STEDT #665
*kwar
HOLE / ORIFICE / INNARDS
Reconstruction analysis
handlekorinitialkwrhymear ⪤ orcoverK · L
Intermediate reconstructions
Northern Naga/Konyakian*gor ‘HOLE / CAVE’
Connections
HPTB*kor ⪤ *kwar ‘hole / pit / valley / cave’pp. 395, 401
Notes
STC makes an artificial distinction between two groups of forms, one reconstructed *kor ‘valley; pit; cave’ (#349) and the other *kwar ‘hole’ (#350), here combined into a single etymon. This etymon is widely distributed in the NE Indian Areal Group, with scattered cognates elsewhere (Himalayish, Qiangic, Nungish, Bai). It appears as the last syllable in compounds referring to orifices of the body, especially EAR, NOSTRIL, ANUS, and VAGINA; occasionally also in compounds for EYE.
Sometimes, however, a similar morpheme appears as a monosyllable or as the first syllable in a compound; these cases I refer to a separate (but perhaps allofamically related) etymon #3558 NEIA *ko(n/r) EAR, with the specific meaning EAR. A key form here is Kom Rem kōr khur ‘ear canal’, with the structure #3558 NEIA *ko(n/r) EAR + *kor.
While I occasionally reconstruct *kwar for the second syllables of compounds meaning EYE (e.g. Wancho mək-ər), there is a group of Bodo-Garo forms meaning EYE where I set up a separate (but again perhaps allofamic) etymon #3557 NEIA *gon EYE, with the specific meaning EYE. Compare Bodo ha-khor ‘hole, valley’ vs. me-gon ‘eye’; Garo ging-kol ‘nostril’ vs. mik-on ‘eye’. There is also some evidence from Monpa Tsangla for the independence of this etymon and #3557 NEIA *gon EYE: miŋ-khor ‘eye’ vs. miŋ-khoŋ-(taŋ) ‘eye (< #682 PTB *s-mik EYE + #3557 NEIA *gon EYE).
This etymon may well be related to #5748 PTB *s/m-kwar ROUND, the common core of meaning perhaps residing in the round appearance of many holes (cf. WT kor ‘round, circular hollow in the ground, pit’).
It is often difficult to distinguish reflexes of this etymon from those of #820 PTB *(g/k)uŋ HOLE / ORIFICE / INNER PART, especially with respect to Loloish and Qiangic. More than one allofam are evidently involved; cf. e.g. Lahu qhɔ ‘inside; hole’ ⪤ qō ‘hollow object’.
Chinese comparandum
窾 OC *kʼwɑ̂n, GSR #162b ‘hole, opening’; Schuessler 2007:338; Mand. kuǎn.
貫 OC *kwɑ̂n, GSR #159a ‘pierce, pass through’; Schuessler 2007:338; B & S 2011: *kˁon {kˁo[n]}; Mand. guàn.
