nanhua)se̱³³ n‘air; breath’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0020.37

Yi (Weishan)ɕi²¹ n‘air; breath’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0020.36

Yi (Wuding)sɑ̱⁵⁵ n‘air; breath’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0020.38

Yi (Wuding)sɑ̱⁵⁵ n‘steam’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0021.38

Yi (Wuding)sɑ̱⁵⁵ v.‘steam’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1797.38

Yi (Xide)so⁵⁵ ‘breath, vapor’Chen 79 YiCh

Yi (Xide)so⁵⁵ n‘air; breath’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0020.35

Yi (Xide)so⁵⁵-mi²¹morpheme ‘hold breath’Chen 79 YiCh

Yi (Xide)so⁵⁵-timorpheme ‘breathe heavily’Chen 79 YiCh

Yi (Xide)so⁵⁵-ti³³morpheme ‘asthma’Xide ti³³ ‘be blocked’.Chen 79 YiCh

Yi (Xide)so⁵⁵-tsi³³morpheme ‘pant’Chen 79 YiCh

Yi (Xide)so⁵⁵-tsʰɿ²¹morpheme-so⁵⁵-ŋgo³³morpheme ‘breathe’Chen 79 YiCh

Yi (Xide)so⁵⁵-xo³³morpheme ‘breathe with mouth open’Chen 79 YiCh

Yi (Xide)so⁵⁵-ȵi³³#85 PTB *s-nəy ‘SUN / DAY / DWELL’PTani *ñi ‘SUN’PKC *nii ‘DAY / SUN’PCN *nəj ‘SUN / DAY’PLB *ʔnəy¹/³ ‘SUN / DAY’PKar *nejᴬ ‘DAY’-su³³morpheme ‘living things’Chen 79 YiCh

Yi (Xide)so⁵⁵-ʂʅ³³morpheme ‘breathe heavily’Chen 79 YiCh

6.1.2.2Central Loloish93

Ahise̱² ‘air’Chen 86 CS: 150.

Ahisɛ 44s ‘breath / air / afflatus’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 123

Ahisɛ̱²¹ ku²²#1809 PL *ku ‘BREATHE’ v.‘breathe’Luo 90: 9.2.1

Ahisɛ̱²¹ po⁵⁵morpheme ‘windpipe / trachea’Luo 90: 4.2.1

Ahisɛ̱²¹ tsʻo²¹morpheme v.‘pant’Luo 90: 9.2.2

Ahisɛ̱²¹tʂho²¹morpheme ‘windpipe’Chen 86 Yi: 4.2.1

Jinuo (Baya/Banai)a⁴⁴prefix sa⁵⁵ ‘breath’Dai 89 JinA: 199

Jinuo (Baka)a⁴⁴prefix sa⁵⁵ ‘breath (qixi)’Dai 89 JinB: 199

Jinuoa⁴⁴prefixsa⁵⁵ n‘air; breath’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0020.44

Jinuo (Buyuan)sɑ⁵⁵ v‘steam (food)’Gai 86

Kucongsa55 ‘air’Dai 09 Kucong

*Common Lahusha˰ ‘breath’Bradley 79 PLo: 138

*Common Lahusha˰ ‘life’Bradley 79 PLo: 139

Lahu (Lancang)ɔ³¹prefixɕɑ³⁵ n‘air; breath’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0020.43

Lahu (Lancang)ɔ³¹prefixɕɑ³⁵ n‘steam’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0021.43

Lahu (Lancang)ɕɑ³⁵ v.‘steam’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1797.43

Lahu (Black)šá ‘breath / air’Matisoff 74 TJLB: 385

Lahu (Black)šá ‘breath / air / afflatus’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 123

Lahu (Black)šá chêʔ#1007 PTB *tsyat ‘CUT OFF / SEVER / BREAK’PKC *tsat ‘BREAK / SNAP (v.i.)’ ve#450 PTB *way ‘BE / COPULA / NOMINALIZER / SUBORDINATOR’Allofams1 #1821 PTB *s/g-ray ⪤ *way ‘BE / COPULA / NOMINALIZER / SUBORDINATOR / GOD’1a #449 PTB *g-ray ‘BE / COPULA / NOMINALIZER / SUBORDINATOR’1b #658 PTB *g-ray ‘GOD / CREATOR’1c #450 PTB *way ‘BE / COPULA / NOMINALIZER / SUBORDINATOR’1d #5495 PTB *s-ray ‘PLURALIZER’ v‘die (breath is cut off)’Matisoff 88 DL: p. 1160

Lahu (Black)šá g̈ɔ̀#1810 PTB *raŋ¹ ‘BREATHE / DRAW (BREATH)’PLB *raŋ¹ ‘BREATHE / DRAW (BREATH)’ ve#450 PTB *way ‘BE / COPULA / NOMINALIZER / SUBORDINATOR’Allofams1 #1821 PTB *s/g-ray ⪤ *way ‘BE / COPULA / NOMINALIZER / SUBORDINATOR / GOD’1a #449 PTB *g-ray ‘BE / COPULA / NOMINALIZER / SUBORDINATOR’1b #658 PTB *g-ray ‘GOD / CREATOR’1c #450 PTB *way ‘BE / COPULA / NOMINALIZER / SUBORDINATOR’1d #5495 PTB *s-ray ‘PLURALIZER’ ‘breathe ("draw breath")’Matisoff 88 DL: 1160

Lahu (Black)ɔ̀#5450 PTB *ʔa(ŋ/k)- ‘NOUN PREFIX’-šá ‘breath / life’Matisoff 87 BP

Lahu (Black)ɔ̀#5450 PTB *ʔa(ŋ/k)- ‘NOUN PREFIX’-šá ‘breath / air / any vaporous / insubstantial substance / vital force’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 123

Lahu (Black)ɔ̀prefix-ɣâ#5677 PTB *k-ra ‘STRENGTH / WIN / CLASSIFIER FOR PEOPLE’PLB *k-ra² ‘STRENGTH / WIN / OVERCOME’PLB *ra³ ‘GET / OBTAIN’PLB *ra² ‘CLF FOR PEOPLE’-ɔ̀prefix-šá ‘breath / life’Matisoff 87 BP

