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STEDT #1411

*(k/g)ra

HEAR / LISTEN / SOUND

Proto-Tibeto-Burman · exemplary · provisional

Reconstruction analysis

handlek/grinitial(k/g)rrhymeacoverK · V

Intermediate reconstructions

Lolo-Burmese*gla² ‘HEAR / LISTEN’

Reflexes & cognates93 reflexes · 9 subgroups

2.1.2.1Tibetan4

Tibetan (Written)sgra ‘word’Marrison 67 Naga

Tibetan (Written)sgra v.‘hear / sound’Luce 85: X.2

Tibetan (Written)sgra ‘sound, noise, voice, word, syllable, language’Matisoff 83 TIL: 72

Tibetan (Written)sgra n‘sound’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0161.01

2.4Kham-Magar-Chepang1

Chepanggʰiʔ-samorpheme ‘listen’Caughley 72 CVoc: 10.B.1.17

6.1Lolo-Burmese3

*Lolo-Burmesegla² ‘hear / listen’Matisoff 03 HPTB: 590

*Lolo-Burmesegla² ‘hear’Matisoff 78 MLBM: 20

*Lolo-Burmesegra² ‘hear / inform’Matisoff 83 TIL: 72

6.1.1Burmish46

*Burmesekrâ ‘hear’Okell 71

Achang (Lianghe)tɕɑ³¹ ‘listen’Dai 85 AcJZ

Achang (Longchuan)kʐua³¹ ‘listen’Dai 85 AcJZ

Achang (Longchuan)kʐua³¹ v.‘listen’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1681.28

Achang (Longchuan)kʐua³¹ ‘listen’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 532.41

Achang (Luxi)kja⁵¹ ‘listen’Dai 85 AcJZ

Achang (Xiandao)kʐɔ³¹ ‘listen’Dai 89 Xian: 2309

Achang (Xiandao)kʐɔ³¹ ‘hear’Dai 89 Xian: 2310

Achang (Xiandao)kʐɔ³¹ v.‘listen’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1681.29

Achang (Xiandao)kʐɔ³¹ v.‘hear’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1682.29

Arakanesekrà ‘hear’Okell 71

Bolakja³¹ ‘listen’Dai 89 Bola: 2309

Bola (Luxi)kja³¹ v.‘listen’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1681.32

Bolaɣə̆³¹morpheme kja³¹ ‘hear’Dai 89 Bola: 2310

Bola (Luxi)ɣə̆³¹morphemekja³¹ v.‘hear’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1682.32

Burmese (Modern)krā⁴ v.‘hear’Luce 85: V.19

Burmese (Rangoon)tɕɑ⁵⁵ v.‘hear’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1682.27

Burmese (Standard Spoken)cà ‘hear’Okell 71

Burmese (Written)krā v.‘hear’Luce 85: V.19

Burmese (Written)krâ ‘hear’Hansson 89 AHKP: 10

Burmese (Written)krâ ‘hear’Matisoff 78 MLBM: 20

Burmese (Inscriptional)krá ‘hear’Okell 71

Burmese (Written)krâ ‘hear with ear; inform’Benedict 76 WBur

Burmese (Written)krā: ‘hear’Marrison 67 Naga

Burmese (Written)krā: ‘hear’Okell 71

Burmese (Written)kraː ‘hear, inform’Matisoff 83 TIL: 72

Burmese (Written)krā⁴ v.‘hear / sound’Luce 85: X.2

Burmese (Written)krɑ³ v.‘hear’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1682.26

Hpun (Northern)chà, chà-ŋsuffix ‘hear’Henderson 86 Hpun

Inthacà ‘hear’Okell 71

Langsu (Luxi)kjɔ³⁵ v.‘listen’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1681.31

Langsu (Luxi)ɣɔ⁵⁵morphemekjɔ³⁵ v.‘hear’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1682.31

Lashijɔ:³³morpheme kjɔ:³³ v.‘hear’Dai 89 Lash: 3.6.7

Lashikjɔ:³³ v.‘hear’Dai 89 Lash: 3.6.7

Leqi (Luxi)jɔː⁵⁵morphemekjɔː³³ v.‘hear’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1682.33

Leqi (Luxi)kjɔː³³ v.‘listen’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1681.33

Marmakrá ‘hear’Huziwara 08 Sak: 59

Maru [Langsu]kjɔ³⁵ ‘listen’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 532.43

Maru [Langsu]kyō ‘hear’Okell 71

Maru [Langsu]tjō ‘hear’Okell 71

Maru [Langsu]ɣɔ⁵⁵morpheme kjɔ³¹ v.‘hear’Dai 89 Lang: 3.6.7

Tavoyancà ‘hear’Okell 71

Atsi [Zaiwa]kjo²¹ ‘listen’Xu 84 Zaiwa

Atsi [Zaiwa]kjo²¹ v.‘listen’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1681.30

Atsi [Zaiwa]kjo²¹ ‘listen’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 532.42

Atsi [Zaiwa]vo⁵⁵morphemekjo²¹ v.‘hear’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1682.30

6.1.2Loloish3

*Loloishgra² ‘hear’Bradley 79 PLo: 583

*Loloishgra² ‘hear’Hansson 89 AHKP: 10

Lolophodʑi³³morpheme ɣo³³ v.‘hear’Dai 89 Lolo: 3.6.7

6.1.2.1Northern Loloish9

Gazhuona³⁵#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’ tɕa³¹ ? v.‘hear’Dai 89 Gazh: 3.6.7