Reflexes & cognates218 reflexes · 35 subgroups
0.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)4
1.2Kuki-Chin3
1.2.1.1Northern Chin7
Tiddimmit³#682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’MesorootsPTani *mik ‘EYE’PKC *mik ‘EYE’PKC *mik-kuu-I, -kuk-II ‘SLEEPY’PCN *mjak ⪤ *hmik ‘EYE’PTk *mik ‘EYE’PTk *mit ‘EYE’TGTM *ᴮʰmiː(ŋ) ‘EYE’Allofams1 #33 PTB *s-myak ⪤ *s-mik ‘EYE’1a #682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’1b #681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’ kua³ ‘eye socket ("eye's cavity")’VanBik 09 PKC: 289
Tiddimmit³#682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’MesorootsPTani *mik ‘EYE’PKC *mik ‘EYE’PKC *mik-kuu-I, -kuk-II ‘SLEEPY’PCN *mjak ⪤ *hmik ‘EYE’PTk *mik ‘EYE’PTk *mit ‘EYE’TGTM *ᴮʰmiː(ŋ) ‘EYE’Allofams1 #33 PTB *s-myak ⪤ *s-mik ‘EYE’1a #682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’1b #681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’ kua³ ‘eye socket’Bhaskararao 96 CDB: 1120
1.2.1.2Southern Plains Chin2
1.2.2Central Chin16
1.2.3Maraic11
Lailenpimə̆prefix◦nɑ⁴#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’◦kuɑ¹ ‘ear’Luce 85: N.2
Lakher [Mara]chhu#661 PTB *s-tu ‘VAGINA / VULVA’PTani *tɯ ‘VULVA / VAGINA’PKC *tshuu ‘VULVA / VAGINA’PKir *tu ‘VAGINA’-khao ‘vulva’Matisoff 87 BP
Lakher [Mara]hna#803 PTB *s-na ⪤ *s-naːr ‘NOSE’PKC *hnaar ‘NOSE’PCN *na(ʔ) ‘NOSE’PTk *na ‘NOSE’TGTM *ᴬʰna ‘NOSE’-pasu#442 PTB *m-ts(y)ul ‘NOSE AND MOUTH / LIP / LOWER PART OF FACE’-khao ‘nostril’Matisoff 87 BP
Lakher [Mara]na#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’-chamorpheme-kao ‘ear’Matisoff 87 BP
Lakher [Mara]na#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’-khao ‘earhole’Matisoff 87 BP
Lakher [Mara]¹nə#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’²ko ‘ear’Weidert 87 TBTo: 108
Lakher [Mara]¹nə#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’²ko ‘earhole’Weidert 87 TBTo: 162
1.2.4“Old Kuki”8
Kom Remkōr#3558 NEIA *ko(n/r) ‘EAR’ kʰur ‘ear canal’This form constitutes good evidence for the independence of etyma #665 PTB *kwar HOLE / ORIFICE / INNARDS and #3558 NEIA *ko(n/r) EAR.Toba 91 KRQ: 3.6.4
Kom Remnar#803 PTB *s-na ⪤ *s-naːr ‘NOSE’PKC *hnaar ‘NOSE’PCN *na(ʔ) ‘NOSE’PTk *na ‘NOSE’TGTM *ᴬʰna ‘NOSE’ kʰur ‘nostril’Toba 91 KRQ: 3.5.2
Moyonnar#803 PTB *s-na ⪤ *s-naːr ‘NOSE’PKC *hnaar ‘NOSE’PCN *na(ʔ) ‘NOSE’PTk *na ‘NOSE’TGTM *ᴬʰna ‘NOSE’◦khùr ~ nàr#803 PTB *s-na ⪤ *s-naːr ‘NOSE’PKC *hnaar ‘NOSE’PCN *na(ʔ) ‘NOSE’PTk *na ‘NOSE’TGTM *ᴬʰna ‘NOSE’◦khùr ‘nostril’Kosha 90: 3.5.2
