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The Body  ›  Head and Face  ›  Ear
STEDT #811

*r/g-na

EAR / HEAR / LISTEN
Proto-Tibeto-Burman · exemplary

Reconstruction analysis

handler/g-naprefixr/ginitialnrhymeacoverM · V

Intermediate reconstructions

Kuki-Chin*naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PKC #812
Central Naga (Ao Group)(a) *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN #007
Central Naga (Ao Group)(b) *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PCN #046
Tangkhulic(a) *na ‘EAR’DRM#340
Tangkhulic(b) *na ‘HEAR’DRM#342
Loloish*(C)-na² ‘EAR’
Karenic*-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’TL#171
Karenic*naᴮ ‘EAR’TL#95

Connections

See also#2480

Notes

This root has acquired a variety of final consonants in Himalayish languages, including -k (Kiranti, Tamangic), -ŋ (Kanauri), -r (Lepcha), and -m (Written Tibetan).

There is a fortuitous resemblance between this root and an Indo-European synonym (cf. Sanskrit karṇa-). The velar prefix is well attested in Bodo-Garo, Asakian, and Naga languages.

Chinese comparandum

耳 OC *ńi̯əg, GSR #981a ‘ear’; Coblin 86:69 ST *rnjəɣ > OC *njəgx; B & S 2011: *C.nəʔ; Mand. ěr.

Reflexes & cognates1,152 reflexes · 60 subgroups

0Sino-Tibetan (previously published reconstructions)1

*Sino-Tibetanr+njəɣ ‘ear’Coblin 86: 69

0.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)12

*Tibeto-Burmanr/g-na ‘ear / hear / listen’Matisoff 03 HPTB: 603

1NE Indian Areal Group1

Mijiʒoʔ ‘ear’Judging from the inadequate data at our disposal, Miji -o seems to be the normal reflex of *-a, while ʒ- descends from a variety of sonorant clusters.Simon 79 Miji

1.1.1.2Eastern Tani1

Milangraɲu ‘ear’Tayeng 76 Mil

1.1.2Deng13

Darang [Taraon]kru#1221 PTB *k-lu ‘HEAD’PKC *luu ‘HEAD’PKar *kləɁᴰ ‘HEAD’-naː ‘ear’If this analysis is correct, it is interesting: HEAD + EAR = ‘ear’.Matisoff 87 BP
Idua³¹prefixkɹu⁵⁵#1221 PTB *k-lu ‘HEAD’PKC *luu ‘HEAD’PKar *kləɁᴰ ‘HEAD’na⁵⁵ ‘ear’If this analysis is correct, it is interesting: HEAD + EAR = ‘ear’.Sun H 91 IduQ: 3.6
Iduaprefix◦kõ#817 PTB *l-kwaŋ ‘EAR’◦na bɤmorpheme ‘eardrum’Pulu 78
Iduaprefix◦kõ#817 PTB *l-kwaŋ ‘EAR’◦na bɤmorpheme ‘earhole’Pulu 78

1.2Kuki-Chin6

*Chinnaa ⪤ hnaa ‘EAR’VanBik 09 PKC: 812
Analàprefix-nà ‘ear’Weidert 87 TBTo: 244
Analna ‘ear’Matisoff 87 BP
Chinbokhŋa ‘ear’Matisoff 87 BP
Thanphumhnɑ¹ ‘ear’Luce 85: N.2

1.2.1.1Northern Chin3

Thadonáa ‘ear-drum’VanBik 09 PKC: 812
Tiddimnɑ¹ ‘ear’Luce 85: G.45
Tiddimnɑ¹ ‘ear’Luce 85: N.2

1.2.1.2Southern Plains Chin17

Ashoaʻnó ‘ear’VanBik 09 PKC: 812
Daaiŋ̩ɴ̹a ‘ear’So-Hartmann 88 Chin: 75
Khumikanou ‘ear’Matisoff 87 BP
Awa Khumikănɑ² ‘ear’Luce 85: N.2
Khumikᵊnóʔ ‘ear’So-Hartmann 88 Chin: 75
Khumi (Ahraing)kə̆no² ‘ear’Luce 85: N.2
Matuŋ̩ɴ̹a ‘ear’So-Hartmann 88 Chin: 75
Matupinᵊhɑ⁴ ‘ear’Luce 85: N.2
Mkaangɴ̹a.kɔːimorpheme ‘ear’So-Hartmann 88 Chin: 75
Nyhmoyeŋ̩ɴ̹a◦kʰɔːŋmorpheme ‘ear’So-Hartmann 88 Chin: 75
Wakungḁprefix◦na◦kʰiŋmorpheme ‘ear’So-Hartmann 88 Chin: 75
Womatuhŋɑ⁴ ‘ear’Luce 85: N.2

1.2.2Central Chin6

Khualsimnɑ³ ‘ear’Luce 85: N.2
Lai (Hakha)hnâa, hna-khòo ‘ears’VanBik 09 PKC: 812
Lai (Hakha)hnɑ⁵ ‘ear’Luce 85: G.45
Lai (Hakha)hnɑ⁵ ‘ear’Luce 85: N.2