Lahu (Yellow)sa⁴ v.‘steam’Chang 86

Lahu (Yellow)ɣa⁵⁵#5677 PTB *k-ra ‘STRENGTH / WIN / CLASSIFIER FOR PEOPLE’PLB *k-ra² ‘STRENGTH / WIN / OVERCOME’PLB *ra³ ‘GET / OBTAIN’PLB *ra² ‘CLF FOR PEOPLE’ sa³⁵ ‘strength’Chang 86

Lahu (Banlan)aprefix sha˰ ‘life / age’Bradley 79 Lahu: 139

Lahu (Banlan)shaˉ ‘breath(=air)’Bradley 79 Lahu: 138

Lisu (Putao)i¹morphemetsɤʔ⁶ ‘breath; life’Luce 85: V.128

Lisu (Central)je³³morphemetɕø³⁵ ‘front (walk of life); trade’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Northern)je³³morphemetɕɤ³⁵ ‘front (walk of life); trade’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Northern)ji³³morphemedʑæ³³morphemesæʔ²¹ ‘vapour; steam; sound of water running’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Northern)ji⁵⁵morphemesæʔ²¹ N‘gas; air; strength; energy; steam’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisupu³³morphemesɛ̱³¹ n‘steam’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0021.40

Lisusyá6 ‘breath / air / afflatus’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 123

Lisusyá¹tya¹morpheme ‘alive’Bradley 79 PLo: 553

Lisusyá⁶ ‘breath’Bradley 79 PLo: 138

Lisusyá⁶ ‘strength’Bradley 79 PLo: 423

Lisu (Theng-yüeh)sya⁶ ‘breath; life’Luce 85: V.128

Lisusyá⁶ ‘breath / life’Matisoff 87 BP

Lisu (Central)syá⁶ n.‘air (breath)’Fraser 22

Lisu (Central)syá⁶ n.‘breath’Fraser 22

Lisu (Central)syá⁶ ‘power / strength’Fraser 22

Lisu (Central)syá⁶ ‘strength’Fraser 22

Lisu (Central)syá⁶ hʼa⁴morpheme v.i.‘breathe’Fraser 22

Lisu (Theng-yüeh)sya⁶ mya³morpheme ‘breath; life’Luce 85: V.128

Lisu (Central)syá⁶-myá³morpheme n.‘life’Fraser 22

Lisu (Central)syá⁶-myá³morpheme tsa¹morpheme v.‘deliver (save life)’Fraser 22

Lisusyá⁶myá³morpheme ‘life’Bradley 79 PLo: 139

Lisu (Theng-yüeh)syɑ⁶ ‘breath, to breathe’Luce 85: G.60

Lisu (Northern)sæʔ²¹ N‘air, steam’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Northern)sæʔ²¹ N‘qi; strength; force’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Northern)sæʔ²¹ba²¹morpheme ‘weak; no strength’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Northern)sæʔ²¹dʑɔ⁴⁴morpheme ‘strong and sturdy; have strength’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Northern)sæʔ²¹dʑɔ⁴⁴morpheme wa²¹morphemeni³³morpheme ‘strong and forceful; great; robust’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Central)sæʔ²¹dʑɔ⁴⁴morpheme wa²¹morphemeɲi³³morpheme ‘strong and forceful; great; robust’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Northern)sæʔ²¹dʑɔ⁴⁴morphemepha²¹morpheme ‘man of unusual strength’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Northern)sæʔ²¹gɔ⁴⁴morpheme ‘gasp; asthma’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Northern)sæʔ²¹gɔ⁴⁴morpheme sæʔ²¹le⁴⁴morpheme ‘breathe heavily’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Northern)sæʔ²¹hã²¹morpheme ‘hold breath’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Northern)sæʔ²¹hã³³morpheme ‘breathe; aspirate’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Northern)sæʔ²¹hãʔ²¹morphemeʒɿ²¹morpheme ‘gasp’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Northern)sæʔ²¹le⁴⁴morphemeje³³morpheme ‘breathe one's last’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Northern)sæʔ²¹ma³³morpheme N‘life’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Northern)sæʔ²¹ma³³morpheme fuʔ²¹morpheme ‘do at the risk of one's life’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Northern)sæʔ²¹ma³³morpheme kha²¹morpheme ‘harm life’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Northern)sæʔ²¹ma³³morphemedʒu²¹morpheme ‘one's very life’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Northern)sæʔ²¹mja³³morpheme N‘life’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Northern)sæʔ²¹te³⁵morpheme ‘healthy; strong; stout; have great strength’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Northern)sæʔ²¹ti³⁵morpheme wa²¹morphemevu²¹morpheme ‘vigorous; strong’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Northern)sæʔ²¹wa²¹morpheme ‘strength; spirit; energy; force’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Northern)sæʔ²¹ʃu³³morpheme ‘breathe in’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisusɛ̱³¹ n‘air; breath’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0020.40

Lisusɛ̱³¹ n‘strength (physical)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0675.40

Lisusɛ̱³¹mɑ̱³³morpheme n‘life’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0163.40

Lisu (Putao)sɛʔ⁶ ‘breath, to breathe’Luce 85: G.60

Lisu (Putao)sɛʔ⁶ ‘breath; life’Luce 85: V.128

Lisu (Nujiang)sɛ⁴² ‘strength’Xu 86 Lisu

Lisusɛ⁴¹ ‘strength’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 513.27

Lisu (Nujiang)sɛ⁵⁵ v‘live’Xu 86 Lisu

Lisusɛ⁵⁵ ‘alive’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 781.27

Sani [Nyi]se 22s ‘breath / air / afflatus’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 123

Sani [Nyi]se² ‘air’Chen 86 CS: 150.