Moyonna#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’◦bʌ#821 PTB *r-pak ‘LEAF / LEAFLIKE PART / FLAT OBJECT’PCN *a-pjak ‘FLAT’PCN *a-phak ‘MAT’◦khùr ~ nàbʌ̀khùr ‘inner ear’Kosha 90: 3.6.3
Moyonnà#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’◦bʌ̀#821 PTB *r-pak ‘LEAF / LEAFLIKE PART / FLAT OBJECT’PCN *a-pjak ‘FLAT’PCN *a-phak ‘MAT’◦kòwrl ‘ear canal’Kosha 90: 3.6.4
Moyonsòw#661 PTB *s-tu ‘VAGINA / VULVA’PTani *tɯ ‘VULVA / VAGINA’PKC *tshuu ‘VULVA / VAGINA’PKir *tu ‘VAGINA’◦khùr ~ sowr#661 PTB *s-tu ‘VAGINA / VULVA’PTani *tɯ ‘VULVA / VAGINA’PKC *tshuu ‘VULVA / VAGINA’PKir *tu ‘VAGINA’◦khùr ‘vulva / labia’Kosha 90: 10.4.2
1.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)28
Ao (Mongsen: Mangmetong)namorpheme-kù-tsə#1631 PTB *tsyu ‘WATER / LIQUID / BODY FLUID’PCN *a-tʃə ‘WATER’TGTM * ᴮkjui ‘WATER’ n.‘honey (probably 'bee' + 'hole' + 'water')’Coupe 07 Ao
Ao (Mongsen: Mangmetong)na#803 PTB *s-na ⪤ *s-naːr ‘NOSE’PKC *hnaar ‘NOSE’PCN *na(ʔ) ‘NOSE’PTk *na ‘NOSE’TGTM *ᴬʰna ‘NOSE’-kuʔ n.‘nostril ('nose' + 'hole')’Coupe 07 Ao
Lotha Nagakhemorpheme◦no#803 PTB *s-na ⪤ *s-naːr ‘NOSE’PKC *hnaar ‘NOSE’PCN *na(ʔ) ‘NOSE’PTk *na ‘NOSE’TGTM *ᴬʰna ‘NOSE’◦kvu ‘nostril’Nienu 90 LotQ: 3.5.2
Lotha Nagalóŋ#1269 PTB *r-lu(ŋ/k) ‘STONE’PTani *lɯŋ ‘STONE’PKC *luŋ ‘STONE / ROCK’PCN *luŋ ‘STONE, ROCK’PTk *luŋ ‘STONE’PBG *loʔŋ-tai ‘STONE’PNN *C̥-luŋ ‘STONE’TGTM *ᴮʰjuŋ ‘STONE’PKir *ʔluŋ ‘STONE’PLB *k-lok ⪤ *k-loŋ ‘STONE’PL *k-lokᴸ ‘STONE’PKar *loŋᴮ ‘STONE, ROCK’◦kù ‘cave’Acharya 75
Yimchungrümü#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’◦khün-peng#1409 PTB *(b/p)aːŋ ‘DEAF’PCN *p(j)aŋ ‘DEAF’PL *baŋ² ‘DEAF’◦rüsuffix ‘deaf’Marrison 67 Naga
Yimchungrünü#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’◦khün ‘ear’Kumar 73 Yim: 34
Yimchungrünü#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’◦khün ‘ear’Marrison 67 Naga
Yimchungrünü#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’◦khün◦peang#1409 PTB *(b/p)aːŋ ‘DEAF’PCN *p(j)aŋ ‘DEAF’PL *baŋ² ‘DEAF’ ‘deaf’Kumar 73 Yim: 74
Yimchungrü²nu#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’²gu ‘ear’Weidert 87 TBTo: 108
Yimchungrü²nu#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’²gu ‘ear’Weidert 87 TBTo: 162
1.3.2Angami-Pochuri Group2
1.3.3Zeme Group9
Rongmei / Nruanghmeinu#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’-kúan ‘ear’Weidert 87 TBTo: 162