1.2.3Maraic15

Lakher [Mara]nà-chā-káo n‘ear’VanBik 09 PKC: 812
Meranɔ̆⁶ ‘ear’Luce 85: N.2
Tha'oahɑ¹ ‘ear’Luce 85: N.2
Xongsainɑ³ ‘ear’Luce 85: N.2

1.2.4“Old Kuki”12

LamkangkV̥prefix-nà ‘ear’Weidert 87 TBTo: 244
Lamkangəprefix◦kəna ‘ear’Benedict 72 STC: 453
Moyonnà ~ ná ‘ear’Kosha 90: 3.6
Moyonna◦khíŋmorpheme ‘outer ear’Kosha 90: 3.6.2
Moyonna◦thúr#2087 NEIA *twar ‘EAR (in compounds)’◦tenmorpheme◦námorpheme ‘earlobe’Kosha 90: 3.6.1
Sorbungʔəprefix◦náa ‘ear’Mortensen 11 Sorbung: BodyParts.064

1.3“Naga” Areal Group2

Maringnha-milmorpheme ‘ear’Brown 37 Indo

1.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)54

*Central Nagaaprefix-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’Bruhn 14 PCN: III.046
*Aoaprefix-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’Bruhn 14 PCN: II.266
*Aotprefix-hna-ɹuŋmorpheme ‘EAR’Bruhn 14 PCN: II.231
Ao (Chungli)a²prefixŋa² v.‘hear, listen’Bruhn 14 PCN: II.266
Ao (Chungli)a²prefixŋa³-siʔ¹morpheme v.‘hear’Bruhn 14 SuppCN
Ao (Chungli)a²prefixŋa³-tət¹suffix v.‘understand’Bruhn 14 SuppCN
Ao (Chungli)aprefix◦nga ‘obey’Marrison 67 Naga
Ao (Chungli)aprefix◦nga-ahsuffix ‘listen’Marrison 67 Naga
Ao (Chungli)aprefix◦nga◦shisuffix ‘hear’Marrison 67 Naga
Ao (Chungli)āprefix◦ŋā v.‘listen’Temsunungsang 09 Ao: 3
Ao (Chungli)tə²prefix-na²ɹuŋ³morpheme ta³prefixtʃak³#7795 PCN *tʃak ‘BREAK’ adj.‘deaf’Bruhn 14 SuppCN
Ao (Mongsen: Longchang)nga◦chammorpheme ‘understand’Marrison 67 Naga
Ao (Mongsen: Longchang)nga◦chetmorpheme ‘understand’Marrison 67 Naga
Ao (Mongsen: Longchang)nga◦külamorpheme ‘listen’Marrison 67 Naga
Ao (Mongsen: Mangmetong)hŋa v.‘listen [listened]’Coupe 07 Ao
Ao (Mongsen: Mangmetong)hŋa-tʃhətsuffix v.‘understand [understood] ('listen' + ABIL)’Coupe 07 Ao
Lotha Nagae¹prefix-noʔ¹ n.‘ear’Bruhn 14 PCN: III.007
Lotha Nagae¹prefix-ŋa¹- v.‘listen’Bruhn 14 PCN: III.046
Lotha Nagaeprefix◦ng ‘listen’Marrison 67 Naga
Lotha Nagaeprefix◦ng ‘hear’Marrison 67 Naga: 332
Lotha Nagaeprefix◦nga ‘hear’Murry 78: 54
Lotha Nagaeprefix◦nga ‘listen’Murry 78: 68
Lotha Nagaeprefix◦nno ‘ear’Marrison 67 Naga
Lotha Nagaēprefix◦n̯ò ‘ear’Acharya 75
Lotha Nagaeprefix◦no ‘ear’Murry 78: 36
Lotha NagaEprefix◦No ‘ear’Nienu 90 LotQ: 3.6
Lotha Naga¹eprefix¹no ‘ear’Weidert 87 TBTo: 78
Sangtamaprefix◦na◦tprefix◦püng#1409 PTB *(b/p)aːŋ ‘DEAF’PCN *p(j)aŋ ‘DEAF’PL *baŋ² ‘DEAF’◦rümorpheme ngitsarümorpheme ‘deaf’Kumar 73 Sang
Yacham-Tengsaang, shushumorpheme ‘hear’Marrison 67 Naga