Yi (Sani)se² n‘air; breath’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0020.39

Sani [Nyi]se²²tʂɑ³³morpheme ‘windpipe’Chen 86 Yi: 4.2.1

Sani [Nyi]se²²xɑ³³morphemese²²qo³³morpheme v‘breathe’Chen 86 Yi: 9.2.1

Sani [Nyi]se²¹ ‘breath’Wu 84: 162.2

Sani [Nyi]se²¹ ‘breath’Wu 84

Sani [Nyi]se²¹ ni⁵⁵morpheme xɑ³³#1810 PTB *raŋ¹ ‘BREATHE / DRAW (BREATH)’PLB *raŋ¹ ‘BREATHE / DRAW (BREATH)’ ‘breathe’Wu 84: 163.1

Sani [Nyi]se²¹(ni⁵⁵morpheme)tʂɒ³³morpheme ‘windpipe’Wu 84

Sani [Nyi]se²¹ni⁵⁵morphemexɒ³³#1810 PTB *raŋ¹ ‘BREATHE / DRAW (BREATH)’PLB *raŋ¹ ‘BREATHE / DRAW (BREATH)’ ‘breathe’Wu 84

Yi (Sani)se⁵⁵ v.‘steam’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1797.39

Yi (Sani)se⁵⁵khɯ¹¹morpheme n‘steam’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0021.39

6.1.2.3Southern Loloish31

Akhasa LS ‘breath / air / afflatus’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 123

Akhasàq ‘breath’Hansson 89 AHKP: 475

Akha (Thai)sàq ‘breathe, breath’Hansson 89 AHKP: 475

Akha (Yunnan)sàq ɣɔ́#1810 PTB *raŋ¹ ‘BREATHE / DRAW (BREATH)’PLB *raŋ¹ ‘BREATHE / DRAW (BREATH)’ ‘breathe, breath’Hansson 89 AHKP: 475

Bisuaŋ#5450 PTB *ʔa(ŋ/k)- ‘NOUN PREFIX’◦sà ‘breath’Beaudouin 88 Bisu: 13

Bisuʔaŋ#5450 PTB *ʔa(ŋ/k)- ‘NOUN PREFIX’◦sà ‘breathe, breath’Bradley 9x Bisu

Hani (Hu T’an)sa 21c ‘breath / air / afflatus’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 123

Hani (Lüchun)shà ɣó (-ɣɔ́#1810 PTB *raŋ¹ ‘BREATHE / DRAW (BREATH)’PLB *raŋ¹ ‘BREATHE / DRAW (BREATH)’ ?) ‘breathe, breath’Hansson 89 AHKP: 475

Hani (Lüchun)sa̱³¹ n‘air; breath’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0020.41

Hani (Lüchun)sa̱³¹ v.‘steam’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1797.41

Hani (Lüchun)sa̱³¹lɔ⁵⁵morpheme v.‘steam (cold rice)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1587.41

Hani (Lüchun)sa̱³¹xø³¹morpheme n‘steam’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0021.41

Hani (Pijo)àprefix sàq kú#1809 PL *ku ‘BREATHE’ ‘breathe, breath’Hansson 89 AHKP: 475

Hani (Pijo)sàq ‘breath’Hansson 89 AHKP: 475

Hani (Gelanghe)sa̱³¹ v.‘steam’Li Yongsui 86 Hani

Hani (Wordlist)savq ‘breathe, breath’Hansson 89 AHKP: 475

Haonisa³² ‘breath’Hansson 89 AHKP: 475

Haonisa³² ‘breathe, breath’Hansson 89 AHKP: 475

Hani (Khatu)àprefix shà kú#1809 PL *ku ‘BREATHE’ ‘breathe, breath’Hansson 89 AHKP: 475

Hani (Khatu)shà ‘breath’Hansson 89 AHKP: 475

Hani (Mojiang)sa³¹ n‘air; breath’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0020.42

Hani (Mojiang)sa³¹ v.‘steam’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1797.42

Hani (Mojiang)sa³¹xu³¹morpheme n‘steam’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0021.42

Mpisa¹ ‘steam / cook with steam’Srinuan 76

Mpiʔɑ²prefixsa² ‘breath’Bradley 79 PLo

Mpiʔɑ²prefixsa² ‘breath’Hansson 89 AHKP: 475

Mpiʔɑ²prefixsa² ‘vapor / breath’Srinuan 76

Mpiʔɑ²prefixsa²koŋ⁵morpheme ‘breathe’Srinuan 76

Côông [Phunoi]sə⁵⁵ ce³³morpheme ‘die’Bradley xx Phu

Pyensa33 kaŋ45morpheme v.‘breathe’Shintani 09 Pyen: 131023

Woniʂa 33 ‘breath / air / afflatus’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 123

