STEDT #160
*na-n/t
ILL / PAIN / SORE / ACHE / DIFFICULT / EVIL SPIRIT
Reconstruction analysis
handlenainitialnrhymea-(n/t)coverM · VNT
Intermediate reconstructions
Connections
HPTB*na-n ⪤ *na-t ‘ill / suffer / hurt / evil spirit’pp. 38, 162, 168, 333, 335, 440, 452, 520
See alsoEVIL SPIRIT
Notes
Chinese characters. GSR 152d-f, STC p.159, STC #80, LTSR #136, PLB *nat ⪤*nan. Split into allofams *na, *nan, *nat.
All three allofams (open-syllable, nasal-final, and stop-final) are well attested.
A few languages (Tangsa, Bisu, Sangkong) have developed the homorganic stop in this root.
Chinese comparandum
難 OC *nɑ̂n, GSR #152d-f ‘difficult, painful’; B & S 2011: *nˁar; Mand. nán.
難 OC *nɑ̂n, GSR #152d-f ‘difficulty, suffering’; B & S 2011: *nˁar-s; Mand. nàn.
Reflexes & cognates309 reflexes · 34 subgroups
0.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)7
1.1.2Deng7
Kaman [Miju]sɑu³⁵#32 PTB *m-sak ‘BREATH(E) / LIFE’PCN *sak ‘BREATH’ nɑt⁵⁵ ‘tuberculosis’Sun H 80 MLD
1.2Kuki-Chin1
1.2.1.1Northern Chin4
1.2.1.2Southern Plains Chin1
1.2.2Central Chin4
1.2.4“Old Kuki”1
1.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)7
1.3.3Zeme Group1
1.3.4Tangkhulic2
1.4Meithei3
1.5Mikir [Karbi]1
1.7.1.1Bodo2
1.7.1.2Garo1
1.7.2.1Tangsa-Nocte1
1.7.3.1Jingpho10
Jingphosin³¹#1390 PTB *m-sin ‘LIVER / HEART / BILE / BITTER’PTani *zin ‘LIVER’PKC *thin ‘LIVER’PCN *m-sən ‘LIVER’PTk *tʰin ‘LIVER’PNN *C̬-sin ‘LIVER’PLB *sin² ⪤ *tsin² ‘LIVER / BITTER’PL *sin² ‘LIVER’PKar *swɨnᴮ ‘LIVER’ wop⁵⁵#457 PTB *tsywap ‘LUNG’MesorootsPKC *tsuap ‘LUNG’Allofams1a #457 PTB *tsywap ‘LUNG’1b #5481 PTB *p-wap ‘LUNG’1c #5482 PTB *s-wap ‘LUNG’1d #5738 PTB *s-map ‘LUNG’1e #2121 PTB *g-lwa-p ‘LUNG’ a³¹morpheme na³¹ ‘tuberculosis’Liu 84
2.1.1Western Himalayish2
2.1.2Bodic6
Tsangla (Central)shamorpheme◦rang#392 PTB *p-laŋ ‘HEAD / FOREHEAD’ nga◦masuffix ‘headache’Egli-Roduner: 37 7
Tsangla (Motuo)lo#2121 PTB *g-lwa-p ‘LUNG’MesorootsTGTM *ᴮglwap/ᴬglwap ‘LUNG’Allofams1a #457 PTB *tsywap ‘LUNG’1b #5481 PTB *p-wap ‘LUNG’1c #5482 PTB *s-wap ‘LUNG’1d #5738 PTB *s-map ‘LUNG’1e #2121 PTB *g-lwa-p ‘LUNG’◦neʔ ‘tuberculosis’Sun H 80 MLD
2.1.2.1Tibetan15
Tibetan (Written)glo#2121 PTB *g-lwa-p ‘LUNG’MesorootsTGTM *ᴮglwap/ᴬglwap ‘LUNG’Allofams1a #457 PTB *tsywap ‘LUNG’1b #5481 PTB *p-wap ‘LUNG’1c #5482 PTB *s-wap ‘LUNG’1d #5738 PTB *s-map ‘LUNG’1e #2121 PTB *g-lwa-p ‘LUNG’-nad ‘tuberculosis’Zhang Liansheng 88: 77
2.1.4Tamangish12
Gurung (Ghachok)mĩq#682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’MesorootsPTani *mik ‘EYE’PKC *mik ‘EYE’PKC *mik-kuu-I, -kuk-II ‘SLEEPY’PCN *mjak ⪤ *hmik ‘EYE’PTk *mik ‘EYE’PTk *mit ‘EYE’TGTM *ᴮʰmiː(ŋ) ‘EYE’Allofams1 #33 PTB *s-myak ⪤ *s-mik ‘EYE’1a #682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’1b #681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’◦naq◦basuffix ‘disease (eye)’Glover 72 GuVo: 10.A.38
Thakali (Tukche)lo#2121 PTB *g-lwa-p ‘LUNG’MesorootsTGTM *ᴮglwap/ᴬglwap ‘LUNG’Allofams1a #457 PTB *tsywap ‘LUNG’1b #5481 PTB *p-wap ‘LUNG’1c #5482 PTB *s-wap ‘LUNG’1d #5738 PTB *s-map ‘LUNG’1e #2121 PTB *g-lwa-p ‘LUNG’◦ne ‘tuberculosis’Hari 71a ThVo: 10.A.31
Thakali (Tukche)mi#682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’MesorootsPTani *mik ‘EYE’PKC *mik ‘EYE’PKC *mik-kuu-I, -kuk-II ‘SLEEPY’PCN *mjak ⪤ *hmik ‘EYE’PTk *mik ‘EYE’PTk *mit ‘EYE’TGTM *ᴮʰmiː(ŋ) ‘EYE’Allofams1 #33 PTB *s-myak ⪤ *s-mik ‘EYE’1a #682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’1b #681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’ nɔh◦sɔmorpheme ‘eye disease’Hari 71a ThVo: 10.A.38
3.2Qiangic30
Guiqiongȵe³⁵khuɔ̃⁵⁵morphemendʐu³⁵morphememə³³morpheme n‘spirit (evil) / demon’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0670.16
3.3.1rGyalrong6
4Nungic3
6.1Lolo-Burmese5
6.1.1Burmish29
6.1.2Loloish4
6.1.2.1Northern Loloish49
Yi (Xide)i³³#385 PTB *d-bu-s ‘HEAD / CENTER / SENIOR MALE RELATIVE / UNCLE’MesorootsPKC *ʔuu ‘ELDER SIBLING’Allofams1 #385 PTB *d-bu-s ‘HEAD / CENTER / SENIOR MALE RELATIVE / UNCLE’1a #1223 PTB *du ‘HEAD’-tɕʰi³³#383 PTB *d-kyil ‘CROWN OF HEAD’ na³³ ‘headache’Chen 79 YiCh
6.1.2.2Central Loloish66
Lisu (Central)ne²¹dzø³³morpheme ‘ghost that steals the soul (based on the belief that some people can release a ghost to steal others' souls)’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)ni²¹dzø³³morpheme ‘ghost that steals the soul (based on the belief that some people can release a ghost to steal others' souls)’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)ni²¹lɔ³³morpheme ‘hit the ghost (at wedding, the bride and bridegroom throw bamboo pieces at each other, to drive away evil spirits)’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)ni²¹phi²¹morpheme si³³morphemephi²¹morpheme ‘picture or statue of ghost or god’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)ni²¹phi²¹morpheme si³³morphemepɤ⁵⁵morpheme ‘become ghost and god; become evil’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Central)ni²¹phjø²¹morpheme si³³morphemephjø²¹morpheme ‘picture or statue of ghost or god’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Central)ni²¹phjø²¹morpheme si³³morphemepɤ⁵⁵morpheme ‘become ghost and god; become evil’Bradley 94 Lisu
Sani [Nyi]o⁵⁵#385 PTB *d-bu-s ‘HEAD / CENTER / SENIOR MALE RELATIVE / UNCLE’MesorootsPKC *ʔuu ‘ELDER SIBLING’Allofams1 #385 PTB *d-bu-s ‘HEAD / CENTER / SENIOR MALE RELATIVE / UNCLE’1a #1223 PTB *du ‘HEAD’qo²¹#387 PTB *s-kawŋ ‘HOLLOW / HOLLOW OBJECT / HEAD’nɒ³³ ‘headache’Wu 84
Sani [Nyi]tʂi³³#635 PTB *m-dzyway ‘TOOTH / TUSK’PLB *jway¹ ‘TOOTH / TUSK’PL *ʔ-cway¹ ‘TUSK’mɒ³³suffixnɒ³³ ‘toothache’Wu 84
6.1.2.3Southern Loloish33
6.2Naxi1
7Karenic8
Kayan (Pekon)nà◦lè̤morpheme◦nà◦θyánmorpheme Nelab‘evil spirit, demon [lit. spirit-red-spirit-green]’Manson 10 Kayan
8Bai1
9.0.1Old Chinese3
9.0.2Middle Chinese2
Cite this entry
STEDT etymon #160,
*na-n/t ‘ILL / PAIN / SORE / ACHE / DIFFICULT / EVIL SPIRIT’.Stable link:
https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/160Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].
References: cf. STC#080, HPTB
BibTeX
@misc{stedt-160,
title = {{*na-n/t 'ILL / PAIN / SORE / ACHE / DIFFICULT / EVIL SPIRIT'}},
author = {STEDT},
year = {2017},
note = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #160},
url = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/160}
}