1.3.2Angami-Pochuri Group37

Angami Naga²rɯ³nɯ v.‘listen’Weidert 87 TBTo: 212
Angami (Khonoma)teprefix◦lanu ‘ear’Marrison 67 Naga: GEM
Angami (Kohima)(u)prefix nyie³³ ‘ear’Nienu 90 AngQ: 3.6
Angami (Kohima)uprefix◦nyie ‘ear’Marrison 67 Naga
Chokri(u)prefix nyi³³ ‘ear’Nienu 90 ChoQ: 3.6
Chokri(u)prefix nyi³¹ bo³⁵morpheme ‘eardrum’Nienu 90 ChoQ: 3.6.5
Chokriuprefix◦nyi ‘ear’Marrison 67 Naga
Khezhakenü ‘ear’Marrison 67 Naga
Khezhakenɯ̵́ ‘ear’Yabu 94 Khö: 3.6
Khezha²ke³nvɯ ‘ear’Weidert 87 TBTo: 244
Meluriaprefix◦khena ‘ear’Marrison 67 Naga
Melurina, kemorpheme◦na ‘hear’Marrison 67 Naga
Ntenyiaprefix◦khuna ‘ear’Marrison 67 Naga
Ntenyiaprefix◦khuna-ketechomorpheme ‘deaf’Marrison 67 Naga
Ntenyikeprefix◦na◦yamorpheme ‘listen’Marrison 67 Naga
Rengmaəprefix◦khəna ‘ear’Benedict 72 STC: 453
Rengma (Northern)¹aprefix³ku³na ‘ear’Weidert 87 TBTo: 162
Rengma (Northern)¹gimorpheme¹gimorpheme³na v.‘listen’Weidert 87 TBTo: 212
Sema [Sumi]aprefix◦kini ‘ear’Marrison 67 Naga
Sema [Sumi]aprefix◦kini ‘ear’Achumi 98: 3.6
Sema [Sumi]aprefix◦kini-kimorpheme ‘ear canal’Achumi 98: 3.6.3
Sema [Sumi]aprefix◦kini◦bomorpheme ‘ear (outer)’Achumi 98: 3.6.2
Sema [Sumi]aprefix◦kimorpheme◦ni-bamorpheme ‘earwax’Achumi 98: 3.6.6
Sema [Sumi]aprefix◦kimorpheme◦ni-niqhemorpheme ‘earlobe’Achumi 98: 3.6.1
Sema [Sumi]¹aprefix¹ki³ni ‘ear’Weidert 87 TBTo: 162
Sema [Sumi]¹iprefix³ni v.‘listen’Weidert 87 TBTo: 212

1.3.4Tangkhulic21

Champhungkʰumorpheme-nu ‘ear’Brown 37 Indo
Huishuʔamorpheme-kʰəmorpheme-ni ‘ear’Mortensen 12 Tk: BodyParts.049
Kachaikʰəmorpheme-nɐ ‘ear’Mortensen 12 Tk: BodyParts.054
Kachaikʰəmorpheme-ŋəmorpheme-nɐ v.‘hear’Mortensen 12 Tk: BodyParts.059
Tangkhulkhamorpheme◦na ‘ear’Marrison 67 Naga
Tangkhulkhamorpheme◦nā ‘ear’Matisoff 87 BP
Tangkhulkhəmorpheme◦na ‘ear’Benedict 72 STC: 453
Tangkhulnā◦ga̱morpheme kamorpheme◦shaimorpheme ‘otorrhoea’Matisoff 87 BP
Tangkhul¹khəmorpheme¹na ‘earhole’Weidert 87 TBTo: 162
Tangkhul¹khəprefix¹ŋəprefix¹na v.‘listen’Weidert 87 TBTo: 212
Tankghul (Central)omorpheme-kʰamorpheme-na ‘ear’Brown 37 Indo
Tangkhul (Northern)amorpheme-kʰamorpheme-na ‘ear’Brown 37 Indo
Tangkhul (Standard)kʰamorpheme-na ‘ear’Brown 37 Indo
Tusomʔimorpheme-kʰəmorpheme-ni ‘ear’Mortensen 12 Tk: BodyParts.062
Ukhrulkʰəmorpheme-na ‘ear’Mortensen 12 Tk
Ukhrulkʰəmorpheme-ŋəmorpheme-na ‘hear; listen, be obedient’Mortensen 12 Tk

1.4Meithei8

Meitheina-gimorpheme drəmmorpheme ‘eardrum’Singh 91 MeiQ: 3.6.5
Meitheina◦khunmorpheme ‘earlobe’Singh 91 MeiQ: 3.6.1

1.6Mru2

Mruna ‘ear’Matisoff 87 BP
Mrunɛ̃ɪ³/no³ ‘ear’Luce 85: T.8

1.7.1.1Bodo11

Bodokamá ‘ear’Bhat 68 Boro
Bodokamá ‘ear’Matisoff 87 BP
Bodokamá krímorpheme ‘inside the ear’Bhat 68 Boro
Bodokamá semorpheme◦tor#2087 NEIA *twar ‘EAR (in compounds)’ ‘bulge just opposite to the ear lobe’Bhat 68 Boro
Bodokɤmaʔ ‘ear’Weidert 87 TBTo: 162
Bodokɤna- v.‘listen’Weidert 87 TBTo: 212
Kokborokkʰna ‘hear’Tripuri 88
Kokborokkʰəna ‘hear, listen’Tripuri 88
Mechekana- v.‘listen’Weidert 87 TBTo: 212