6.1.2.4Southeastern Loloish6

Azhasɛ²²lʌ⁴⁴morpheme ‘breath’Pelkey 11 Phula: 341

Azhasɛ̠⁴⁵ ‘steam’Pelkey 11 Phula: 695

Southern Mujiɕɛ²¹kə³³morpheme ‘breath’Pelkey 11 Phula: 341

Pholasɑ̠³¹ʨʰɛ³³morpheme ‘breath’Pelkey 11 Phula: 341

Hlepho Phowasɛ³³ᵑɡə²¹morpheme ‘breath’Pelkey 11 Phula: 341

Phuzaɛ³³prefixɕi⁵⁵(-tsɛ³³morpheme) ‘breath’Pelkey 11 Phula: 341

6.2Naxi6

Laze (Xiangjiao)sɑ˩ ‘breath’Michaud 06 NaLaze: 54

Laze (Xiangjiao)sɑ˩se˩morpheme v.‘breathe’Michaud 06 NaLaze: 2882

Na (Yongning)so˧˥ ‘breath’Michaud 06 NaLaze

Na (Yongning)so˧˥tsʰi˥morpheme v.‘breathe’Michaud 06 NaLaze

Naxisɑ⁵⁵ n‘breath’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0020.45

Naxisɑ⁵⁵ n‘steam’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0021.45

7Karenic219

*Karen (Sgaw)kəʔprefix◦θáʔ v.,n.‘breath / breathe’Jones 61: 150

*Karen (TP)sàq v.,n.‘breath / breathe’Jones 61: 150

*Karensàq ‘breath (n.) / breathe (v.)’Jones 61: 150

*Karen (TP)sáʔ ‘heart’Jones 61: 90

*Karensáʔ ‘heart’Jones 61: 90

*Karen (Pwo)θáq v.,n.‘breath / breathe’Jones 61: 150

*Karen (Pwo-Sgaw)θàq v.,n.‘breath / breathe’Jones 61: 150

*Karen (Pwo)θáʔ ‘heart’Jones 61: 90

*Karen (Pwo-Sgaw)θáʔ ‘heart’Jones 61: 90

*Karen (Sgaw)θaʔ ‘heart’Jones 61: 90

*Karen (Pwo)θáʔ◦nà#556 PKar *s-nak ‘RIB’ ‘chest’Jones 61: 410

*Karen (Sgaw)θaʔ◦ná#556 PKar *s-nak ‘RIB’ ‘chest’Jones 61: 410

*Karen (Pwo-Sgaw)θáʔ◦náh#556 PKar *s-nak ‘RIB’ ‘chest’Jones 61: 410

Bwe-θo=θa n‘hearts and minds’Henderson 97 Kar

Bwe-θúmorpheme◦θa n‘liver’Henderson 97 Kar

Bwedɛmorpheme ɔ#4477 PTB *ʔum ‘DWELL / EXIST / LIVE / STAY’PKC *ʔ(u/o)m ‘DWELL / EXIST / LIVE / STAY’PKar *ɁɔNᴮ ‘LIVE, STAY’ θə◦mᴜ́#62 PTB *mwa-n/s ‘LIFE / BREATH’ ‘life’Henderson 97 Kar

Bwedɛmorpheme θa ɪmorpheme n‘asthma’Henderson 97 Kar

Bwedɛmorpheme-ɔ#4477 PTB *ʔum ‘DWELL / EXIST / LIVE / STAY’PKC *ʔ(u/o)m ‘DWELL / EXIST / LIVE / STAY’PKar *ɁɔNᴮ ‘LIVE, STAY’-θə́◦mᴜ́#62 PTB *mwa-n/s ‘LIFE / BREATH’ n‘life, existence’Henderson 97 Kar

Bwedɛmorpheme-θa-θə́◦mᴜ́#62 PTB *mwa-n/s ‘LIFE / BREATH’ n‘life, existence’Henderson 97 Kar

Bweɔmorpheme mɔmorpheme θo=mɔ θa be v.‘of good heart’Henderson 97 Kar

Bweɔ#4477 PTB *ʔum ‘DWELL / EXIST / LIVE / STAY’PKC *ʔ(u/o)m ‘DWELL / EXIST / LIVE / STAY’PKar *ɁɔNᴮ ‘LIVE, STAY’ θə́◦mᴜ́#62 PTB *mwa-n/s ‘LIFE / BREATH’ be v.‘alive, to live’Henderson 97 Kar

