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The Body › Head and Face › Ear

STEDT #822

*dwa(ː)ŋ

HOLE / ORIFICE / CAVE / PIT / WELL (FOR WATER)

Proto-Tibeto-Burman · exemplary

Reconstruction analysis

handledwaːinitialdwrhymea(ː)ŋcoverT · N

Connections

HPTB*dwaːŋ ‘hole / cave / pit / well (for water)’p. 269

Notes

This root typically appears as the final morpheme in words for bodily orifices (anus, ear, mouth, nostril, throat, trachea, vagina), as well as words describing inanimate openings like caves and wells.

The Tiddim forms meaning ‘hole’ with initial w- appear to be cognate, although the loss of the initial dental stop is not parallelled elsewhere. Note the Tiddim allofam daŋ ‘throat’ where the initial stop is preserved.

The apparent lateral prefix in the second syllable of the WT word for ‘throat’ ('ol-ldoṅ) seems to be merely a perseverative effect of the preceding syllable with final -l.

Cf. Chinese tǔng ‘tube’ , GSR 1176g.

Reflexes & cognates277 reflexes · 37 subgroups

0Sino-Tibetan (previously published reconstructions)1

*Sino-Tibetandong ‘tube’Coblin 86: 153

0.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)3

*Tibeto-Burmandwaaŋ ‘pit, hole’LaPolla 87: 42

*Tibeto-Burmandwaŋ ‘pit, hole, cave’Benedict 72 STC: 169

*Tibeto-Burmandwaːŋ ‘hole / cave / pit / well (for water)’Matisoff 03 HPTB: 587

1.1.1.2Eastern Tani1

Damumit#505 PTB *mit ‘THROAT’-duŋ ‘throat’Sun J 93 Tani

1.1.2Deng7

Darang [Taraon]haː#494 PTB *ka ‘THROAT / NECK’◦dang-ramorpheme ‘nape’Matisoff 87 BP

Darang [Taraon]kʰɑ³¹#494 PTB *ka ‘THROAT / NECK’ diɯŋ⁵³ ɹɑ⁵⁵#484 PTB *bran ⪤ *pwat ‘NECK / THROAT’ ‘neck’Sun H 80 MLD

Darang [Taraon]ɕɯ³¹morphemetɯ³¹gɹu⁵³#488 PTB *k-(r/l)aw ‘THROAT / PALATE’ n‘throat’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0141.22

Darang [Taraon]ɕɯ³¹morphemetɯ³¹gɹu⁵³#488 PTB *k-(r/l)aw ‘THROAT / PALATE’ ‘throat’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 249.49

Darang [Taraon]ɕɯ⁵³morpheme tɯ³¹ gɹo⁵³#488 PTB *k-(r/l)aw ‘THROAT / PALATE’ ‘throat’Sun H 80 MLD

Kaman [Miju]gɑ³¹morphemedɯŋ³⁵ n‘throat’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0141.23

Kaman [Miju]gɑ³¹morphemedɯŋ³⁵ ‘throat’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 249.48

1.2.1.1Northern Chin8

Tiddim-daŋ n‘throat’Henderson 65 TidC

Tiddim-daŋ ‘throat / gullet / esophagus’Matisoff 87 BP

Tiddim-vaŋ n‘hole’Henderson 65 TidC

Tiddim-vaŋ/ˋvan v‘form a hole’Henderson 65 TidC

Tiddimvang² > van³ v‘have a hole’Bhaskararao 96 CDB: 1936

Tiddimvang³ v‘hole’Bhaskararao 96 CDB: 1937

Tiddimvaŋ²/van³ ‘have a hole’Bhaskararao 94 TCV

Tiddimwa:ŋ ‘hole, make a hole’Benedict 72 STC: 45n150

1.2.4“Old Kuki”3

Kom Remkəprefix◦dəŋ kʰul#496 PTB *m-g(u/i)l ‘THROAT’ ‘windpipe / trachea’Toba 91 KRQ: 4.2.1

Kom Remkəmorpheme◦dəŋ səimorpheme◦luŋmorpheme ‘adam's apple / larynx’Toba 91 KRQ: 4.1.4

1.3.2Angami-Pochuri Group1

Rengmanye#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’◦ting ‘ear’Marrison 67 Naga

1.4Meithei1

Meitheiŋuŋ#483 PTB *s-ŋwa(ŋ/k) ‘NECK / WAIST’PKC *hŋooŋ ‘NECK / COLLAR’◦sit#500 PTB *sit ‘NAPE / NECK / THROAT’ umorpheme◦toŋ ‘windpipe / trachea’Singh 91 MeiQ: 4.2.1

1.5Mikir [Karbi]1

Mikir [Karbi]chemorpheme◦thok ‘throat / gullet / esophagus’Matisoff 87 BP

1.7.1.3Koch1

Wanangho#273 PTB *m/s-k(w)a-y ‘MOUTH / OPENING / SPREAD / DOOR / FACE / JAW’PKC *kaa ‘ENTRANCE / MOUTH’PKC *kaa ⪤ *khaa ‘CHIN / JAW (lower)’PCN *ka ‘GAPE, OPEN MOUTH’PTk *ka ‘OPEN (MOUTH)’PTk *kʰa ‘CHIN / JAW’PKar *kaᴮ ‘CHIN, JAW’-toŋ ‘mouth’Matisoff 87 BP

1.7.2.2Konyak-Chang1

Phomyong#1269 PTB *r-lu(ŋ/k) ‘STONE’PTani *lɯŋ ‘STONE’PKC *luŋ ‘STONE / ROCK’PCN *luŋ ‘STONE, ROCK’PTk *luŋ ‘STONE’PBG *loʔŋ-tai ‘STONE’PNN *C̥-luŋ ‘STONE’TGTM *ᴮʰjuŋ ‘STONE’PKir *ʔluŋ ‘STONE’PLB *k-lok ⪤ *k-loŋ ‘STONE’PL *k-lokᴸ ‘STONE’PKar *loŋᴮ ‘STONE, ROCK’◦dong ‘cave’Marrison 67 Naga

1.7.3.1Jingpho4

Jingphokhàʔmorpheme-thūŋ ‘well / pit’Matisoff 74 TJLB: 202

Jingphokhaʔ³¹morphemethuŋ³³ ‘well’Liu 84

Jingphokhaʔ³¹morphemethuŋ³³ n‘well’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0035.19

Jingphokhaʔ³¹morphemethuŋ³³ ‘well’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 22.47

1.7.3.2Asakian1

Sakasmorpheme-tung:◦lɔ³morpheme ‘mouth’Matisoff 87 BP

2.1.2Bodic17

Tsangla (Central)tong◦tong ‘throat’Egli-Roduner: 33 3

Tsangla (Motuo)toŋ toŋ ‘throat’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 249.7

Tsangla (Motuo)toŋ⁵⁵ toŋ⁵⁵ ‘throat’Zhang Jichuan 86

Tsangla (Motuo)toŋ◦toŋ ‘throat’Sun H 80 MLD

Tsangla (Motuo)ʔaprefix◦pak#476 PTB *m-p(r)(w)aŋ ‘MOUTH’PTani *fi-buŋ ‘BEAK’PCN *paŋ ‘MOUTH’◦taŋ ‘mouth’Sun H 80 MLD