1.7.1.2Garo14

Garokna-asuffix v.‘listen’Weidert 87 TBTo: 212

1.7.2Northern Naga/Konyakian1

1.7.2.2Konyak-Chang19

Changnou ‘ear’French 83: 480

1.7.3.1Jingpho29

Jingpho(na) lətsawpmorpheme ‘earwax’Matisoff 87 BP
Jingphoa³¹prefix na³³ ‘ear’Liu 84
Jingphona n.,v.‘hear, ear’Matisoff 87 BP
Jingphona ləbying ‘auricle’also contains *byaŋprefixMatisoff 87 BP
Jingphona ləmorpheme◦kyawmorpheme ‘pus from inflamed ear’Matisoff 87 BP
Jingphona³³ ‘ear’Liu 84

1.7.3.2Asakian12

Androkɑnɑ ‘ear’Luce 85: K.58
Ganankănɑ² ‘ear’Luce 85: K.58
Kadukanâ ‘ear’Matisoff 87 BP
Kadu (Kantu)kănɑ² ‘ear’Luce 85: K.58
Kadukənā ‘ear’Matisoff 87 BP
Kadukənà ‘ear’Benedict 72 STC: 453
Luikana ‘ear’Matisoff 87 BP
Sakaprefix-kaná ‘ear’Matisoff 87 BP
Sak (Bawtala)ăprefix◦kănɑ² ‘ear’Luce 85: K.58
Sak (Dodem)ăprefix◦kănɑ² ‘ear’Luce 85: K.58
Sakaprefix◦kəná ‘ear’Huziwara 08 Sak: 8

2.1.1Western Himalayish6

Kanaurikāṇöṅ n‘ear’Bailey 11
Kanaurikāṇöṅ ‘ear’Matisoff 87 BP
Kanaurikāṇöṅ khömorpheme ‘wax in ear’Bailey 11

2.1.2.1Tibetan45

Tibetan (Batang)na⁵⁵ ȵ̥i⁵⁵morpheme ‘ear ornament for women’Dai 89 Bata: 3.6.5
Tibetan (Batang)na⁵⁵ ɣỹ⁵⁵morpheme ‘deaf’Dai 89 Bata: 3.6.8
Tibetan (Sherpa:Helambu)na◦mjyō#816 PTB *m-tsywa-(k/ŋ) ‘EAR’ pemorpheme◦mamorpheme ‘earlobe’Cf. Sherpa no-pe-te ‘earlobe’.Bishop 89: 3.6.1
Tibetan (Written)rna-basuffix ‘ear’Luce 85: G.45
Tibetan (Written)rna-basuffix ‘ear / listen’Luce 85: W.13
Tibetan (Written)rna-basuffix ‘ear’Matisoff 87 BP
Tibetan (Written)rna-basuffix ‘ear’Coblin 86: 69
Tibetan (Written)rna-baisuffix memorpheme-loṅmorpheme ‘ear’Matisoff 87 BP
Tibetan (Written)rna-bɑsuffix ‘ear’Luce 85: T.8
Tibetan (Written)rna-spag#815 PTB *s-p(w)a-(p/k) ‘EARWAX’ ‘earwax (sic)’[Source note] substandard for rna-spabs (acc. to Jäs., p. 312).Matisoff 87 BP
Tibetan (Written)rna◦basuffix ‘ear’Marrison 67 Naga

2.1.4Tamangish31

Chantyalnɦa ‘outer ear’Noonan 92: 3.6.2
Chantyalnɦa-yemorpheme lotimorpheme ‘earlobe’Noonan 92: 3.6.1

2.1.5Dhimal1

Dhimalnha◦toŋmorpheme ‘ear’King 94 DhBP

2.2Newar12

Newarnhāe◦pãsuffix ‘ear’Matisoff 87 BP

2.3Kiranti2

*Kirantiʔna/ʔno- ‘ear’Opgenort 11 Tilung

2.3.1Eastern Kiranti20

Limbunaː-mɛŋghɛmmamorpheme v.i.‘deaf’Weidert 87 TBTo: 162
Limbunaː-mɛŋ#2084 PTB *myaŋ ‘EAR’◦ghɛmmorpheme◦masuffix ‘ear’Weidert 87 TBTo: 108
Limbunɛk◦khoʔmorpheme◦basuffix ‘ear’Weidert 87 TBTo: 108
Yamphunæ◦ʔækmorpheme n‘ear’Rutgers 98: 559.21

2.3.2Southern Kiranti16

Kulungno◦bo susu ‘earwax’also contains *b(r)aŋ, *tsyuRai 75 Kul
Kulungno◦bo◦susu ‘earwax’also contains *b(r)aŋ, *tsyuMichailovsky 91 Kr: 51