Bweθà ‘heart / breath’Weidert 87 TBTo: 953

Bweθa n‘heart, life; mind, souls’Henderson 97 Kar

Bweθa blɛ̀morpheme ‘lose heart; lose interest in’Henderson 97 Kar

Bweθa blɛ̀morpheme=θa yᴜmorpheme v.‘become discouraged’Henderson 97 Kar

Bweθa bɔmorpheme be v.‘startled, excited’Henderson 97 Kar

Bweθa dəprefix◦nɛ́#556 PKar *s-nak ‘RIB’ n‘chest’Henderson 97 Kar

Bweθa glomorpheme be v.‘firm of purpose’Henderson 97 Kar

Bweθa gomorpheme be v.‘anxious, heavy hearted’Henderson 97 Kar

Bweθa gomorpheme=θa gɛ̀morpheme be v.‘anxious, heavy hearted’Henderson 97 Kar

Bweθa gəlòmorpheme be v.‘industrious, hard-working’Henderson 97 Kar

Bweθa gənàmorpheme (í)morpheme be v.‘pleased with’Henderson 97 Kar

Bweθa hɛmorpheme-thamorpheme ‘give up the ghost, pass away’Henderson 97 Kar

Bweθa imorpheme n‘tender core or heart’Henderson 97 Kar

Bweθa jɛmorpheme be v.‘of tender years’Henderson 97 Kar

Bweθa jᴜmorpheme be v.‘patient, persevering’Henderson 97 Kar

Bweθa kemorpheme v.‘have a twisted outlook’Henderson 97 Kar

Bweθa klamorpheme be v.‘envious, to grudge’Henderson 97 Kar

Bweθa lɔ́morpheme v.‘covet’Henderson 97 Kar

Bweθa mímorpheme be v.‘satisfied, contented’Henderson 97 Kar

Bweθa mɔmorpheme be v.‘happy, good-natured’Henderson 97 Kar

Bweθa thamorpheme v.‘get angry’Henderson 97 Kar

Bweθa yìmorpheme be v.‘of one mind’Henderson 97 Kar

Bweθa yìmorpheme ‘suffer from wind, or heart burn’Henderson 97 Kar

Bweθa yɔmorpheme be v.‘patient, persevering’Henderson 97 Kar

Bweθa đomorpheme v.‘become angry’Henderson 97 Kar

Bweθa ɓimorpheme v.‘have asthma’Henderson 97 Kar

Bweθa ɪmorpheme be v.‘tough, enduring’Henderson 97 Kar

Bweθa ɪmorpheme v.‘have asthma’Henderson 97 Kar

Bweθa ʃamorpheme be v.‘spiritually mature’Henderson 97 Kar

Bweθa ʃɛ́morpheme be v.‘hurt (of feelings)’Henderson 97 Kar

Bweθa ʃᴜmorpheme be v.‘keen, enthusiastic’Henderson 97 Kar

Bweθa θə́lɔ́morpheme be v.‘generous, open-hearted’Henderson 97 Kar

Bweθa θə́mᴜ́morpheme n‘life’Henderson 97 Kar

Bweθa-dəprefix◦nɛ́#556 PKar *s-nak ‘RIB’ n‘chest’Henderson 97 Kar

Bweθa-kúmorpheme=θa-lɔ́morpheme v.‘covet, be covetous’Henderson 97 Kar

Bweθa-kwímorpheme=θa-lɔ́morpheme v.‘covet, be covetous’Henderson 97 Kar

Bwe (Western)θa² ‘heart / breath’Weidert 87 TBTo: 953

Bweθo gɛ̀=θa gɛ̀ be v.‘heavy hearted’Henderson 97 Kar

Bweθo mí=θa mí be v.‘satisfied, pleased’Henderson 97 Kar

Bweθo mí=θa mí be v.‘satisfied, delighted’Henderson 97 Kar

Bweθo mɔ=θa mɔ be v.‘comforted’Henderson 97 Kar

Bweθo o=θa o be v.‘in trouble’Henderson 97 Kar

Bweθo themorpheme=θa tho be v.‘heavy at heart’Henderson 97 Kar

Bweθòmorpheme-θà ‘liver’Weidert 87 TBTo: 989

Bwe (Western)θɑ² ‘heart, mind’Luce 85: J.271

Bweθə́◦mᴜ́#62 PTB *mwa-n/s ‘LIFE / BREATH’ be v.‘alive’Henderson 97 Kar

Bweθɛ-lamorpheme v.‘breathe out’Henderson 97 Kar

Bweθɛ-thamorpheme v.‘breathe in’Henderson 97 Kar

Bweθɛ-thamorpheme=θɛ-lamorpheme v.‘breathe’Henderson 97 Kar

Bwe (Western)θɛ² ‘breath, to breathe’Luce 85: G.60

Bwe (Western)θᴜ¹mᴜ¹#62 PTB *mwa-n/s ‘LIFE / BREATH’ ‘alive’Luce 85: I.171

Bweᴜmorpheme-θo=ᴜ-θa v.‘feel stifled (by heat)’Henderson 97 Kar

Gebaθɑ² ‘heart, mind’Luce 85: J.271

Gebaθɛ² ‘breath, to breathe’Luce 85: G.60

Gebaθᴜ²hmᴜ̃¹#62 PTB *mwa-n/s ‘LIFE / BREATH’ ‘alive’Luce 85: I.171

Karentθa³¹wi³¹#113 PTB *wan ‘HUNGRY’ v.‘hungry, be’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1298.50

Karentθa̱⁵⁵ n‘air; breath’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0020.50

Karentθa̱⁵⁵be³³nɔ̱³¹ v.‘forget’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1704.50

Karentθa̱⁵⁵dă³¹ku̱⁵⁵ v.‘hiccup’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1244.50

Karentθa̱⁵⁵do̱³¹ v.‘angry, be / take offense’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1621.50

Karentθa̱⁵⁵phiø³¹#1381 PTB *m-lu(ŋ/m) ‘HEART / ROUND’MesorootsPKC *luŋ ‘HEART / LIVER’PCN *m-luŋ ‘HEART / BE ROUND’PCN *ləm ‘HEAD / HEART / MIND’PTk *luŋ ‘HEART’Allofams2 #5731 PTB *s-lum ⪤ *b/m-lu(m/ŋ) ‘ROUND / ROUND OBJECT / HEART / EYEBALL’2a #690 PTB *s-lum ‘ROUND’2b #1427 PTB *b-lum ‘EYE / EYEBALL / HEART / ROUND OBJECT’2c #1381 PTB *m-lu(ŋ/m) ‘HEART / ROUND’ n‘heart’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0144.50

Karentθa⁵⁵thɔ³¹ v.‘hate’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1373.50

Karentθa⁵⁵wi³³ ‘sing’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1184.50

Kayan (Pekon)amorpheme◦gə́morpheme◦amorpheme◦θà Nelab‘intelligence [lit. 3-divide-3-heart]’Manson 10 Kayan

Kayan (Pekon)bâmorpheme◦θà V‘like’Manson 10 Kayan

Kayan (Pekon)bâmorpheme◦θà V‘love’Manson 10 Kayan

Kayan (Pekon)bâmorpheme◦θṳ́morpheme◦bâmorpheme◦θà Velab‘love’Manson 10 Kayan

Kayan (Pekon)ló̤morpheme◦kə́morpheme◦ló̤morpheme◦θà ADJ‘adequate, contented’Manson 10 Kayan

Kayan (Pekon)mémorpheme◦θà Vintr‘snore’Manson 10 Kayan

Kayan (Pekon)tí̤morpheme◦θó̤morpheme◦tí̤morpheme◦θà ADJelab‘crowded [lit. tight-lungs-tight-heart]’Manson 10 Kayan

Kayan (Pekon)zū#2796 PTB *b-yəw-n ‘RAT / RABBIT / HARE’PKC *yuu ‘MOUSE / RAT’PKar *jowᴮ ‘MOUSE, RAT’◦θakʰ◦ánmorpheme N‘large bamboo rat [lit. rodent-?]’Manson 10 Kayan

Kayan (Pekon)zū#2796 PTB *b-yəw-n ‘RAT / RABBIT / HARE’PKC *yuu ‘MOUSE / RAT’PKar *jowᴮ ‘MOUSE, RAT’◦θak◦énmorpheme N‘spotted squirrel with a spindly tail [lit. rodent-?]’Manson 10 Kayan

Kayan (Pekon)zū#2796 PTB *b-yəw-n ‘RAT / RABBIT / HARE’PKC *yuu ‘MOUSE / RAT’PKar *jowᴮ ‘MOUSE, RAT’◦θak◦wanmorpheme N‘bamboo rat [lit. rodent-?]’Manson 10 Kayan

Kayan (Pekon)zū#2796 PTB *b-yəw-n ‘RAT / RABBIT / HARE’PKC *yuu ‘MOUSE / RAT’PKar *jowᴮ ‘MOUSE, RAT’◦θa◦hàmorpheme N‘lesser bamboo rat [lit. rodent-?]’Manson 10 Kayan

Kayan (Pekon)θà V‘breathe’Manson 10 Kayan

Kayan (Pekon)θà N‘heart’Manson 10 Kayan

Kayan (Pekon)θà Vtr‘want’Manson 10 Kayan

Kayan (Pekon)θà◦ánmorpheme Vintr‘yawn / bored [lit. breathe-open]’Manson 10 Kayan