Tshona (Wenlang)mi⁵⁵morphemetoŋ⁵⁵ ‘hole’Lu 86 CuoM

Tshona (Wenlang)ri³⁵morphemetoŋ⁵⁵ ‘cave’Lu 86 CuoM

Tshona (Wenlang)toŋ⁵⁵ toŋ⁵⁵ ‘throat’Lu 86 CuoM

Tshona (Mama)meʔ⁵³morphemetɔŋ⁵⁵ ‘hole’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 34.6

Tshona (Mama)tɔŋ⁵⁵ ‘cave’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 33.6

Tshona (Mama)tɔŋ⁵⁵ tɔŋ⁵⁵ ‘throat’Sun H 80 MLD

Tshona (Mama)tɔŋ⁵⁵tɔŋ⁵⁵ ‘throat’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 249.6

Motuo Menbatoŋ toŋ n‘throat’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0141.07

Cuona Menbakoŋ⁵⁵morphemetoŋ⁵³ n‘pit’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0036.06

Cuona Menbari³⁵#6076 PTB *ri ‘MOUNTAIN’tɔŋ⁵⁵ n‘cave (mountain)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0028.06

Cuona Menbatɔŋ³⁵tɔŋ³⁵ n‘throat’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0141.06

Cuona Menbatɔŋ⁵⁵ n‘cave / hole’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0029.06

2.1.2.1Tibetan20

Tibetan (Alike)oŋmorpheme doŋ n‘anus’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0115.05

Tibetan (Alike)toŋ tɕhəmorpheme n‘well’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0035.05

Tibetan (Amdo:Bla-brang)toŋ tɕhəmorpheme ‘well’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 22.4

Tibetan (Amdo:Zeku)toŋ ‘hole (deep)’Sun J 85 Amdo: 181

Tibetan (Amdo:Zeku)toŋ tɕhəmorpheme ‘well’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 22.5

Tibetan (Batang)tũ¹³ n‘pit’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0036.03

Tibetan (Lhasa)koŋ⁵⁵morphemetoŋ⁵⁵ n‘pit’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0036.02

Tibetan (Lhasa)sa⁵⁵morphemetoŋ⁵⁵ n‘pit’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0036.02

Tibetan (Written)'o#490 PTB *wa(l/r) ‘THROAT’PKC *ʔor ‘THROAT (outside)’-doṅ ‘windpipe / trachea’Matisoff 87 BP

Tibetan (Written)'o#490 PTB *wa(l/r) ‘THROAT’PKC *ʔor ‘THROAT (outside)’-ldoṅ ‘windpipe / trachea’Matisoff 87 BP

Tibetan (Written)'ol#490 PTB *wa(l/r) ‘THROAT’PKC *ʔor ‘THROAT (outside)’-ldoṅ ‘throat / windpipe’Matisoff 87 BP

Tibetan (Written)'ol#490 PTB *wa(l/r) ‘THROAT’PKC *ʔor ‘THROAT (outside)’-ldoṅ ‘windpipe / trachea’Matisoff 87 BP

Tibetan (Written)dong ‘hole (deep)’Sun J 85 TbGl: 181

Tibetan (Written)doŋ ‘pit, hole’LaPolla 87: 42

Tibetan (Written)doŋ ‘deep hole, pit, ditch’Benedict 72 STC: 169

Tibetan (Written)doŋ n‘pit’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0036.01

Tibetan (Written)dwa:ŋ ‘hole, cave, pit’Benedict 72 STC: 190n488

Tibetan (Written)glo#2121 PTB *g-lwa-p ‘LUNG’MesorootsTGTM *ᴮglwap/ᴬglwap ‘LUNG’Allofams1a #457 PTB *tsywap ‘LUNG’1b #5481 PTB *p-wap ‘LUNG’1c #5482 PTB *s-wap ‘LUNG’1d #5738 PTB *s-map ‘LUNG’1e #2121 PTB *g-lwa-p ‘LUNG’-doṅ ‘windpipe / trachea’Matisoff 87 BP

Tibetan (Xiahe)khəχmorpheme doŋ n‘pit’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0036.04

Tibetan (Xiahe)toŋ tɕə n‘well’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0035.04

2.1.3Lepcha1

Lepchatung◦hóng n.‘pit, hole’Plaisier 07 Lepcha

2.1.4Tamangish6

Chantyalnɦa#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’-yemorpheme dhoŋ◦rimorpheme ‘inner ear’Noonan 92: 3.6.3

Chantyalnɦa#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’-yemorpheme dhoŋ◦rimorpheme ‘ear canal’Noonan 92: 3.6.4

Thakali (Tukche)kho#820 PTB *(g/k)uŋ ‘HOLE / ORIFICE / INNER PART’PNN *koːŋ ‘EMPTY’TGTM *ᴮkʰuŋ ‘HOLE / PIT’PKir *goŋ ‘HEART’PLB *guŋ² ⪤ *kuŋ² ‘HOLLOW / HOLE / EMPTY’PL *koŋ¹ ‘INSIDE HOUSE’◦toŋ ‘hole’Mazaudon 78 Tam: 26

Thakali (Tukche)kʰotoŋ#820 PTB *(g/k)uŋ ‘HOLE / ORIFICE / INNER PART’PNN *koːŋ ‘EMPTY’TGTM *ᴮkʰuŋ ‘HOLE / PIT’PKir *goŋ ‘HEART’PLB *guŋ² ⪤ *kuŋ² ‘HOLLOW / HOLE / EMPTY’PL *koŋ¹ ‘INSIDE HOUSE’ tohŋ-ci-wɔ ‘perforated’Hari 71a ThVo: 12.C.35

Thakali (Tukche)kʰo#820 PTB *(g/k)uŋ ‘HOLE / ORIFICE / INNER PART’PNN *koːŋ ‘EMPTY’TGTM *ᴮkʰuŋ ‘HOLE / PIT’PKir *goŋ ‘HEART’PLB *guŋ² ⪤ *kuŋ² ‘HOLLOW / HOLE / EMPTY’PL *koŋ¹ ‘INSIDE HOUSE’◦toŋ ‘hole’Hari 71a ThVo: 5.A.62

Thakali (Tukche)kʰo#820 PTB *(g/k)uŋ ‘HOLE / ORIFICE / INNER PART’PNN *koːŋ ‘EMPTY’TGTM *ᴮkʰuŋ ‘HOLE / PIT’PKir *goŋ ‘HEART’PLB *guŋ² ⪤ *kuŋ² ‘HOLLOW / HOLE / EMPTY’PL *koŋ¹ ‘INSIDE HOUSE’◦toŋ soh-lɔ ‘bore (a hole)’Hari 71a ThVo: 8.B.7

2.2Newar5

Newarka#495 PTB *kwa ‘THROAT / NECK’◦thu ‘throat / gullet / esophagus’Matisoff 87 BP