2.3.4Western Kiranti13

2.4Kham-Magar-Chepang26

Chepangno dayŋʔmorpheme- va.‘blocked (ear)’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangno lokmorpheme-ʔomorpheme ‘deaf’Caughley 72 CVoc: 12.A.12
Chepangno thotmorpheme- va.‘have infected, running ear’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangno.caymorpheme n.‘base of ear, inner ear’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangno.keŋʔmorpheme n.‘earfolds (at front of ear)’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepang (Eastern)no lokmorpheme◦naʔmorpheme ‘deaf’Caughley 90 CheQ: 3.6.8
Chepang (Eastern)no◦pemorpheme◦temorpheme ‘earlobe’Cf. Sherpa na◦mjyō pe◦ma ‘earlobe’Caughley 90 CheQ: 3.6.1
Khamor'prefix◦nā ‘ear’Matisoff 87 BP
Khamorprefix◦na mathasomorpheme ‘deaf’Watters 89 KhQ: 12.A.12
Khamorprefix◦na matʰasomorpheme ‘deaf’Watters 89 KhQ: 12.A.12

3.1Tangut10

Tangut [Xixia]ni̯u¹ ‘ear’Sofronov 97
Tangut [Xixia]nrǐu ‘hear / listen’Nishida 64 Tan: 223-061
Tangut [Xixia]nrǐuɦ ndžǐʷõmorpheme ‘ear (cavity of)’Nishida 64 Tan: 184
Tangut [Xixia]nrǐuɦ pɪ̣ěmorpheme ‘ear-plug’Nishida 64 Tan: 184

3.2Qiangic82

Ersunɑ³³rɑ⁵⁵morpheme ‘earring’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 372.18
Guiqiongnɔ³⁵ ‘ear’Sun H 91 GuiQ
Guiqiongnɔ⁵⁵ wu⁵⁵morpheme ‘ear ornament for women’Sun H 91 GuiQ
Lyuzuna³³dzɿ⁵³morpheme n‘earrings’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0484.18
Lyuzuna⁵³pi⁵³morpheme n‘ear’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0081.18
Lyuzuɣuo³³#2630 PTB *rwak ‘RAT’PTk *rwok ‘RAT / RODENT’ju̵⁵³morpheme na⁵³pi⁵³morpheme n‘fungus (edible) (lit. 'mouse's ear')’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0438.18
Namuyihɪ̃³³qo³³morphemetsɿ⁵⁵morpheme ‘earring’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 372.19
Namuyiʔhĩ³¹nduo⁵⁵morpheme n‘earrings’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0484.46
Pumi (Jiulong)nə⁵⁵tsu⁵⁵morpheme n‘ear’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0081.10
Qiang (Longxi)ȵì kámorpheme ‘ear’Evans 99 Qiang: 107
Qiang (Longxi)ȵì màmorpheme ‘ear lobe’Evans 99 Qiang: 107.1
Qiang (Longxi)ȵì màmorpheme ‘earring (ȵì='ear')’Evans 99 Qiang: 662
Qiang (Longxi)ȵí-qhúmorpheme ‘ear wax’Evans 99 Qiang: 193.1
Qiang (Mianchi)nə̀ màmorpheme ‘earring’Evans 99 Qiang: 662
Qiang (Taoping)nə³¹mɑ³³morpheme ‘earring’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 372.9
Queyu (Xinlong)rna⁵⁵ʁo⁵⁵morpheme n‘earrings (big)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0484.13
Zhaba (Daofu County)ȵ̥ʌ³³ʐa⁵⁵morpheme n‘ear’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0081.14