Kayan (Pekon)θà◦áu ADJ‘thirsty’Manson 10 Kayan

Kayan (Pekon)θà◦blá̤ V‘mad, irate, not as strong as angry’Manson 10 Kayan

Kayan (Pekon)θà◦bù V‘respect’Manson 10 Kayan

Kayan (Pekon)θà◦é V‘jealous’Manson 10 Kayan

Kayan (Pekon)θà◦é N‘grudge’Manson 10 Kayan

Kayan (Pekon)θà◦gwí̤#113 PTB *wan ‘HUNGRY’ ADJ‘hungry, famished’Manson 10 Kayan

Kayan (Pekon)θà◦hé̤ V‘monotonous, boring’Manson 10 Kayan

Kayan (Pekon)θà◦hén V‘jealous’Manson 10 Kayan

Kayan (Pekon)θà◦hí V‘jealous’Manson 10 Kayan

Kayan (Pekon)θà◦kái V‘discouraged [lit. heart-bad]’Manson 10 Kayan

Kayan (Pekon)θà◦kàu Vtr‘crave, desire’Manson 10 Kayan

Kayan (Pekon)θà◦kàu ADJ‘excited’Manson 10 Kayan

Kayan (Pekon)θà◦kî V‘hate, dislike’Manson 10 Kayan

Kayan (Pekon)θà◦klì̤ ADJ‘strange’Manson 10 Kayan

Kayan (Pekon)θà◦klì̤◦θàŋá Velab‘surprise’Manson 10 Kayan

Kayan (Pekon)θa◦kṳ̀morpheme N‘air’Manson 10 Kayan

Kayan (Pekon)θà◦kʰài ADJ‘hatred’Manson 10 Kayan

Kayan (Pekon)θà◦kʰwè̤ ADJ‘envious’Manson 10 Kayan

Kayan (Pekon)θà◦kʰyàu V‘scare, frighten, surprise’Manson 10 Kayan

Kayan (Pekon)θà◦lū ADJ‘tired (emotionally or mentally tired) [lit. heart-?]’Manson 10 Kayan

Kayan (Pekon)θa◦myə́n#62 PTB *mwa-n/s ‘LIFE / BREATH’ ADJ‘alive’Manson 10 Kayan

Kayan (Pekon)θà◦nà̤ TEMP‘all night’Manson 10 Kayan

Kayan (Pekon)θà◦nàu ADJ‘happy, excited (e.g. because they passed an exam, or didn't get injured in an accident)’Manson 10 Kayan

Kayan (Pekon)θà◦nwâ ADJ‘disgusting’Manson 10 Kayan

Kayan (Pekon)θà◦pè V‘afraid’Manson 10 Kayan

Kayan (Pekon)θà◦pè̤n ADJ‘absent minded’Manson 10 Kayan

Kayan (Pekon)θà◦pè̤n Vtr‘forget’Manson 10 Kayan

Kayan (Pekon)θà◦pì̤ Vtr‘forget’Manson 10 Kayan

Kayan (Pekon)θà◦plá̤ ADJ‘disappointed, depressed’Manson 10 Kayan

Kayan (Pekon)θà◦prà̤u#1145 PTB *m-p(r)ats ‘VOMIT’PTani *b(r)at² ‘VOMIT’PNN *pʰaːt ‘VOMIT’PLB *C-patᴸ ‘VOMIT’PKar *prɔɁᴰ ‘VOMIT (v.)’ V‘vomit, want to vomit, nauseous’Manson 10 Kayan

Kayan (Pekon)θà◦prṳ́ V‘bored, discouraged’Manson 10 Kayan

Kayan (Pekon)θà◦pə̤́ V‘sing’Manson 10 Kayan

Kayan (Pekon)θà◦pʰlôn#1381 PTB *m-lu(ŋ/m) ‘HEART / ROUND’MesorootsPKC *luŋ ‘HEART / LIVER’PCN *m-luŋ ‘HEART / BE ROUND’PCN *ləm ‘HEAD / HEART / MIND’PTk *luŋ ‘HEART’Allofams2 #5731 PTB *s-lum ⪤ *b/m-lu(m/ŋ) ‘ROUND / ROUND OBJECT / HEART / EYEBALL’2a #690 PTB *s-lum ‘ROUND’2b #1427 PTB *b-lum ‘EYE / EYEBALL / HEART / ROUND OBJECT’2c #1381 PTB *m-lu(ŋ/m) ‘HEART / ROUND’ N‘heart’Manson 10 Kayan

Kayan (Pekon)θà◦pʰrə̀ɨ ADJ‘afraid’Manson 10 Kayan

Kayan (Pekon)θà◦rà ADJ‘embarrassed’Manson 10 Kayan

Kayan (Pekon)θà◦rōn ADJ‘afraid’Manson 10 Kayan

Kayan (Pekon)θà◦rōnmorpheme◦θà◦pèmorpheme Velab‘afraid’Manson 10 Kayan

Kayan (Pekon)θà◦rū V‘afraid, fearful’Manson 10 Kayan

Kayan (Pekon)θà◦rūmorpheme◦θà◦ʍàmorpheme Velab‘afraid’Manson 10 Kayan

Kayan (Pekon)θà◦rwè ADJ‘jealous’Manson 10 Kayan

Kayan (Pekon)θà◦sʰá V‘jealous’Manson 10 Kayan

Kayan (Pekon)θà◦tʰân V‘angry’Manson 10 Kayan

Kayan (Pekon)θà◦tʰə ADJ‘excited’Manson 10 Kayan

Kayan (Pekon)θà◦zə̄ɨ V‘want’Manson 10 Kayan

Kayan (Pekon)θà◦ŋwâ V‘sick of, disgusted’Manson 10 Kayan

Kayan (Pekon)θà◦ŋə̄#1104 PTB *ŋəw ‘WEEP’PLB *ŋəw¹ ‘WEEP’PL *ŋo¹ ‘CRY’ Vintr‘cry’Manson 10 Kayan