Rongmei / Nruanghmeinu#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’-kúan ‘earhole’Weidert 87 TBTo: 162
Zemebemorpheme◦kun◦pang#1409 PTB *(b/p)aːŋ ‘DEAF’PCN *p(j)aŋ ‘DEAF’PL *baŋ² ‘DEAF’◦bemorpheme ‘deaf’Marrison 67 Naga
Zememi#1002 PPC *r-mi(y)-n ‘PERSON / MAN’PTani *miː ‘MAN (homo)’PKC *mii ‘PERSON / MAN / PEOPLE’PCN *a-[h]məjʔ ‘PERSON, HUMAN’PTk *mi ‘MAN / HUMAN’PNN *C̥-məy ‘MAN (generic)’TGTM *ᴬmi ‘MAN’◦kun ‘ear’Marrison 67 Naga
1.3.4Tangkhulic12
Kachaikʰəmorpheme-nɐ#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’-kʰur ‘ear canal’Mortensen 12 Tk: BodyParts.056
1.4Meithei4
Meitheina#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’-gimorpheme məprefix◦khun ‘ear canal’Singh 91 MeiQ: 3.6.4
Meitheina#803 PTB *s-na ⪤ *s-naːr ‘NOSE’PKC *hnaar ‘NOSE’PCN *na(ʔ) ‘NOSE’PTk *na ‘NOSE’TGTM *ᴬʰna ‘NOSE’◦ton#808 PTB *t(w)a(ŋ/n) ‘NOSE’ məprefix◦khun ‘nostril’Singh 91 MeiQ: 3.5.2
Meitheithimorpheme◦gun ‘anus / rectum’Contrast the last syllables of Meithei thi-gun ‘anus’ (< #572 PTB *kləy BODY DIRT / EXCREMENT + *kor) and nâ-kông ‘ear’ (< #820 PTB *(g/k)uŋ HOLE / ORIFICE / INNER PART).Singh 91 MeiQ: 9.12
1.5Mikir [Karbi]8
Mikir [Karbi]no#803 PTB *s-na ⪤ *s-naːr ‘NOSE’PKC *hnaar ‘NOSE’PCN *na(ʔ) ‘NOSE’PTk *na ‘NOSE’TGTM *ᴬʰna ‘NOSE’◦kan ‘nose’Marrison 67 Naga
Mikir [Karbi]no#803 PTB *s-na ⪤ *s-naːr ‘NOSE’PKC *hnaar ‘NOSE’PCN *na(ʔ) ‘NOSE’PTk *na ‘NOSE’TGTM *ᴬʰna ‘NOSE’◦kan ‘nose’Matisoff 87 BP
Mikir [Karbi]no#803 PTB *s-na ⪤ *s-naːr ‘NOSE’PKC *hnaar ‘NOSE’PCN *na(ʔ) ‘NOSE’PTk *na ‘NOSE’TGTM *ᴬʰna ‘NOSE’◦kan ‘nostril’Matisoff 87 BP
Mikir [Karbi]nò#803 PTB *s-na ⪤ *s-naːr ‘NOSE’PKC *hnaar ‘NOSE’PCN *na(ʔ) ‘NOSE’PTk *na ‘NOSE’TGTM *ᴬʰna ‘NOSE’◦kàn ‘nose’Grüssner 79 BP: 115
Mikir [Karbi]nò#803 PTB *s-na ⪤ *s-naːr ‘NOSE’PKC *hnaar ‘NOSE’PCN *na(ʔ) ‘NOSE’PTk *na ‘NOSE’TGTM *ᴬʰna ‘NOSE’◦kàn ‘nostril’Grüssner 79 BP: 115
1.7.1.1Bodo5
1.7.1.2Garo9
Garo (Bangladesh)na'#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’-chil#2082 PTB *tsy(u/i)(l/r) ‘EAR’ a'prefix-kil-okmorpheme ‘earhole’Burling 92 GaBa
Garo (Bangladesh)na#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’-chil#2082 PTB *tsy(u/i)(l/r) ‘EAR’ a'prefix-kil-okmorpheme ‘earhole’Burling 92 GaBa
Garo (Bangladesh)na#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’-chil#2082 PTB *tsy(u/i)(l/r) ‘EAR’ a'prefix-kol ‘earhole’Burling 92 GaBa
Garo (Bangladesh)na#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’-chil#2082 PTB *tsy(u/i)(l/r) ‘EAR’-nimorpheme a'prefix-kil-okmorpheme ‘earhole’Burling 92 GaBa
1.7.1.3Koch4
Atongna#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’-kur ‘ear’Matisoff 87 BP
1.7.2Northern Naga/Konyakian1
1.7.2.1Tangsa-Nocte4
1.7.2.2Konyak-Chang12
Khiamnganno̥ᴜ²#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’◦kan ‘ear’Weidert 87 TBTo: 350
Khiamngan²noᴜ#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’-²kan ‘ear’Weidert 87 TBTo: 162
Khiamngan²no̥ᴜ#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’²kan ‘ear’Weidert 87 TBTo: 162
Khiamngan²no̥ᴜ#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’◦kan ‘earhole’Weidert 87 TBTo: 162
1.7.3.1Jingpho8
Jingphokin³¹morphemeloŋ³³#1269 PTB *r-lu(ŋ/k) ‘STONE’PTani *lɯŋ ‘STONE’PKC *luŋ ‘STONE / ROCK’PCN *luŋ ‘STONE, ROCK’PTk *luŋ ‘STONE’PBG *loʔŋ-tai ‘STONE’PNN *C̥-luŋ ‘STONE’TGTM *ᴮʰjuŋ ‘STONE’PKir *ʔluŋ ‘STONE’PLB *k-lok ⪤ *k-loŋ ‘STONE’PL *k-lokᴸ ‘STONE’PKar *loŋᴮ ‘STONE, ROCK’khu³³ ‘cave’Liu 84
Jingphokin³¹morphemeloŋ³³#1269 PTB *r-lu(ŋ/k) ‘STONE’PTani *lɯŋ ‘STONE’PKC *luŋ ‘STONE / ROCK’PCN *luŋ ‘STONE, ROCK’PTk *luŋ ‘STONE’PBG *loʔŋ-tai ‘STONE’PNN *C̥-luŋ ‘STONE’TGTM *ᴮʰjuŋ ‘STONE’PKir *ʔluŋ ‘STONE’PLB *k-lok ⪤ *k-loŋ ‘STONE’PL *k-lokᴸ ‘STONE’PKar *loŋᴮ ‘STONE, ROCK’khu³³ n‘cave (mountain)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0028.19
Jingphokin³¹morphemeloŋ³³#1269 PTB *r-lu(ŋ/k) ‘STONE’PTani *lɯŋ ‘STONE’PKC *luŋ ‘STONE / ROCK’PCN *luŋ ‘STONE, ROCK’PTk *luŋ ‘STONE’PBG *loʔŋ-tai ‘STONE’PNN *C̥-luŋ ‘STONE’TGTM *ᴮʰjuŋ ‘STONE’PKir *ʔluŋ ‘STONE’PLB *k-lok ⪤ *k-loŋ ‘STONE’PL *k-lokᴸ ‘STONE’PKar *loŋᴮ ‘STONE, ROCK’khu³³ ‘cave’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 33.47
2.1.2Bodic2
2.1.2.1Tibetan2
2.1.4Tamangish4
2.2Newar5
2.3.1Eastern Kiranti2
2.3.4Western Kiranti1
3.2Qiangic9
Namuyiqu⁵⁵tu³³#822 PTB *dwa(ː)ŋ ‘HOLE / ORIFICE / CAVE / PIT / WELL (FOR WATER)’ ‘hole’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 34.19
Namuyiqu⁵³tu³¹#822 PTB *dwa(ː)ŋ ‘HOLE / ORIFICE / CAVE / PIT / WELL (FOR WATER)’luo³³χa³⁵ ‘pierce through’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1222.46
Namuyiqu⁵⁵tu³¹#822 PTB *dwa(ː)ŋ ‘HOLE / ORIFICE / CAVE / PIT / WELL (FOR WATER)’ n‘cave / hole’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0029.46
3.3.1rGyalrong8
rGyalrongkhɐi du#822 PTB *dwa(ː)ŋ ‘HOLE / ORIFICE / CAVE / PIT / WELL (FOR WATER)’ ‘hole’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 34.12
rGyalrong (Maerkang)khɐi jdu#822 PTB *dwa(ː)ŋ ‘HOLE / ORIFICE / CAVE / PIT / WELL (FOR WATER)’ n‘cave / hole’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0029.11
rGyalrongtaprefix sop#3333 PTB *swap ‘BUTTOCKS / TAIL’ kʰoi jdu#822 PTB *dwa(ː)ŋ ‘HOLE / ORIFICE / CAVE / PIT / WELL (FOR WATER)’ ‘anus / rectum’Dai 89 Jiar: 9.12
rGyalrongtəprefix rȵa#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’ kʰoi jdu#822 PTB *dwa(ː)ŋ ‘HOLE / ORIFICE / CAVE / PIT / WELL (FOR WATER)’ ‘ear canal’Dai 89 Jiar: 3.6.4
rGyalrongtəprefix ɕnamorpheme kʰoi jdu#822 PTB *dwa(ː)ŋ ‘HOLE / ORIFICE / CAVE / PIT / WELL (FOR WATER)’ ‘sinus’Dai 89 Jiar: 2.6
rGyalrongtəprefix ɕnamorpheme kʰoi jdu#822 PTB *dwa(ː)ŋ ‘HOLE / ORIFICE / CAVE / PIT / WELL (FOR WATER)’ ‘pupil’Dai 89 Jiar: 3.4.2.2
4Nungic3
5Tujia4
Tujia (Northern)li¹morphemekuo¹luo¹#1427 PTB *b-lum ‘EYE / EYEBALL / HEART / ROUND OBJECT’Allofams2 #5731 PTB *s-lum ⪤ *b/m-lu(m/ŋ) ‘ROUND / ROUND OBJECT / HEART / EYEBALL’2a #690 PTB *s-lum ‘ROUND’2b #1427 PTB *b-lum ‘EYE / EYEBALL / HEART / ROUND OBJECT’2c #1381 PTB *m-lu(ŋ/m) ‘HEART / ROUND’ ‘heart’Brassett 06 Tujia: 2.1
Tujiali⁵⁵morpheme kʰo⁵⁵ lo³⁵#1427 PTB *b-lum ‘EYE / EYEBALL / HEART / ROUND OBJECT’Allofams2 #5731 PTB *s-lum ⪤ *b/m-lu(m/ŋ) ‘ROUND / ROUND OBJECT / HEART / EYEBALL’2a #690 PTB *s-lum ‘ROUND’2b #1427 PTB *b-lum ‘EYE / EYEBALL / HEART / ROUND OBJECT’2c #1381 PTB *m-lu(ŋ/m) ‘HEART / ROUND’ ‘heart’Chen 86 TuBQ: 9.3
Tujia (Northern)li⁵⁵morpheme kʰo⁵⁵ lo³⁵#1427 PTB *b-lum ‘EYE / EYEBALL / HEART / ROUND OBJECT’Allofams2 #5731 PTB *s-lum ⪤ *b/m-lu(m/ŋ) ‘ROUND / ROUND OBJECT / HEART / EYEBALL’2a #690 PTB *s-lum ‘ROUND’2b #1427 PTB *b-lum ‘EYE / EYEBALL / HEART / ROUND OBJECT’2c #1381 PTB *m-lu(ŋ/m) ‘HEART / ROUND’ ‘heart’Tian 86
Tujia (Northern)wu2morphemeli1morphemekuo1luo1#1427 PTB *b-lum ‘EYE / EYEBALL / HEART / ROUND OBJECT’Allofams2 #5731 PTB *s-lum ⪤ *b/m-lu(m/ŋ) ‘ROUND / ROUND OBJECT / HEART / EYEBALL’2a #690 PTB *s-lum ‘ROUND’2b #1427 PTB *b-lum ‘EYE / EYEBALL / HEART / ROUND OBJECT’2c #1381 PTB *m-lu(ŋ/m) ‘HEART / ROUND’ n.‘cow's heart’Brassett 04 Tujia
6.1.1Burmish5
6.1.2.1Northern Loloish8
Yi (Liangshan)la⁵⁵#5560 PTB *k-la ‘TIGER’PNN *C-gya ‘TIGER’PLB *(k-)la ‘TIGER’khɯ³³ ‘tiger's lair’Ma 08 Yi: index
Yi (Nanjian)khu̪⁵⁵du̪⁵⁵#822 PTB *dwa(ː)ŋ ‘HOLE / ORIFICE / CAVE / PIT / WELL (FOR WATER)’ ‘cave’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 33.23
6.1.2.2Central Loloish5
7Karenic2
Kayan (Pekon)lū#1269 PTB *r-lu(ŋ/k) ‘STONE’PTani *lɯŋ ‘STONE’PKC *luŋ ‘STONE / ROCK’PCN *luŋ ‘STONE, ROCK’PTk *luŋ ‘STONE’PBG *loʔŋ-tai ‘STONE’PNN *C̥-luŋ ‘STONE’TGTM *ᴮʰjuŋ ‘STONE’PKir *ʔluŋ ‘STONE’PLB *k-lok ⪤ *k-loŋ ‘STONE’PL *k-lokᴸ ‘STONE’PKar *loŋᴮ ‘STONE, ROCK’◦kó N‘cave [lit. stone-hole]’Manson 10 Kayan
8Bai11
Bai (Jianchuan)jɯ̃³³#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’ tɯ̱²¹#822 PTB *dwa(ː)ŋ ‘HOLE / ORIFICE / CAVE / PIT / WELL (FOR WATER)’ kuã⁵⁵ mɯ⁵⁵ kʰɯ³¹ fv̩³³ no³³ ‘inner ear’Zhao 90: 3.6.3
Bai (Jianchuan)jɯ̃³³#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’ tɯ̱²¹#822 PTB *dwa(ː)ŋ ‘HOLE / ORIFICE / CAVE / PIT / WELL (FOR WATER)’ kuã⁵⁵ mɯ⁵⁵ ŋua̱⁴⁴ fv̩³³ no³³ ‘outer ear’Zhao 90: 3.6.2
Bai (Jianchuan)jɯ̃³³#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’ tɯ̱²¹#822 PTB *dwa(ː)ŋ ‘HOLE / ORIFICE / CAVE / PIT / WELL (FOR WATER)’ kuã⁵⁵ sɿ³³morpheme ‘earwax’Zhao 90: 3.6.6
Bai (Jianchuan)jɯ̃³³#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’ tɯ̱²¹#822 PTB *dwa(ː)ŋ ‘HOLE / ORIFICE / CAVE / PIT / WELL (FOR WATER)’ kuã⁵⁵ tɕi³³morpheme ne̱²¹morpheme ‘eardrum’Zhao 90: 3.6.5
Bai (Jianchuan)jɯ̃³³#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’ tɯ̱²¹#822 PTB *dwa(ː)ŋ ‘HOLE / ORIFICE / CAVE / PIT / WELL (FOR WATER)’ kuã⁵⁵ tɕĩ⁵⁵morpheme ne̱²¹ ‘earlobe’Zhao 90: 3.6.1
Bai (Jianchuan)jɯ̃³³#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’ tɯ̱²¹#822 PTB *dwa(ː)ŋ ‘HOLE / ORIFICE / CAVE / PIT / WELL (FOR WATER)’ kuã⁵⁵ ʔuĩ³³morpheme xɯ³¹ ‘ear canal’Zhao 90: 3.6.4
Bai (Jianchuan)jɯ̃³³#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’ tɯ̱²¹#822 PTB *dwa(ː)ŋ ‘HOLE / ORIFICE / CAVE / PIT / WELL (FOR WATER)’ kuɑ̃⁵⁵ ‘ear’Xu 84 Bai
Bai (Jianchuan)jɯ̃³³#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’tɯ²¹#822 PTB *dwa(ː)ŋ ‘HOLE / ORIFICE / CAVE / PIT / WELL (FOR WATER)’kuɑ̃⁵⁵ ‘ear’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 241.36
Bai (Jianchuan)ɲi³³#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’tiə⁴²#822 PTB *dwa(ː)ŋ ‘HOLE / ORIFICE / CAVE / PIT / WELL (FOR WATER)’kuɑ̃⁵⁵ n‘ear’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0081.48
Cite this entry
STEDT etymon #665,
*kwar ‘HOLE / ORIFICE / INNARDS’.Stable link:
https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/665Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].
References: cf. STC #349, #350, HPTB pp.395, 401
BibTeX
@misc{stedt-665,
title = {{*kwar 'HOLE / ORIFICE / INNARDS'}},
author = {STEDT},
year = {2017},
note = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #665},
url = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/665}
}