3.3.1rGyalrong97

rGyalrong (Eastern)kaprefix◦rna v‘hear’Sun H 91 rEQ: 3.6.7
rGyalrong (Maerkang Caodeng (B))tǝ22prefix rna44 mbi44morpheme ‘ear wax’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 0028
rGyalrongtəprefix rna ‘ear’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 241.12
rGyalrongtəprefix rȵa ‘ear’Dai 89 Jiar: 3.6
rGyalrongtəprefix rȵa wumorpheme gumorpheme ‘inner ear’Dai 89 Jiar: 3.6.3
rGyalrong (Aba Kehe Shuiricun)tə'prefix◦rna◦kemorpheme ‘ear’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 0027
Caodengtəprefix-rne ‘ear’Sun J 97 Cao
rGyalrong (Maerkang Bola (A))tə22prefix rna44 pok22morpheme pok44morpheme ‘ear wax’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 0028
rGyalrong (Eastern)təprefix◦rna ‘ear’Sun H 91 rEQ: 3.6
rGyalrong (Northern)təprefix◦rna ‘ear’Sun H 91 rNQ: 3.6
rGyalrong (NW)təprefix◦rna ‘ear’Sun H 91 rNW: 3.6
rGyalrong (Eastern)təprefix◦rna mtʂimorpheme ‘earlobe’Sun H 91 rEQ: 3.6.1
rGyalrong (Eastern)təprefix◦rna pʰimorpheme ‘outer ear’Sun H 91 rEQ: 3.6.2
rGyalrong (Northern)təprefix◦rna qambomorpheme ‘earwax’Sun H 91 rNQ: 3.6.6
rGyalrong (NW)təprefix◦rna snemorpheme ‘ear canal’Sun H 91 rNW: 3.6.4
rGyalrong (NW)təprefix◦rna vunaŋmorpheme ‘inner ear’Sun H 91 rNW: 3.6.3
rGyalrong (Eastern)təprefix◦rna wuguimorpheme ‘inner ear’Sun H 91 rEQ: 3.6.3
rGyalrong (Northern)təprefix◦rna ənumorpheme ‘earlobe’Sun H 91 rNQ: 3.6.1
rGyalrong (Northern)təprefix◦rna ər̥qʰumorpheme ‘outer ear’Sun H 91 rNQ: 3.6.2
rGyalrong (Northern)təprefix◦rna əsərokmorpheme ‘eardrum’Sun H 91 rNQ: 3.6.5
rGyalrong (NW)təprefix◦rna ʁomorpheme ‘outer ear’Sun H 91 rNW: 3.6.2
rGyalrong (Eastern)təprefix◦rna ʃnemorpheme ‘inner ear’Sun H 91 rEQ: 3.6.3
rGyalrongtAprefix rna ‘ear’Nagano 97 GyQ: 3.6
rGyalrongtAprefix rna khungmorpheme Ngyumorpheme ‘ear canal’Nagano 97 GyQ: 3.6.4
rGyalrongtAprefix rna wumorpheme mpomorpheme ‘outer ear’Nagano 97 GyQ: 3.6.2
rGyalrongtAprefix rna wumorpheme Ngumorpheme ‘inner ear’Nagano 97 GyQ: 3.6.3
rGBenzhentəprefix-rna ‘ear’Sun J 97 rGB
Shilitəprefix-rna ‘ear’Sun J 97 Shi

4Nungic16

Anongɑ³¹prefix nɑ³¹ ‘ear’Sun J 88 Ano
Nungɑ³¹prefixnɑ³¹ n‘ear’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0081.21
Anongɑ⁵⁵prefixnɑ³¹ ‘ear’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 241.44
Anongəna ‘ear’Coblin 86: 69
Anongəprefix◦na ‘ear’LaPolla 87: 47
Rawangəprefix◦nɑ³¹ ‘ear’LaPolla 03: 91
Trung [Dulong]a³²prefix ng⁴² ‘ear’Matisoff 87 BP
Trung [Dulong]ɑ³¹prefixnɑ⁵³ ‘ear’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 241.46
Dulongɑ⁵⁵prefixnɑ⁵³ n‘ear’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0081.20
Trung [Dulong] (Dulonghe)a³¹prefix na⁵³ ‘ear’LaPolla 87: 47
Trung [Dulong] (Dulonghe)ɑ³¹prefix nɑ⁵³ ‘ear’Sun H 82 Dul
Trung [Dulong] (Nujiang)a³¹prefix na⁵⁵ ‘ear’LaPolla 87: 47
Trung [Dulong] (Nujiang)ɑ³¹prefix nɑ⁵⁵ ‘ear’Sun H 82 Dul

6.1.1Burmish74

Burmese (Modern)nā³ v.‘listen’Luce 85: V.3
Burmese (Rangoon)nɑ⁵⁵thɑ̃u²²morpheme v.‘listen’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1681.27
Burmese (Spoken Rangoon)nɑ⁵⁵htɑũ²²morpheme ‘listen’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 532.40
Burmese (Spoken Rangoon)nɑ⁵⁵jwɛʔ⁴⁴morpheme ‘ear’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 241.40
Burmese (Written)na ‘listen, hearken’Benedict 76 WBur
Burmese (Written)nā³ ‘ear / listen’Luce 85: W.13
Burmese (Written)nā⁴ ‘ear / listen’Luce 85: W.13
Burmese (Written)nɑ³htɔŋ²morpheme ‘listen’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 532.39
Burmese (Written)nɑ³thɔŋ²morpheme v.‘listen’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1681.26
Danunɑ² ‘ear’Luce 85: T.8
Hpun (Northern)ăprefix◦nà ‘ear’Henderson 86 Hpun
Hpun (Northern)ăprefix◦nă◦tăpó-ŋ ‘deaf (cp. Ear)’Henderson 86 Hpun
Hpun (Metjo)ăprefix◦nɑ⁴ ‘ear’Luce 85: T.8
Lashinə̌³³ jam³¹morpheme ‘outer ear’Dai 89 Lash: 3.6.2
Maru [Langsu]nə̆³¹ jɛ̃³¹morpheme ‘outer ear’Dai 89 Lang: 3.6.2
Taung-Yonɑ² ‘ear’Luce 85: T.8
Atsi [Zaiwa]nɔ⁴ ‘ear’Luce 85: T.8