Kayan (Pekon)θà◦θûlé V‘sorrow’Manson 10 Kayan

Kayan (Pekon)θà◦θə̂ɨ V‘upset, very sad (for yourself)’Manson 10 Kayan

Pa-Osà ‘breath / life’Matisoff 87 BP

Pa-Osà v.,n.‘breath / breathe’Jones 61: 150

Pa-Osa ‘breath, breathe’Benedict 72 STC: 146n397

Pa-Osà, sà nɤ̀ʔmorpheme, sà thánmorpheme ‘breathe’Solnit 89 PaO

Pa-Osáʔ ‘heart / breath’Weidert 87 TBTo: 953

Pa-Osáʔ ‘heart (in cpd.)’Solnit 89 PaO

Pa-Osáʔ ‘heart’Jones 61: 90

Pa-Osaʔ ‘heart’Benedict 72 STC: 146n397

Pa-O (Northern)sʻɑʔ³ ‘heart, mind’Luce 85: J.271

Pa-O (Northern)sʻɑ⁶ ‘breath, to breathe’Luce 85: G.60

Pa-Oʔəprefix◦sàk ‘life, age’Solnit 89 PaO

Pakuθɑ¹ ‘breath, to breathe’Luce 85: G.60

Pakuθɑ¹ ‘heart, mind’Luce 85: J.271

Palaychitàq ‘heart’Jones 61: 90

Palaychitàq◦lɔ́q#87 PLB *lwa ‘LIVE / ALIVE’ ‘breath / life’Matisoff 87 BP

Palaychitàq◦lɔ́qmorpheme v.,n.‘breath / breathe’Jones 61: 150

Palaychitàq◦náq#556 PKar *s-nak ‘RIB’◦shzùʔ#299 PTB *tsu-N ‘CHEST’ ‘chest’Matisoff 87 BP

Palaychitàq◦náq#556 PKar *s-nak ‘RIB’◦shzùʔ#299 PTB *tsu-N ‘CHEST’ ‘chest’Jones 61: 410

Pwo (Tenasserim)ə̆prefix◦θɑʔ³ ‘heart, mind’Luce 85: J.271

Pwo (Delta)ə̆prefix◦θɑʔ¹ ‘heart, mind’Luce 85: J.271

Pwoθàʔ ‘heart / breath’Weidert 87 TBTo: 953

Pwo (Tenasserim)θɑ¹ ‘breath, to breathe’Luce 85: G.60

Pwo (Delta)θɑ⁴ ‘breath, to breathe’Luce 85: G.60

Pwo (Bassein)θà ‘breath / life’Matisoff 87 BP

Pwo (Bassein)θà v.,n.‘breath / breathe’Jones 61: 150

Pwo (Bassein)θàʔ ‘heart’Jones 61: 90

Pwo (Bassein)θàʔ◦kỳʔmorpheme v.‘hiccup’Matisoff 87 BP

Pwo (Bassein)θàʔ◦kỳʔmorpheme v.‘hiccough’Jones 61: 704

Pwo (Bassein)θàʔ◦nà#556 PKar *s-nak ‘RIB’ ‘chest’Matisoff 87 BP

Pwo (Bassein)θàʔ◦nà#556 PKar *s-nak ‘RIB’ ‘chest’Jones 61: 410

Pwo (Moulmein)θáʔ ‘breath / life’Matisoff 87 BP

Pwo (Moulmein)θáʔ v.,n.‘breath / breathe’Jones 61: 150

Pwo (Moulmein)θàʔ ‘heart’Jones 61: 90

Pwo (Moulmein)θàʔ◦kàuʔmorpheme v.‘hiccup’Matisoff 87 BP

Pwo (Moulmein)θàʔ◦kàuʔmorpheme v.‘hiccough’Jones 61: 704

Pwo (Moulmein)θàʔ◦nà#556 PKar *s-nak ‘RIB’ ‘chest’Matisoff 87 BP

Pwo (Moulmein)θàʔ◦nà#556 PKar *s-nak ‘RIB’ ‘chest’Jones 61: 410

Sgawθɑ¹ ‘breath, to breathe’Luce 85: G.60

Sgawθɑʔ² ‘heart, mind’Luce 85: J.271

Sgaw⁴θaʔ ‘heart / breath’Weidert 87 TBTo: 953

Sgaw (Bassein)kəʔprefix◦θà ‘breath / life’Matisoff 87 BP

Sgaw (Bassein)kəʔprefix◦θà v.,n.‘breath / breathe’Jones 61: 150

Sgaw (Bassein)θaʔ ‘heart’Jones 61: 90

Sgaw (Bassein)θaʔ◦ná#556 PKar *s-nak ‘RIB’ ‘chest’Matisoff 87 BP

Sgaw (Bassein)θaʔ◦ná#556 PKar *s-nak ‘RIB’ ‘chest’Jones 61: 410

Karen (Sgaw/Hinthada)da³¹ pʰlø³¹#1381 PTB *m-lu(ŋ/m) ‘HEART / ROUND’MesorootsPKC *luŋ ‘HEART / LIVER’PCN *m-luŋ ‘HEART / BE ROUND’PCN *ləm ‘HEAD / HEART / MIND’PTk *luŋ ‘HEART’Allofams2 #5731 PTB *s-lum ⪤ *b/m-lu(m/ŋ) ‘ROUND / ROUND OBJECT / HEART / EYEBALL’2a #690 PTB *s-lum ‘ROUND’2b #1427 PTB *b-lum ‘EYE / EYEBALL / HEART / ROUND OBJECT’2c #1381 PTB *m-lu(ŋ/m) ‘HEART / ROUND’ ‘heart’Dai 89 KarB: 179.1

Karen (Sgaw/Hinthada)tθa³¹ wi³¹#113 PTB *wan ‘HUNGRY’ ‘hungry’Dai 89 KarB: 1858

Karen (Sgaw/Hinthada)tθa̱⁵⁵ ‘breath (qixi)’Dai 89 KarB: 199

Karen (Sgaw/Hinthada)tθa̱⁵⁵ dă³¹ ku̱⁵⁵ ‘hiccup / belch’Dai 89 KarB: 1786

Karen (Sgaw/Hinthada)tθa̱⁵⁵ gă³¹morpheme dø³¹morpheme ‘die (breath one's last)’Dai 89 KarB: 1846

Karen (Sgaw/Hinthada)tθa̱⁵⁵ ko³¹ ‘nervous’Dai 89 KarB: 2577

Karen (Sgaw/Hinthada)tθa̱⁵⁵ na⁵⁵#556 PKar *s-nak ‘RIB’ bua³¹#288 PTB *b/g-raŋ ‘CHEST’ ‘chest’Dai 89 KarB: 120

Karen (Sgaw/Hinthada)tθa̱⁵⁵ pʰlø³¹#1381 PTB *m-lu(ŋ/m) ‘HEART / ROUND’MesorootsPKC *luŋ ‘HEART / LIVER’PCN *m-luŋ ‘HEART / BE ROUND’PCN *ləm ‘HEAD / HEART / MIND’PTk *luŋ ‘HEART’Allofams2 #5731 PTB *s-lum ⪤ *b/m-lu(m/ŋ) ‘ROUND / ROUND OBJECT / HEART / EYEBALL’2a #690 PTB *s-lum ‘ROUND’2b #1427 PTB *b-lum ‘EYE / EYEBALL / HEART / ROUND OBJECT’2c #1381 PTB *m-lu(ŋ/m) ‘HEART / ROUND’ ‘heart’Dai 89 KarB: 179

Karen (Sgaw/Hinthada)tθa̱⁵⁵ tʰɔ³¹ v‘gasp, pant’Dai 89 KarB: 1752.1

Karen (Sgaw/Hinthada)tθa̱⁵⁵ tʰɔ³¹morpheme tθa̱⁵⁵ lɔ³³morpheme v‘gasp, pant’Dai 89 KarB: 1752.2

Karen (Sgaw/Hinthada)tθa⁵⁵ wi³³ ‘sing’Dai 89 KarB: 1704

Karen (Sgaw/Hinthada)tθa⁵⁵ wi³³ da³¹ ‘sing’Dai 89 KarB: 1704.2

Karen (Sgaw/Hinthada)tθa̱⁵⁵ ɯ⁵⁵#5452 PTB *ʔur ‘MAKE NOISE / HUM / CHAT / BABBLE’ ‘hum’Dai 89 KarB: 1970.1

Sgaw (Moulmein)kəʔprefix◦θáʔ ‘breath / life’Matisoff 87 BP

Sgaw (Moulmein)kəʔprefix◦θáʔ v.,n.‘breath / breathe’Jones 61: 150

Sgaw (Moulmein)θaʔ ‘heart’Jones 61: 90

Sgaw (Moulmein)θaʔ◦ná#556 PKar *s-nak ‘RIB’ ‘chest’Jones 61: 410

Karen (Sgaw/Yue)tă³¹ u⁵⁵#5452 PTB *ʔur ‘MAKE NOISE / HUM / CHAT / BABBLE’ ‘hum’Dai 89 KarA: 1970

Karen (Sgaw/Yue)θa³³ tă³¹ ku̱ʔ⁵⁵ ‘hiccup / belch’Dai 89 KarA: 1786

Karen (Sgaw/Yue)θa³³ wi³³#113 PTB *wan ‘HUNGRY’ ‘hungry’Dai 89 KarA: 1858

Karen (Sgaw/Yue)θa³¹ kă³¹ li³¹ ‘inhale’Dai 89 KarA: 2456

Karen (Sgaw/Yue)θa̱ʔ⁵⁵ ‘breath’Dai 89 KarA: 199

Karen (Sgaw/Yue)θa̱ʔ⁵⁵ na⁵⁵#556 PKar *s-nak ‘RIB’ pua³¹#288 PTB *b/g-raŋ ‘CHEST’ ‘chest’Dai 89 KarA: 120

Karen (Sgaw/Yue)θa̱ʔ⁵⁵ pʰlɛ³¹#1381 PTB *m-lu(ŋ/m) ‘HEART / ROUND’MesorootsPKC *luŋ ‘HEART / LIVER’PCN *m-luŋ ‘HEART / BE ROUND’PCN *ləm ‘HEAD / HEART / MIND’PTk *luŋ ‘HEART’Allofams2 #5731 PTB *s-lum ⪤ *b/m-lu(m/ŋ) ‘ROUND / ROUND OBJECT / HEART / EYEBALL’2a #690 PTB *s-lum ‘ROUND’2b #1427 PTB *b-lum ‘EYE / EYEBALL / HEART / ROUND OBJECT’2c #1381 PTB *m-lu(ŋ/m) ‘HEART / ROUND’ ‘heart’Dai 89 KarA: 179

Karen (Sgaw/Yue)θa̱ʔ⁵⁵ θă³¹ mu⁵⁵#62 PTB *mwa-n/s ‘LIFE / BREATH’ ‘life’Dai 89 KarA: 201

Karen (Sgaw/Yue)θa⁵⁵ tʰɔ³¹morpheme v‘gasp, pant’Dai 89 KarA: 1752

Karen (Sgaw/Yue)θa⁵⁵ wi̱³¹ ‘sing’Dai 89 KarA: 1704

9.0.1Old Chinese5

Chinese (Old/Mid)si̯ək ‘breathe’Chou 72: 925a

Chinese (Old/Mid)si̯ək/si̯ək ‘breathe’Karlgren 57 GSR: 925a

Chinese (Old)si̯ək ‘breath, to breathe’Luce 85: G.60

Chinese (Old)si̯ək ‘breath / to breathe’Luce 85: Y.48

Chinese (Old)sjək ‘breathe’Coblin 86: 48

9.0.2Middle Chinese1

Chinese (Middle)sjək ‘breathe, rest’Coblin 86: 48

9.0.3Modern Chinese1

Chinese (Mandarin)si ‘breathe’Karlgren 57 GSR: 925a

Cite this entry

STEDT etymon #32, *m-sak ‘BREATH(E) / LIFE’.

Stable link: https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/32

Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].

References: cf. STC#485, HPTB

BibTeX

@misc{stedt-32,
  title  = {{*m-sak 'BREATH(E) / LIFE'}},
  author = {STEDT},
  year   = {2017},
  note   = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #32},
  url    = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/32}
}