Newar (Kathmandu)ka#495 PTB *kwa ‘THROAT / NECK’◦thu ‘throat’Malla 07 PC

Newarkɔ#495 PTB *kwa ‘THROAT / NECK’◦thu ‘uvula’Shakya 89: 3.7.4

Newarkɔ#495 PTB *kwa ‘THROAT / NECK’◦thu ‘throat / gullet / pharynx’Shakya 89: 4.2

Newartwā(th) ‘mouth / nozzle / beak’Matisoff 87 BP

2.3.2Southern Kiranti3

Bantawabuk#164 PTB *d-puːk ‘BELLY / VITALS / HOLLOW OBJECT / CAVE’MesorootsPTani *puk ‘HEART’PTani *pɯk ‘CAVE’PCN *puk ‘STOMACH, BELLY’PTk *buk ‘BELLY / STOMACH’Allofams1 #6723 PTB *d-(p/b)u-k ‘BELLY / STOMACH / CAVE’1a #2104 PTB *pʷik ‘BELLY / STOMACH’1b #2106 PTB *wuk ‘BELLY / STOMACH’1c #164 PTB *d-puːk ‘BELLY / VITALS / HOLLOW OBJECT / CAVE’1d #2103 PTB *pʷu ‘BELLY / STOMACH / INTESTINE / KIDNEY’1e #2102 PTB *wu ‘BELLY / STOMACH / INTESTINE / KIDNEY’1g #2111 PTB *pwa(ŋ/n) ‘BELLY / CENTER’◦TaN ‘cave / den’Rai 85 BnDs

BantawaDhimorpheme◦luN#1269 PTB *r-lu(ŋ/k) ‘STONE’PTani *lɯŋ ‘STONE’PKC *luŋ ‘STONE / ROCK’PCN *luŋ ‘STONE, ROCK’PTk *luŋ ‘STONE’PBG *loʔŋ-tai ‘STONE’PNN *C̥-luŋ ‘STONE’TGTM *ᴮʰjuŋ ‘STONE’PKir *ʔluŋ ‘STONE’PLB *k-lok ⪤ *k-loŋ ‘STONE’PL *k-lokᴸ ‘STONE’PKar *loŋᴮ ‘STONE, ROCK’◦TaN ‘cave’Rai 85 BnDs

Bantawangammorpheme-tang ‘throat’Rai 84 BnDc: 56

2.4Kham-Magar-Chepang11

Chepanghmo#687 PTB *s-muk ‘MOUTH’.toŋ klyakmorpheme- vi.‘talk hot air, shoot one's mouth off’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepanghmo#687 PTB *s-muk ‘MOUTH’.toŋ.camorpheme n.‘mouth sores’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepanghmoʔ#687 PTB *s-muk ‘MOUTH’.toŋ n.‘mouth, opening, entrance, wide end’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepanghmo#687 PTB *s-muk ‘MOUTH’◦tong ‘mouth’Michailovsky 91 Kr: 120

Chepanghmo#687 PTB *s-muk ‘MOUTH’◦tong ‘mouth’Matisoff 87 BP

Chepanghmo#687 PTB *s-muk ‘MOUTH’◦toŋ ‘mouth’Weidert 87 TBTo: 736

Chepanghmo#687 PTB *s-muk ‘MOUTH’◦toŋ ‘mouth’Caughley 72 CVoc: 1.42

Chepang (Eastern)hmo#687 PTB *s-muk ‘MOUTH’◦toŋ ‘mouth’Caughley 90 CheQ: 3.7

Chepang (Eastern)ryo#488 PTB *k-(r/l)aw ‘THROAT / PALATE’◦dhyoŋʔ ‘windpipe / trachea’Caughley 90 CheQ: 4.2.1

Chepang (Eastern)thyoŋ◦waʔmorpheme ‘adam's apple / larynx’Caughley 90 CheQ: 4.1.4

Magarmi#1002 PPC *r-mi(y)-n ‘PERSON / MAN’PTani *miː ‘MAN (homo)’PKC *mii ‘PERSON / MAN / PEOPLE’PCN *a-[h]məjʔ ‘PERSON, HUMAN’PTk *mi ‘MAN / HUMAN’PNN *C̥-məy ‘MAN (generic)’TGTM *ᴬmi ‘MAN’-Dung◦gā#494 PTB *ka ‘THROAT / NECK’ ‘neck’Matisoff 87 BP

3.2Qiangic8

Namuyiqu⁵⁵#665 PTB *kwar ‘HOLE / ORIFICE / INNARDS’PKC *kuar ‘HOLLOW / SUNKEN’PKC *kua ‘HOLE / BURROW / CAVITY’PKC *khur ⪤ *khor ‘DITCH / HOLE / PIT / WELL (n.)’PCN *a-ku ⪤ *a-khən ‘HOLE’PTk *kʰur ‘HOLE / ANUS’PNN *gor ‘HOLE / CAVE’tu³³ ‘hole’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 34.19

Namuyiju̵⁵⁵morphemetu⁵³ n‘snare / trap’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0638.46

Namuyiju̵⁵⁵morphemetu⁵³ qu⁵³tu³¹ n‘trap / pitfall’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0639.46

Namuyiqu⁵³#665 PTB *kwar ‘HOLE / ORIFICE / INNARDS’PKC *kuar ‘HOLLOW / SUNKEN’PKC *kua ‘HOLE / BURROW / CAVITY’PKC *khur ⪤ *khor ‘DITCH / HOLE / PIT / WELL (n.)’PCN *a-ku ⪤ *a-khən ‘HOLE’PTk *kʰur ‘HOLE / ANUS’PNN *gor ‘HOLE / CAVE’tu³¹luo³³χa³⁵ ‘pierce through’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1222.46

Namuyiqu⁵⁵#665 PTB *kwar ‘HOLE / ORIFICE / INNARDS’PKC *kuar ‘HOLLOW / SUNKEN’PKC *kua ‘HOLE / BURROW / CAVITY’PKC *khur ⪤ *khor ‘DITCH / HOLE / PIT / WELL (n.)’PCN *a-ku ⪤ *a-khən ‘HOLE’PTk *kʰur ‘HOLE / ANUS’PNN *gor ‘HOLE / CAVE’tu³¹ n‘cave / hole’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0029.46

Namuyitshɿ³³morphemetshɿ³³morphemequ⁵⁵morphemetu³¹ n‘anus’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0115.46

Queyu (Yajiang) [Zhaba]ne⁵⁵#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’ po⁵⁵#812 PTB *b(r)aŋ ‘EAR / LOBELIKE PART’PL *ʔbaŋ¹ ‘EAR’ to⁵⁵ ‘ear’Sun H 91 ZhaQ: 3.6

Queyu (Yajiang) [Zhaba]ne⁵⁵#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’po⁵⁵#812 PTB *b(r)aŋ ‘EAR / LOBELIKE PART’PL *ʔbaŋ¹ ‘EAR’to⁵⁵ ‘ear’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 241.16

3.3rGyalrongic2

Daofudoŋ n‘cave / hole’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0029.12