6.1.2.1Northern Loloish81

Gazhuona³⁵ ‘hear, listen’Dai 87 Gazh
Gazhuona³⁵ v.‘hear’Dai 89 Gazh: 3.6.7
Laloʔná ‘listen’Björverud 94
Laloʔnɑ⁵⁵ v.‘hear’Chen 86 Yi: 3.6.7
Liphono³³ ‘hear’Chen 86 Yi: 3.6.7
Nasuno²¹ tɤ̱²¹morpheme ‘earwax’Chen 86 Yi: 3.6.6
Nesulo⁵⁵ pa⁵⁵#821 PTB *r-pak ‘LEAF / LEAFLIKE PART / FLAT OBJECT’PCN *a-pjak ‘FLAT’PCN *a-phak ‘MAT’ ‘ear’We are assuming dialectal variation between initial l- and n- in Nesu, a phenomenon also characteristic of Southwest Mandarin and other languages in the area.Chen 86 Yi: 3.6
Nesuno⁵⁵ v.‘hear’Chen 86 Yi: 3.6.7
Nosun̥a³³ ‘hear’Chen 86 Yi: 3.6.7
Nusu (Northern)n̥ɑ³¹ ‘listen’Sun J 86 Nusu
Nusu (Central)n̥ɑ³⁵ ‘listen’Sun J 86 Nusu
Nusu (Southern)n̥ɔ⁵⁵ ‘listen’Sun J 86 Nusu
Yi (Liangshan)n̥a³³ ‘hear; listen’Ma 08 Yi: index
Yi (Liangshan)n̥a³³tʂu̱³³morpheme ‘hear clearly’Ma 08 Yi: index
Yi (Liangshan)n̥a³³vɿ⁵⁵morpheme ‘ear infection’Ma 08 Yi: index
Yi (Liangshan)n̥a³³ʦhɛ³³morpheme ‘hear clearly’Ma 08 Yi: index
Yi (Liangshan)n̥ɯ²¹zɯ³³morpheme ‘ear lobe’Ma 08 Yi: index
Yi (Liangshan)n̥ɯ³³nʥi²¹morpheme ‘ear cartilage’Ma 08 Yi: index
Yi (Nanjian)ne⁵⁵; pɑ³³morphemegɑ³¹morpheme ‘listen; hear’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 532.23
Yi (Xide)n̥a³³ ‘listen’Chen 79 YiCh
Yi (Xide)n̥a³³ ‘listen’Chen 85 YiJZ
Yi (Xide)n̥a³³ ‘listen’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 532.21

6.1.2.2Central Loloish102

Ahino³³ ‘hear’Chen 86 Yi: 3.6.7
Ahino³³ v.‘hear’Luo 90: 3.6.7
Jinuo (Baka)n̥o³¹ ‘listen’Dai 89 JinB: 2409
Jinuonɔ³⁵ ‘listen’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 532.34
Jinuonɔ⁴²tɕɔ⁴⁴morpheme v.‘listen’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1681.44
Kucongnʌ33 ‘listen’Dai 09 Kucong
Lahu (Black)na³³ ‘listen’Chang 86
Lahu (Yellow)na³³ ‘listen’Chang 86
Lisu (Northern)a²¹morphemegɔ⁴⁴morpheme na³³pɔ³³morpheme ‘hoe-ear (side part of hoe)’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Central)na³-na²morpheme v.‘acquiesce (=listen)’Fraser 22
Lisu (Central)na³-na²morpheme v.‘listen’Fraser 22
Lisu (Central)na³-na²morpheme ‘obey (=listen)’Fraser 22
Lisuna³na² ‘listen’Bradley 79 PLo: 667
Lisu (Putao)na³na² v.‘listen’Luce 85: V.3
Lisu (Theng-yüeh)na³na² v.‘listen’Luce 85: V.3
Lisu (Northern)na³³lɔ³⁵morpheme V‘listen’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)na³³me⁴⁴morpheme ‘grating on the ear’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)na³³na³⁵morpheme V‘listen’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)na³³na³⁵morpheme bu³³morpheme ‘not willing to listen’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)na³³na³⁵morpheme sa³³morpheme ‘nice to listen’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)na³³na³⁵morpheme ɕwa⁵⁵morpheme ‘not nice to listen’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)na³³na³⁵morphemeɤ⁴⁴morpheme ‘willing to listen’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)na³³pɔ³³morphemekhi²¹morpheme ‘earwax’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)na³³sa³³morpheme V‘appeal to the ear; pleasant to listen to; beautiful’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)na³³sa³³morphemesa³³morpheme ‘delight the heart and appeal to the ear; delightful; beautiful’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisunɑ̱³³lo³⁵morpheme v.‘listen’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1681.40
Lisu (Nujiang)nɑ̱⁴⁴ lo³⁵morpheme ‘listen’Xu 86 Lisu
Lisunɑ⁴⁴nɑ³⁵; nɑ⁴⁴lo³⁵morpheme ‘listen’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 532.27
Sani [Nyi]nɑ⁴⁴ ‘hear’Chen 86 Yi: 3.6.7
Sani [Nyi]nɑ⁵⁵ ‘ear’Wu 84: 97.1