Gazhuona³⁵#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’tɕa³¹ v.‘hear’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1682.47

Nasudʑo³³ v.‘hear’Chen 86 Yi: 3.6.7

Yi (Dafang)dʑu³³ ‘listen’Chen 85 YiJZ

Yi (Dafang)dʑu³³ ‘listen’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 532.22

Yi (Lishan)dʑo³³ ‘hear, listen’Dai 87 Gazh

Yi (Nanjian)pɑ³³morpheme gɑ²¹ ‘listen’Chen 85 YiJZ

Yi (Xide)gɯ³⁴-dᴇ³³morpheme ‘hear’Chen 79 YiCh

Yi (Xide)ɣɯ²¹-gɯ³³morpheme ‘hear’Chen 79 YiCh

6.1.2.2Central Loloish9

Jinuo (Baka)n̥o³¹#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’ kjɔ⁴⁴ ‘hear’Dai 89 JinB: 2410

Jinuo (Baya/Banai)nɔ³¹#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’ kjɔ⁴⁴ ‘hear’Dai 89 JinA: 2410

Lahukâ ‘in unison’Matisoff 83 TIL: 72

*Common Lahukaˇ ‘hear’Bradley 79 PLo: 583

Lahu (Lancang)nɑ³³#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’kɑ⁵³ v.‘hear’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1682.43

Lahu (Black)kâ ‘hear’Matisoff 78 MLBM: 20

Lisu (Nujiang)pɑ̱⁴⁴#812 PTB *b(r)aŋ ‘EAR / LOBELIKE PART’PL *ʔbaŋ¹ ‘EAR’ dʒɛ³¹ ‘hear’Xu 86 Lisu

Sani [Nyi]nɑ⁴⁴#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’ gɑ¹¹ v‘hear’Ma 89 SanQ: 321.7

Yi (Sani)nɒ⁴⁴#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’gɒ¹¹ v.‘hear’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1682.39

6.1.2.3Southern Loloish19

Akhagà ‘hear’Hansson 89 AHKP: 10

Akha (Yunnan)ná#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’ xhà ‘ask, listen’Hansson 89 AHKP: 68

Akha (Thai)ná#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’-hà ‘ask, listen’Hansson 89 AHKP: 68

Bisukjà ‘hear’Beaudouin 88 Bisu: 31

Hani (Lüchun)ná#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’ xhà ‘ask, listen’Hansson 89 AHKP: 68

Hani (Dazhai)na³¹#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’xa³¹ ‘listen’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 532.31

Hani (Dazhai)na⁵⁵#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’ xa³¹ ‘listen’Li Yongsui 86 Hani

Hani (Dazhai)na⁵⁵#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’xa³¹ ‘ask / inquire’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 690.31

Hani (Lüchun)na⁵⁵#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’xa³¹ v.‘listen’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1681.41

Hani (Pijo)kɔ̀ ‘hear’Hansson 89 AHKP: 10

Hani (Gelanghe)na⁵⁵#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’ xa³¹ ‘listen’Li Yongsui 86 Hani

Hani (Gelanghe)na⁵⁵#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’xa³¹ ‘ask / inquire’Li Yongsui 86 Hani

Haonikɔ³¹ ‘hear’Hansson 89 AHKP: 10

Hani (Wordlist)nal#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’◦haq ‘ask, listen’Hansson 89 AHKP: 68

Hani (Mojiang)kɔ³¹ v.‘hear’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1682.42

Mpikjo¹ ‘hear’Hansson 89 AHKP: 10

Mpikjo¹ ‘hear’Matisoff 78 MLBM: 20

Mpikjo¹ ‘hear’Srinuan 76

Côông [Phunoi]cɑ¹¹ ce³³morpheme ‘hear’Bradley xx Phu

6.2Naxi6

Naxikho³³mi³³#1410 PTB *s-nyan ‘HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *ʔen ‘LOOK / BEHOLD / GLANCE’ v.‘listen’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1681.45

Naxi (Lijiang)kho³³mi³³#1410 PTB *s-nyan ‘HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *ʔen ‘LOOK / BEHOLD / GLANCE’ ‘listen’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 532.28

Naxikho³³mi³³#1410 PTB *s-nyan ‘HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *ʔen ‘LOOK / BEHOLD / GLANCE’thv̩³³morpheme v.‘hear’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1682.45

Naxikho³³mi³³#1410 PTB *s-nyan ‘HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *ʔen ‘LOOK / BEHOLD / GLANCE’tʂhɚ²¹morpheme ‘pleasant to the ears’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1092.45

Naxi (Western)kʰo³³mi³³#1410 PTB *s-nyan ‘HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *ʔen ‘LOOK / BEHOLD / GLANCE’ ‘listen’He 85

Naxi (Eastern)kʰua³³ȵi³³#1410 PTB *s-nyan ‘HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *ʔen ‘LOOK / BEHOLD / GLANCE’ ‘listen’He 85

Cite this entry

STEDT etymon #1411, *(k/g)ra ‘HEAR / LISTEN / SOUND’.

Stable link: https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/1411

Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].

BibTeX

@misc{stedt-1411,
  title  = {{*(k/g)ra 'HEAR / LISTEN / SOUND'}},
  author = {STEDT},
  year   = {2017},
  note   = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #1411},
  url    = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/1411}
}