Daofudoŋ n‘pit’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0036.12

3.3.1rGyalrong34

rGyalrong (Maerkang Dazang)doŋ◦du'morpheme◦cumorpheme◦rəmorpheme◦ʁamorpheme vt‘dig (a hole)’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 1128

rGyalrong (Maerkang Japhug Shaerzong (A))doŋ◦du'morpheme◦cumorpheme◦rəmorpheme◦ʁamorpheme vt‘dig (a hole)’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 1128

rGyalrong (Jinchuan Erkai)dɑŋ◦kemorpheme◦doŋ◦lɑmorpheme vt‘dig (a hole)’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 1128

rGyalrongkhɐi#665 PTB *kwar ‘HOLE / ORIFICE / INNARDS’PKC *kuar ‘HOLLOW / SUNKEN’PKC *kua ‘HOLE / BURROW / CAVITY’PKC *khur ⪤ *khor ‘DITCH / HOLE / PIT / WELL (n.)’PCN *a-ku ⪤ *a-khən ‘HOLE’PTk *kʰur ‘HOLE / ANUS’PNN *gor ‘HOLE / CAVE’ du ‘hole’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 34.12

rGyalrong (Maerkang)khɐi#665 PTB *kwar ‘HOLE / ORIFICE / INNARDS’PKC *kuar ‘HOLLOW / SUNKEN’PKC *kua ‘HOLE / BURROW / CAVITY’PKC *khur ⪤ *khor ‘DITCH / HOLE / PIT / WELL (n.)’PCN *a-ku ⪤ *a-khən ‘HOLE’PTk *kʰur ‘HOLE / ANUS’PNN *gor ‘HOLE / CAVE’ jdu n‘cave / hole’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0029.11

rGyalrong (Xiaojin Bajiao)kʰənmorpheme◦kʰən'morpheme◦kaprefix◦toŋ vt‘dig (a hole)’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 1128

rGyalrong (Ganzi Danba Banshanmen)kʰəmorpheme◦bok̚'morpheme◦kaprefix◦toŋ vt‘dig (a hole)’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 1128

rGyalrong (Xiaojin Dawei)kʰəmorpheme◦pok̚'morpheme◦kaprefix◦təŋ vt‘dig (a hole)’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 1128

rGyalrong (Xiaojin Zhailong)kʰəmorpheme◦pok̚'morpheme◦kaprefix◦təŋ vt‘dig (a hole)’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 1128

rGyalrong (Ganzi Danba Taipingqiao)kʰəmorpheme◦pok̚'morpheme◦naprefix◦toŋ vt‘dig (a hole)’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 1128

rGyalrong (Xiaojin Xingge)kʰəmorpheme◦pok̚'morpheme◦naprefix◦toŋ vt‘dig (a hole)’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 1128

rGyalrong (Jinchuan Jimu Zhouchan)kʰəmorpheme◦poŋ'morpheme◦naprefix◦toŋ vt‘dig (a hole)’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 1128

rGyalrong (Xiaojin Rilong)kʰʊˈmorpheme◦po̚morpheme kaˈprefix◦toŋ vt‘dig (a hole)’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 1128

rGyalrong (Heishui Shashiduo Muchang)qə'morpheme◦toŋ vt‘dig (a hole)’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 1128

rGyalrongtaprefix sop#3333 PTB *swap ‘BUTTOCKS / TAIL’ kʰoi#665 PTB *kwar ‘HOLE / ORIFICE / INNARDS’PKC *kuar ‘HOLLOW / SUNKEN’PKC *kua ‘HOLE / BURROW / CAVITY’PKC *khur ⪤ *khor ‘DITCH / HOLE / PIT / WELL (n.)’PCN *a-ku ⪤ *a-khən ‘HOLE’PTk *kʰur ‘HOLE / ANUS’PNN *gor ‘HOLE / CAVE’ jdu ‘anus / rectum’Dai 89 Jiar: 9.12

Caodengtoŋ-toŋ ‘hole (small)’Sun J 97 Cao

Caodengtoŋ-toŋ ‘pit’Sun J 97 Cao

rGyalrong (Baoxing Qiaoqi Leilecun Duoguozu)toŋ44toŋ44 ka22morphemerwa44#5762 PTB *lu ⪤ *lwa ‘DIG’ vt‘dig (a hole)’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 1128

rGyalrong (Aba Rongan Menggucun)toŋ◦'kaɫgamorpheme vt‘dig (a hole)’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 1128

rGyalrong (Maerkang Kangshan)toŋ◦toŋ◦'kamorpheme◦ɫwa#5762 PTB *lu ⪤ *lwa ‘DIG’ vt‘dig (a hole)’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 1128

rGyalrong (Rangtang Shili Erguowucun)toŋ◦ʒalomorpheme◦'cimorpheme vt‘dig (a hole)’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 1128

rGyalrong (Maerkang)tɑmorpheme sopmorpheme khɐimorpheme du n‘anus’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0115.11

rGyalrongtəprefix ɕnamorpheme kʰoi#665 PTB *kwar ‘HOLE / ORIFICE / INNARDS’PKC *kuar ‘HOLLOW / SUNKEN’PKC *kua ‘HOLE / BURROW / CAVITY’PKC *khur ⪤ *khor ‘DITCH / HOLE / PIT / WELL (n.)’PCN *a-ku ⪤ *a-khən ‘HOLE’PTk *kʰur ‘HOLE / ANUS’PNN *gor ‘HOLE / CAVE’ jdu ‘sinus’Dai 89 Jiar: 2.6

rGyalrongtəprefix ɕnamorpheme kʰoi#665 PTB *kwar ‘HOLE / ORIFICE / INNARDS’PKC *kuar ‘HOLLOW / SUNKEN’PKC *kua ‘HOLE / BURROW / CAVITY’PKC *khur ⪤ *khor ‘DITCH / HOLE / PIT / WELL (n.)’PCN *a-ku ⪤ *a-khən ‘HOLE’PTk *kʰur ‘HOLE / ANUS’PNN *gor ‘HOLE / CAVE’ jdu ‘pupil’Dai 89 Jiar: 3.4.2.2

rGyalrongtəprefix ɕna#803 PTB *s-na ⪤ *s-naːr ‘NOSE’PKC *hnaar ‘NOSE’PCN *na(ʔ) ‘NOSE’PTk *na ‘NOSE’TGTM *ᴬʰna ‘NOSE’ kʰoi#665 PTB *kwar ‘HOLE / ORIFICE / INNARDS’PKC *kuar ‘HOLLOW / SUNKEN’PKC *kua ‘HOLE / BURROW / CAVITY’PKC *khur ⪤ *khor ‘DITCH / HOLE / PIT / WELL (n.)’PCN *a-ku ⪤ *a-khən ‘HOLE’PTk *kʰur ‘HOLE / ANUS’PNN *gor ‘HOLE / CAVE’ jdu ‘nostril’Dai 89 Jiar: 3.5.2

rGyalrong (Ganzi Danba Dasang)təˈ◦lo#5762 PTB *lu ⪤ *lwa ‘DIG’◦limorpheme vt‘dig (a hole)’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 1128

rGyalrong (Northern)təprefix◦rna#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’ kʰuŋmorpheme◦du ‘inner ear’Sun H 91 rNQ: 3.6.3

rGyalrong (Northern)təprefix◦rna#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’ ənprefix◦du ‘ear canal’Sun H 91 rNQ: 3.6.4

rGyalrong (Eastern)təprefix◦ʃna#803 PTB *s-na ⪤ *s-naːr ‘NOSE’PKC *hnaar ‘NOSE’PCN *na(ʔ) ‘NOSE’PTk *na ‘NOSE’TGTM *ᴬʰna ‘NOSE’ kʰɐ#665 PTB *kwar ‘HOLE / ORIFICE / INNARDS’PKC *kuar ‘HOLLOW / SUNKEN’PKC *kua ‘HOLE / BURROW / CAVITY’PKC *khur ⪤ *khor ‘DITCH / HOLE / PIT / WELL (n.)’PCN *a-ku ⪤ *a-khən ‘HOLE’PTk *kʰur ‘HOLE / ANUS’PNN *gor ‘HOLE / CAVE’◦jdu ‘nostril’Sun H 91 rEQ: 3.5.2

rGyalrong (Northern)təprefix◦ʃtu#661 PTB *s-tu ‘VAGINA / VULVA’PTani *tɯ ‘VULVA / VAGINA’PKC *tshuu ‘VULVA / VAGINA’PKir *tu ‘VAGINA’ kʰuŋ#820 PTB *(g/k)uŋ ‘HOLE / ORIFICE / INNER PART’PNN *koːŋ ‘EMPTY’TGTM *ᴮkʰuŋ ‘HOLE / PIT’PKir *goŋ ‘HEART’PLB *guŋ² ⪤ *kuŋ² ‘HOLLOW / HOLE / EMPTY’PL *koŋ¹ ‘INSIDE HOUSE’◦du ‘vagina’Sun H 91 rNQ: 10.4.1

rGyalrong (Xiaojin Hanniu)ŋa'prefix◦toŋ vt‘dig (a hole)’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 1128

rGBenzhenkʰemorpheme-du ‘cave’Sun J 97 rGB

rGBenzhentamorpheme-sɔpmorpheme kʰemorpheme-du ‘anus’Sun J 97 rGB

4Nungic13

Anongduŋ-khr ‘pit, hole’LaPolla 87: 42

Anongduŋ-khr#665 PTB *kwar ‘HOLE / ORIFICE / INNARDS’PKC *kuar ‘HOLLOW / SUNKEN’PKC *kua ‘HOLE / BURROW / CAVITY’PKC *khur ⪤ *khor ‘DITCH / HOLE / PIT / WELL (n.)’PCN *a-ku ⪤ *a-khən ‘HOLE’PTk *kʰur ‘HOLE / ANUS’PNN *gor ‘HOLE / CAVE’ ‘hole’Benedict 72 STC: 169

Anongduŋ-khr#665 PTB *kwar ‘HOLE / ORIFICE / INNARDS’PKC *kuar ‘HOLLOW / SUNKEN’PKC *kua ‘HOLE / BURROW / CAVITY’PKC *khur ⪤ *khor ‘DITCH / HOLE / PIT / WELL (n.)’PCN *a-ku ⪤ *a-khən ‘HOLE’PTk *kʰur ‘HOLE / ANUS’PNN *gor ‘HOLE / CAVE’ ‘hole’Benedict 72 STC: 350

Rawangdəŋ³¹ khɯr³¹#665 PTB *kwar ‘HOLE / ORIFICE / INNARDS’PKC *kuar ‘HOLLOW / SUNKEN’PKC *kua ‘HOLE / BURROW / CAVITY’PKC *khur ⪤ *khor ‘DITCH / HOLE / PIT / WELL (n.)’PCN *a-ku ⪤ *a-khən ‘HOLE’PTk *kʰur ‘HOLE / ANUS’PNN *gor ‘HOLE / CAVE’ ‘pit’LaPolla 03: 43

Rawanglɔŋ⁵³#1269 PTB *r-lu(ŋ/k) ‘STONE’PTani *lɯŋ ‘STONE’PKC *luŋ ‘STONE / ROCK’PCN *luŋ ‘STONE, ROCK’PTk *luŋ ‘STONE’PBG *loʔŋ-tai ‘STONE’PNN *C̥-luŋ ‘STONE’TGTM *ᴮʰjuŋ ‘STONE’PKir *ʔluŋ ‘STONE’PLB *k-lok ⪤ *k-loŋ ‘STONE’PL *k-lokᴸ ‘STONE’PKar *loŋᴮ ‘STONE, ROCK’ doŋ³¹ ‘mountain cave’LaPolla 03: 32

Rawangni⁵³#2520 PTB *s-nyak ‘FILTH(Y) / EXCREMENT’ dɯŋ³¹ ‘anus’LaPolla 03: 130

Dulongnɯ³¹#2520 PTB *s-nyak ‘FILTH(Y) / EXCREMENT’ɹɔn⁵⁵morphemeduŋ⁵⁵ n‘anus’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0115.20

Trung [Dulong]ɑŋ³¹morphemeduŋ⁵⁵ ‘cave’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 33.46

Dulongɑŋ⁵⁵morphemeduŋ⁵³ n‘pit’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0036.20

Trung [Dulong] (Dulonghe)aŋ³¹morpheme duŋ⁵⁵ ‘pit, hole’LaPolla 87: 42

Trung [Dulong] (Nujiang)aŋ³¹morpheme duŋ⁵⁵ ‘pit, hole’LaPolla 87: 42

Trung [Dulong] (Nujiang)lɯ³¹#1269 PTB *r-lu(ŋ/k) ‘STONE’PTani *lɯŋ ‘STONE’PKC *luŋ ‘STONE / ROCK’PCN *luŋ ‘STONE, ROCK’PTk *luŋ ‘STONE’PBG *loʔŋ-tai ‘STONE’PNN *C̥-luŋ ‘STONE’TGTM *ᴮʰjuŋ ‘STONE’PKir *ʔluŋ ‘STONE’PLB *k-lok ⪤ *k-loŋ ‘STONE’PL *k-lokᴸ ‘STONE’PKar *loŋᴮ ‘STONE, ROCK’kɑ⁵⁵morphemeduŋ⁵⁵ ‘cave’Sun H 82 Dul

Trung [Dulong] (Nujiang)ɑŋ³¹morphemeduŋ⁵⁵ ‘hole’Sun H 82 Dul

5Tujia2

Tujia (Southern)gua²¹#389 PTB *s/r-gwa-n ‘NECK / NAPE’ la⁵⁵morpheme du̵³⁵ ‘throat’Tian 86

Tujiase³⁵morpheme a²¹morpheme dɯ³⁵ ‘anus / rectum’Chen 86 TuMQ: 9.12

6.1Lolo-Burmese1

*Lolo-Burmesedwaŋ² ‘well (for water)’Matisoff 03 HPTB: 587

6.1.1Burmish54

Achang (Lianghe)lɑ³¹morphemetuŋ⁵⁵ ‘grave’Dai 85 AcJZ

Achang (Lianghe)tʂuUŋ³¹morpheme tuŋ³¹ ‘pit, hole’LaPolla 87: 42

Achang (Lianghe)tʂɯŋ³¹morphemetuŋ³¹ ‘cave’Dai 85 AcJZ

Achang (Lianghe)ɑ³¹morphemetuŋ³⁵ ‘hole’Dai 85 AcJZ

Achang (Longchuan)a³¹prefixtɔŋ³¹ ‘hole’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 34.41

Achang (Longchuan)pum⁵⁵#163 PTB *s-bʷa(m/p) ‘SWELL / SWOLLEN / FAT / THICK / ROUNDED PART’MesorootsPCN *pəm ‘SWELL, BE SWOLLEN’PLB *C-pwap ‘SWELL UP / BE SWOLLEN / STOUT / CALF OF LEG’Allofams1a #163 PTB *s-bʷa(m/p) ‘SWELL / SWOLLEN / FAT / THICK / ROUNDED PART’1b #1317 PTB *bwap ‘CALF / LEG’tɔŋ³¹ n‘cave (mountain)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0028.28

Achang (Longchuan)pum⁵⁵morphemetɔŋ³¹ ‘cave’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 33.41

Achang (Longchuan)pun⁵⁵#1423 PTB *puŋ ‘HOLE’ tɔŋ³¹ ‘pit, hole’LaPolla 87: 42

Achang (Longchuan)tɔŋ³¹ n‘cave / hole’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0029.28

Achang (Longchuan)tɔŋ³¹ n‘pit’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0036.28

Achang (Longchuan)tɕhi³¹#572 PTB *kləy ‘BODY DIRT / EXCREMENT’PKC *mik-khlii ‘TEARS’PCN *a-khləjʔ ‘FECES, EXCREMENT’TGTM *ᴬkli ‘FECES,SHIT’PKar *khrejᴮ ‘BODY DIRT’tuŋ³¹ n‘buttocks’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0099.28

Achang (Longchuan)tɕhi³¹#572 PTB *kləy ‘BODY DIRT / EXCREMENT’PKC *mik-khlii ‘TEARS’PCN *a-khləjʔ ‘FECES, EXCREMENT’TGTM *ᴬkli ‘FECES,SHIT’PKar *khrejᴮ ‘BODY DIRT’tuŋ³¹tuŋ³¹ n‘anus’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0115.28

Achang (Longchuan)ʐɿ³¹morphemetuŋ⁵⁵ n‘tomb’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0071.28

Achang (Longchuan)ʐɿ³¹morphemetuŋ⁵⁵ ‘grave’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 364.41

Achang (Luxi)tsəŋ⁵¹morphemetuaŋ⁵¹ ‘cave’Dai 85 AcJZ

Achang (Luxi)tuaŋ⁵¹ ‘hole’Dai 85 AcJZ

Achang (Xiandao)khu⁵⁵#572 PTB *kləy ‘BODY DIRT / EXCREMENT’PKC *mik-khlii ‘TEARS’PCN *a-khləjʔ ‘FECES, EXCREMENT’TGTM *ᴬkli ‘FECES,SHIT’PKar *khrejᴮ ‘BODY DIRT’tuŋ³¹ n‘buttocks’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0099.29

Achang (Xiandao)khɯ̆³¹#572 PTB *kləy ‘BODY DIRT / EXCREMENT’PKC *mik-khlii ‘TEARS’PCN *a-khləjʔ ‘FECES, EXCREMENT’TGTM *ᴬkli ‘FECES,SHIT’PKar *khrejᴮ ‘BODY DIRT’tuŋ³¹ n‘anus’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0115.29

Achang (Xiandao)kʰu⁵⁵#572 PTB *kləy ‘BODY DIRT / EXCREMENT’PKC *mik-khlii ‘TEARS’PCN *a-khləjʔ ‘FECES, EXCREMENT’TGTM *ᴬkli ‘FECES,SHIT’PKar *khrejᴮ ‘BODY DIRT’ tuŋ³¹ ‘buttocks’Dai 89 Xian: 122

Achang (Xiandao)kʰɯ̆³¹#572 PTB *kləy ‘BODY DIRT / EXCREMENT’PKC *mik-khlii ‘TEARS’PCN *a-khləjʔ ‘FECES, EXCREMENT’TGTM *ᴬkli ‘FECES,SHIT’PKar *khrejᴮ ‘BODY DIRT’ tuŋ³¹ ‘anus’Dai 89 Xian: 140

Bola (Luxi)pam⁵⁵#163 PTB *s-bʷa(m/p) ‘SWELL / SWOLLEN / FAT / THICK / ROUNDED PART’MesorootsPCN *pəm ‘SWELL, BE SWOLLEN’PLB *C-pwap ‘SWELL UP / BE SWOLLEN / STOUT / CALF OF LEG’Allofams1a #163 PTB *s-bʷa(m/p) ‘SWELL / SWOLLEN / FAT / THICK / ROUNDED PART’1b #1317 PTB *bwap ‘CALF / LEG’tuŋ³¹ n‘cave (mountain)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0028.32

Bola (Luxi)tuŋ³¹ n‘cave / hole’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0029.32

Bola (Luxi)tuŋ³¹ŋja̱m³⁵ n‘trap / pitfall’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0639.32

Burmese (Written)kham#454 PTB *r-ka(ː)m ‘LIP / MOUTH / EDGE / BANK’PKC *kam ‘MOUTH’PCC *kam ‘BANK / SIDE / SHORE’-twâŋ ‘mouth’Matisoff 87 BP

Burmese (Written)remorpheme-twâŋ ‘well / pit’Matisoff 74 TJLB: 202

Burmese (Written)remorpheme-twàŋ ‘pit, hole, cave’Benedict 72 STC: 169

Burmese (Written)re²morphemetwɑŋ³ n‘well’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0035.26

Burmese (Written)re²morphemetwɑŋ³ ‘well’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 22.39

Burmese (Written)remorpheme◦twaṅ: n‘well’Marrison 67 Naga

Burmese (Written)twaṅ: ‘hole’Marrison 67 Naga

Burmese (Written)twâŋ ‘hole, pit’Benedict 76 WBur

Burmese (Written)twâŋ ‘pit, hole’LaPolla 87: 42

Burmese (Written)twaŋ ‘hole, pit’Benedict 72 STC: 169

Burmese (Written)twɑŋ³ n‘pit’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0036.26

Langsu (Luxi)tuŋ³⁵ n‘cave (mountain)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0028.31

Langsu (Luxi)tuŋ³⁵ n‘cave / hole’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0029.31

Langsu (Luxi)tuŋ³⁵khuŋ³¹ n‘pit’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0036.31

Lashinə̌³³#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’ tuaŋ³³ ‘ear canal’Dai 89 Lash: 3.6.4

Lashinə̌³³#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’ tuaŋ³³ khou³³morpheme ‘inner ear’Dai 89 Lash: 3.6.3

Lashitʃhə̌⁵⁵#577 PTB *r/s-kya(k/ŋ) ‘SHIT / EXCREMENT’ khuŋ⁵⁵#820 PTB *(g/k)uŋ ‘HOLE / ORIFICE / INNER PART’PNN *koːŋ ‘EMPTY’TGTM *ᴮkʰuŋ ‘HOLE / PIT’PKir *goŋ ‘HEART’PLB *guŋ² ⪤ *kuŋ² ‘HOLLOW / HOLE / EMPTY’PL *koŋ¹ ‘INSIDE HOUSE’ tuaŋ³³ ‘anus / rectum’Dai 89 Lash: 9.12

Leqi (Luxi)mjoʔ³¹#681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’MesorootsPCN *mjak ⪤ *hmik ‘EYE’PLB *s-myak ‘EYE’Allofams1 #33 PTB *s-myak ⪤ *s-mik ‘EYE’1a #682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’1b #681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’tuaŋ³³ n‘face’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0082.33

Leqi (Luxi)tuaŋ³³ n‘cave / hole’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0029.33

Leqi (Luxi)tuaŋ³³khuaŋ⁵⁵ n‘pit’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0036.33

Leqi (Luxi)tʃhə̆⁵⁵#577 PTB *r/s-kya(k/ŋ) ‘SHIT / EXCREMENT’khuŋ⁵⁵#820 PTB *(g/k)uŋ ‘HOLE / ORIFICE / INNER PART’PNN *koːŋ ‘EMPTY’TGTM *ᴮkʰuŋ ‘HOLE / PIT’PKir *goŋ ‘HEART’PLB *guŋ² ⪤ *kuŋ² ‘HOLLOW / HOLE / EMPTY’PL *koŋ¹ ‘INSIDE HOUSE’tuaŋ³³ n‘anus’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0115.33

Maru [Langsu]nə̆³¹#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’ tuŋ³⁵ ‘ear canal’Dai 89 Lang: 3.6.4

Maru [Langsu]nə̆³¹#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’ tuŋ³⁵ khuk³¹morpheme ‘inner ear’Dai 89 Lang: 3.6.3

Maru [Langsu]tuŋ³⁵ ‘cave’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 33.43

Maru [Langsu]tuŋ³⁵ ‘hole’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 34.43

Atsi [Zaiwa]khjuŋ#489 PTB *k/s-raw(k/ŋ) ⪤ *k-rwa(k/ŋ) ‘THROAT’PTk *rok ‘THROAT / LARYNX / VOICE’ ²¹toŋ²¹ n‘throat’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0141.30

Atsi [Zaiwa]pum⁵¹#163 PTB *s-bʷa(m/p) ‘SWELL / SWOLLEN / FAT / THICK / ROUNDED PART’MesorootsPCN *pəm ‘SWELL, BE SWOLLEN’PLB *C-pwap ‘SWELL UP / BE SWOLLEN / STOUT / CALF OF LEG’Allofams1a #163 PTB *s-bʷa(m/p) ‘SWELL / SWOLLEN / FAT / THICK / ROUNDED PART’1b #1317 PTB *bwap ‘CALF / LEG’toŋ²¹ n‘cave (mountain)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0028.30

Atsi [Zaiwa]pum⁵¹morphemetoŋ²¹ ‘cave’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 33.42

Atsi [Zaiwa]toŋ²¹ n‘cave / hole’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0029.30

Atsi [Zaiwa]toŋ²¹ ‘hole’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 34.42

Atsi [Zaiwa]tʃhĭ⁵⁵#577 PTB *r/s-kya(k/ŋ) ‘SHIT / EXCREMENT’toŋ²¹ n‘anus’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0115.30

6.1.2.1Northern Loloish25

Gazhuotuŋ³⁵ n‘cave / hole’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0029.47

Laloʔnɑ⁵⁵#803 PTB *s-na ⪤ *s-naːr ‘NOSE’PKC *hnaar ‘NOSE’PCN *na(ʔ) ‘NOSE’PTk *na ‘NOSE’TGTM *ᴬʰna ‘NOSE’ kʰu̪³³#809 PTB *(k/g)ywaŋ ‘NOSE’ kʰu̪⁵⁵#820 PTB *(g/k)uŋ ‘HOLE / ORIFICE / INNER PART’PNN *koːŋ ‘EMPTY’TGTM *ᴮkʰuŋ ‘HOLE / PIT’PKir *goŋ ‘HEART’PLB *guŋ² ⪤ *kuŋ² ‘HOLLOW / HOLE / EMPTY’PL *koŋ¹ ‘INSIDE HOUSE’ du̪⁵⁵ ‘nostril’Chen 86 Yi: 3.5.2

Nasuɬi³³#572 PTB *kləy ‘BODY DIRT / EXCREMENT’PKC *mik-khlii ‘TEARS’PCN *a-khləjʔ ‘FECES, EXCREMENT’TGTM *ᴬkli ‘FECES,SHIT’PKar *khrejᴮ ‘BODY DIRT’ xo³³#820 PTB *(g/k)uŋ ‘HOLE / ORIFICE / INNER PART’PNN *koːŋ ‘EMPTY’TGTM *ᴮkʰuŋ ‘HOLE / PIT’PKir *goŋ ‘HEART’PLB *guŋ² ⪤ *kuŋ² ‘HOLLOW / HOLE / EMPTY’PL *koŋ¹ ‘INSIDE HOUSE’ du³³ ‘anus / rectum’Chen 86 Yi: 9.12

Nesuthi³³morpheme du³³ ‘anus / rectum’Chen 86 Yi: 9.12

Noesuʈhi²¹morphemedu³³ ‘anus’Chen 86 Yi: 9.12

Nusu (Northern)dõ³⁵ ‘hole’Sun J 86 Nusu

Nusu (Central)doŋ⁵⁵ n‘cave / hole’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0029.34

Nusu (Central)doŋ⁵⁵ n‘pit’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0036.34

Nusu (Southern)dõ⁵⁵ ‘hole’Sun J 86 Nusu

Nusu (Central)khɹi⁵⁵#572 PTB *kləy ‘BODY DIRT / EXCREMENT’PKC *mik-khlii ‘TEARS’PCN *a-khləjʔ ‘FECES, EXCREMENT’TGTM *ᴬkli ‘FECES,SHIT’PKar *khrejᴮ ‘BODY DIRT’doŋ⁵⁵ n‘anus’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0115.34

Nusu (Central)kʰʴi⁵⁵#572 PTB *kləy ‘BODY DIRT / EXCREMENT’PKC *mik-khlii ‘TEARS’PCN *a-khləjʔ ‘FECES, EXCREMENT’TGTM *ᴬkli ‘FECES,SHIT’PKar *khrejᴮ ‘BODY DIRT’ doŋ⁵⁵ ‘anus’Dai 89 NusB: 140.

Nusu (Central/Zhizhiluo)kʰʴi⁵⁵#572 PTB *kləy ‘BODY DIRT / EXCREMENT’PKC *mik-khlii ‘TEARS’PCN *a-khləjʔ ‘FECES, EXCREMENT’TGTM *ᴬkli ‘FECES,SHIT’PKar *khrejᴮ ‘BODY DIRT’ dõ⁵³ ‘anus’Dai 89 NusA: 140.

Nusu (Northern)lu̱³¹morphemedõ³⁵ ‘cave’Sun J 86 Nusu

Yi (Dafang)fa¹³morphemedu³³ ‘cave’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 33.22

Yi (Dafang)tɕhɒ³³#3363 PTB *m-tsywa(ŋ) ‘THROAT’thɔ²¹ ‘throat’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 249.22

Yi (Dafang)tɕʰɒ³³#3363 PTB *m-tsywa(ŋ) ‘THROAT’ tʰɔ²¹ ‘throat’Chen 85 YiJZ

Yi (Mojiang)tɯ²¹ ‘cave’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 33.26

Yi (Nanhua)du²¹ n‘pit’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0036.37

Yi (Nanhua)du³³ ‘cave’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 33.24

Yi (Nanhua)du³³;thu³³ ‘hole’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 34.24

Yi (Nanhua)ɕi²¹#572 PTB *kləy ‘BODY DIRT / EXCREMENT’PKC *mik-khlii ‘TEARS’PCN *a-khləjʔ ‘FECES, EXCREMENT’TGTM *ᴬkli ‘FECES,SHIT’PKar *khrejᴮ ‘BODY DIRT’du²¹ n‘anus’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0115.37

Yi (Nanjian)khu̪⁵⁵#665 PTB *kwar ‘HOLE / ORIFICE / INNARDS’PKC *kuar ‘HOLLOW / SUNKEN’PKC *kua ‘HOLE / BURROW / CAVITY’PKC *khur ⪤ *khor ‘DITCH / HOLE / PIT / WELL (n.)’PCN *a-ku ⪤ *a-khən ‘HOLE’PTk *kʰur ‘HOLE / ANUS’PNN *gor ‘HOLE / CAVE’du̪⁵⁵ ‘cave’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 33.23

Yi (Nanjian)khu̪⁵⁵#820 PTB *(g/k)uŋ ‘HOLE / ORIFICE / INNER PART’PNN *koːŋ ‘EMPTY’TGTM *ᴮkʰuŋ ‘HOLE / PIT’PKir *goŋ ‘HEART’PLB *guŋ² ⪤ *kuŋ² ‘HOLLOW / HOLE / EMPTY’PL *koŋ¹ ‘INSIDE HOUSE’du̪⁵⁵ ‘hole’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 34.23

Yi (Weishan)khu̪⁵⁵#665 PTB *kwar ‘HOLE / ORIFICE / INNARDS’PKC *kuar ‘HOLLOW / SUNKEN’PKC *kua ‘HOLE / BURROW / CAVITY’PKC *khur ⪤ *khor ‘DITCH / HOLE / PIT / WELL (n.)’PCN *a-ku ⪤ *a-khən ‘HOLE’PTk *kʰur ‘HOLE / ANUS’PNN *gor ‘HOLE / CAVE’du̪⁵⁵ n‘cave / hole’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0029.36

Yi (Wuding)dv̩³³ n‘pit’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0036.38

6.1.2.2Central Loloish10

Lahuɣɨ#1013 PTB *rəy ‘WATER / LIQUID / BODILY FLUID’PLB *rəy¹ ‘WATER’PL *re¹ ‘WATER’◦tú ‘pit, hole, cave’Benedict 72 STC: 169

Lahu (Black)qhɛ̂#572 PTB *kləy ‘BODY DIRT / EXCREMENT’PKC *mik-khlii ‘TEARS’PCN *a-khləjʔ ‘FECES, EXCREMENT’TGTM *ᴬkli ‘FECES,SHIT’PKar *khrejᴮ ‘BODY DIRT’-tû ‘anus’Matisoff 87 BP

Lahu (Black)qhɛ̂#572 PTB *kləy ‘BODY DIRT / EXCREMENT’PKC *mik-khlii ‘TEARS’PCN *a-khləjʔ ‘FECES, EXCREMENT’TGTM *ᴬkli ‘FECES,SHIT’PKar *khrejᴮ ‘BODY DIRT’-tû-qhɔ#820 PTB *(g/k)uŋ ‘HOLE / ORIFICE / INNER PART’PNN *koːŋ ‘EMPTY’TGTM *ᴮkʰuŋ ‘HOLE / PIT’PKir *goŋ ‘HEART’PLB *guŋ² ⪤ *kuŋ² ‘HOLLOW / HOLE / EMPTY’PL *koŋ¹ ‘INSIDE HOUSE’ ‘anus’Matisoff 87 BP

Lisudu ‘pit, hole, cave’Benedict 72 STC: 169

Sani [Nyi]femorpheme-du ‘cave’Benedict 72 STC: 169

Sani [Nyi]pu#1423 PTB *puŋ ‘HOLE’-du ‘hole’Benedict 72 STC: 169

Sani [Nyi]tʂʰʅ²¹#572 PTB *kləy ‘BODY DIRT / EXCREMENT’PKC *mik-khlii ‘TEARS’PCN *a-khləjʔ ‘FECES, EXCREMENT’TGTM *ᴬkli ‘FECES,SHIT’PKar *khrejᴮ ‘BODY DIRT’ du²¹ ‘anus’Wu 84: 196.2

Sani [Nyi]ɬi²¹#572 PTB *kləy ‘BODY DIRT / EXCREMENT’PKC *mik-khlii ‘TEARS’PCN *a-khləjʔ ‘FECES, EXCREMENT’TGTM *ᴬkli ‘FECES,SHIT’PKar *khrejᴮ ‘BODY DIRT’du²¹ ‘anus’Chen 86 Yi: 9.12

Sani [Nyi]ɬi²¹#572 PTB *kləy ‘BODY DIRT / EXCREMENT’PKC *mik-khlii ‘TEARS’PCN *a-khləjʔ ‘FECES, EXCREMENT’TGTM *ᴬkli ‘FECES,SHIT’PKar *khrejᴮ ‘BODY DIRT’du²¹ ‘anus’Wu 84

Yi (Sani)ɬz̩¹¹#572 PTB *kləy ‘BODY DIRT / EXCREMENT’PKC *mik-khlii ‘TEARS’PCN *a-khləjʔ ‘FECES, EXCREMENT’TGTM *ᴬkli ‘FECES,SHIT’PKar *khrejᴮ ‘BODY DIRT’dv̩¹¹ n‘anus’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0115.39

6.1.2.3Southern Loloish4

Mpithaŋʔ¹ ‘cave’Srinuan 76

Côông [Phunoi]li³⁵#479 PTB *g/m-liŋ ‘NECK’PTani *lɯŋ ‘NECK’ kho³⁵#3361 PTB *gwaŋ ‘NECK / THROAT’PTani *gruŋ? ‘THROAT’PTk *kʰoŋ ‘NECK’PLB *ʔgoŋ² ‘NECK / NECK-LIKE PART’ tõ³¹ phanmorpheme ‘neck / throat’Ferlus 91: 4

Côông [Phunoi]li³⁵#479 PTB *g/m-liŋ ‘NECK’PTani *lