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STEDT #1842

*g/m/b-raŋ

STRONG / FIRM / TENSE
Proto-Tibeto-Burman

Reconstruction analysis

handlek/b-prefixk/b)initialrrhymea(ŋ/m)coverL · N

Intermediate reconstructions

Kuki-Chin*khraŋ-I, khran-II ‘GROW / INCREASE / RISE’PKC #1345
Kuki-Chin*khrooŋ ‘STRONG’
Central Naga (Ao Group)*m-raŋ ‘HARD / STRONG’PCN #206; meso of #1842?
Northern Naga/Konyakian*raŋ ‘HARD’

Connections

See also#158

Notes

A few forms (Chepang, Burmish) show final -m instead of -ŋ.

For a possibly related root, where the *r is prefixal rather than part of an initial consonant cluster, see #5727 PTB *r-kaŋ STRONG.

This root is set up as *graŋ ⪤ *kraŋ in HPTB:267.

There is apparently a doublet at the PKC level: PKC *khrooŋ ‘strong’, *khraŋ-I, khran-II ‘grow / increase / rise’.

Chinese comparandum

彊 / 強 / 强 OC *gʼi̯ɑng, GSR #710e-g ‘strong’; Schuessler 2007:427 *gaŋ; B & S 2011: *ɡaŋ {[ɡ]aŋ}; Mand. qiáng.
強 / 强 OC *gʼi̯ɑng, GSR #710e-g ‘make an effort’; Schuessler 2007:427 *gaŋʔ; B & S 2011: *m-kaŋʔ; Mand. qiǎng.

張 OC *ti̯ɑng, GSR #721h ‘draw a bow; stretch, expand, extend’; Schuessler 2007:605-6 *traŋ; B & S 2011: *C.traŋ ; Mand. zhāng.
帳 OC *ti̯ɑng, GSR #721g ‘curtain’; Schuessler 2007:605-6 *traŋh; B & S 2011: *traŋ-s; Mand. zhāng.
長 OC *d’i̯ɑng, GSR #721a-e ‘long, longstanding; excelling’; Schuessler 2007:605-6 *draŋ; B & S 2011: *Cə-N-traŋ {Cə-[N]-traŋ}; Mand. cháng.
長 OC *d’i̯ɑng, GSR #721a-e ‘grow (up); senior, official’; Schuessler 2007:605-6 *traŋʔ; B & S 2011: *traŋʔ; Mand. zhǎng.

Reflexes & cognates60 reflexes · 17 subgroups

0Sino-Tibetan (previously published reconstructions)1

*Sino-Tibetankrang/mkrang ‘hard / strong’Coblin 86: 91

0.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)1

*Tibeto-Burmangraŋ ⪤ kraŋ ‘strong / firm / tight / distended’Matisoff 03 HPTB: 267

1.1.2Deng4

Darang [Taraon]pɹeŋ³⁵ ‘strength’Sun H 80 MLD
Darang [Taraon]pɹeŋ⁵⁵ n‘strength (physical)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0675.22
Darang [Taraon]pɹeŋ⁵⁵ ‘strength’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 513.49
Darang [Taraon]ta:morpheme◦grõ ‘strong’Anonymous xx Tar

1.2Kuki-Chin2

*Chinkhraŋ-I, khran-II ‘GROW / INCREASE / RISE’VanBik 09 PKC: 1345
*Chinkhrooŋ ‘STRONG’VanBik 09 PKC: 1354

1.2.1.1Northern Chin4

Thadokháŋ-I, khàn-II ‘grow’VanBik 09 PKC: 1345
Tiddimkhang² > khan³ ‘grow, prosper’VanBik 09 PKC: 1345
Tiddimkhang² > khan³ v‘grow; prosper’Bhaskararao 96 CDB: 721
Tiddimkhaŋ²/khan³ ‘grow, prosper’Bhaskararao 94 TCV

1.2.1.2Southern Plains Chin2

Cho (Mindat)chäng ⪤ khawng ‘strong, firm’VanBik 09 PKC: 1354

1.2.2Central Chin6

Lai (Falam)ṭhǎŋ-I, ṭhàn-II ‘grow’VanBik 09 PKC: 1345
Lai (Hakha)thrâŋ-I, thrǎn-II ‘grow, grow’VanBik 09 PKC: 1345
Lai (Hakha)thròoŋ-I, thrǒon-II be v.‘strong’VanBik 09 PKC: 1354
Lushai [Mizo]ṭháng-I ṭhàn-II v‘grow, to increase in size, etc’VanBik 09 PKC: 1345

1.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)15

*Central Nagam-raŋ be v.‘HARD / STRONG’Bruhn 14 PCN: III.206
*Aom-ɹaŋ be v.‘HARD’Bruhn 14 PCN: II.310
Ao (Chungli)me raŋ ‘hard’French 83: 501
Ao (Chungli)mə²ɹaŋ² be v.‘hard’Bruhn 14 PCN: II.310
Ao (Chungli)mə³ɹaŋ³ n.‘iron’Bruhn 14 SuppCN
Ao (Mongsen: Longchang)tüprefix◦marang ‘hard’Marrison 67 Naga
Ao (Mongsen: Longchang)təprefix ma raŋ ‘hard’French 83: 501
Ao (Mongsen: Mangmetong)(NZPprefix-) məɹaŋ be v.‘hard, be stiff’Coupe 07 Ao
Yacham-Tengsama laŋ lamorpheme ‘hard’French 83: 501
Yacham-Tengsamalang◦lamorpheme ‘hard’Marrison 67 Naga
Yimchungrüaprefix◦mürang ‘strong’Kumar 73 Yim: 79

1.7.1.1Bodo2

Bodogaprefix◦khraŋ ‘fixed, firm, healthy’Benedict 72 STC: 382
Bodogəprefix◦krəŋ ‘strong; firm; straight’Bhat 68 Boro

1.7.1.2Garo1

Garo (Bangladesh)mang-rakmorpheme-amorpheme vi‘healthy; strong’Burling 03 Garo: 8.91-II:idx

1.7.2Northern Naga/Konyakian1

1.7.2.2Konyak-Chang6

Konyakwan pumorpheme ‘difficult’French 83: 501
Konyakwan◦pumorpheme ‘difficult’Marrison 67 Naga
Konyakwaŋ pumorpheme ‘hard’French 83: 501
Phomwɔŋ³¹ ‘force / power / strength (e.g. of a man, elephant) (cf. 'difficult')’Burling 98 Phom
Phomwɔŋ³¹ ‘difficult’Burling 98 Phom
Phomwɔŋ³¹gɔʔ³³morpheme ‘strong ('power; difficult'+?)’Burling 98 Phom

2.1.2.1Tibetan4

Tibetan (Sherpa)ram◦bumorpheme adj‘strong (human)’Hale 73 CSD: 12a.04
Tibetan (Written)khraŋ ‘hard, solid, compact’Jäschke 1881: p.55
Tibetan (Written)mkhraŋ-basuffix ‘hard’Jäschke 1881: p.55

3.1Tangut1

6.1.1Burmish12

Achang (Lianghe)ɑ³¹prefix ɕɑŋ³⁵ ‘strength’Dai 85 AcJZ
Achang (Longchuan)a³¹prefix xʐaŋ⁵⁵ ‘strength’Dai 85 AcJZ
Achang (Longchuan)a³¹prefixxʐaŋ⁵⁵ n‘strength (physical)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0675.28
Achang (Longchuan)a³¹prefixxʐaŋ⁵⁵ ‘strength’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 513.41
Achang (Xiandao)a³¹prefixxʐaŋ⁵⁵ n‘strength (physical)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0675.29
Bolaɣam³¹ ‘strength’Dai 89 Bola: 961
Bola (Luxi)ɣam³¹ n‘strength (physical)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0675.32
Burmese (Written)kraṁʼ ‘firm, resolute’Benedict 76 WBur
Burmese (Written)kraŋʼ ‘tense, tight’Benedict 76 WBur
Burmese (Written)kyaŋʼ ‘tense, tight’Benedict 76 WBur
Langsu (Luxi)ɣam³⁵ n‘strength (physical)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0675.31
Maru [Langsu]ɣam³⁵ ‘strength’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 513.43

Cite this entry

STEDT etymon #1842, *g/m/b-raŋ ‘STRONG / FIRM / TENSE’.
Stable link: https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/1842
Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].
BibTeX
@misc{stedt-1842,
  title  = {{*g/m/b-raŋ 'STRONG / FIRM / TENSE'}},
  author = {STEDT},
  year   = {2017},
  note   = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #1842},
  url    = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/1842}
}