6.1.2.3Southern Loloish67

Bisuhná ‘listen’Bradley 9x Bisu
Bisunà sɯ̀ŋmorpheme ‘ear’Bradley 79 PLo
Bisuna◦sɨ̀ŋmorpheme ‘ear’Beaudouin 88 Bisu: 13
Bisunà◦sɯ̀ŋmorpheme ‘ear’Bradley 9x Bisu
Hani (Caiyuan)na⁵⁵te³¹morpheme ‘ask / inquire’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 690.30
Hani (Shuikui)nɔ⁵⁵ ɔ³¹morpheme ‘listen’Li Yongsui 86 Hani
Hani (Shuikui)nɔ⁵⁵ɔ³¹morpheme ‘listen’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 532.32
Hani (Mojiang)nɔ⁵⁵ɔ³¹morpheme v.‘listen’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1681.42
Pyennae45 v.‘listen’Shintani 09 Pyen: 132020
Silanɔ55 da21morpheme v.‘listen’Kato 08 Lao: 44

6.2Naxi2

Laze (Xiangjiao)ɳɔ˧ v.‘hear (good news…)’Michaud 06 NaLaze: 3265
Na (Yongning)ɳv˧ v.‘hear (good news…)’Michaud 06 NaLaze

7Karenic75

*Karen-hnaᴮ ‘listen to’Luangthongkum 13: 171
*Karenná' ‘ear’Jones 61: 21
*Karen (Sgaw)nà◦ɣúmorpheme v.‘hear’Jones 61: 223
Bwenɛ³³ ‘ear’Luangthongkum 13: 95
Karengă³¹morphemena̱³¹ v.‘listen’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1681.50
Kayan (Pekon)nâ Vtr‘listen’Manson 10 Kayan
Kayanna¹¹ ‘listen to’Luangthongkum 13: 171
Kayan (Pekon)nā◦kúθímorpheme N‘earring [lit. ear-insert]’Manson 10 Kayan
Kayan (Pekon)nā◦làmorpheme N‘ear’Manson 10 Kayan
Kayan (Pekon)nâ◦θèmorpheme V‘understand [lit. listen-know]’Manson 10 Kayan
Kayawna¹¹ ‘listen to’Luangthongkum 13: 171
Pa-Oná ‘listen’Solnit 89 PaO
Pa-Onâ ‘ear’Matisoff 87 BP
Pa-Onâ ‘ear’Jones 61: 21
Pa-Onâ lámorpheme ‘ear’Solnit 89 PaO
Pa-O (Northern)na⁵⁵ ‘listen to’Luangthongkum 13: 171
Pakunɑ³ ‘ear’Luce 85: G.45
Pakunɑ³hu¹morpheme v.‘hear’Luce 85: I.170
Pwo (Southern)na⁵⁵ ‘listen to’Luangthongkum 13: 171
Pwo (Bassein)náʔ◦ɣə̀nmorpheme v.‘hear’Jones 61: 223
Pwo (Moulmein)ná◦ɣə̀nmorpheme v.‘hear’Jones 61: 223
Sgaw (Northern)kə³³morpheme◦na³¹˜ ‘listen to’Luangthongkum 13: 171
Sgaw (Southern)na⁴⁵ ‘listen to’Luangthongkum 13: 171
Sgawnɑ⁶[kɤ¹] ‘ear’Luce 85: G.45
Sgaw¹na⁴humorpheme v.‘hear’Weidert 87 TBTo: 931
Sgaw (Bassein)nà◦húmorpheme v.‘hear’Jones 61: 223
Karen (Sgaw/Hinthada)gă³¹na̱³¹ ‘listen’Dai 89 KarB: 2409
Karen (Sgaw/Hinthada)na̱³¹ xu⁵⁵morpheme ‘hear’Dai 89 KarB: 2410
Sgaw (Moulmein)nà◦ɣúmorpheme v.‘hear’Jones 61: 223
Karen (Sgaw/Yue)kă³¹na³¹ ‘listen’Dai 89 KarA: 2409
Karen (Sgaw/Yue)na³¹ hu⁵⁵morpheme ‘hear’Dai 89 KarA: 2410

8Bai14

9Sinitic2

Chinese (GSR #)981a ‘ear / listen’Luce 85: W.13

9.0.1Old Chinese5

Chinese (Old/Mid)ńi̯əg/ńźi̯ ‘ear’Chou 72: 981a-b
Chinese (Old)ñi̯əg ‘ear’Luce 85: T.8
Chinese (Old)ñi̯əg ‘ear / listen’Luce 85: W.13

9.0.2Middle Chinese1

Cite this entry

STEDT etymon #811, *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’.
Stable link: https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/811
Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].
BibTeX
@misc{stedt-811,
  title  = {{*r/g-na 'EAR / HEAR / LISTEN'}},
  author = {STEDT},
  year   = {2017},
  note   = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #811},
  url    = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/811}
}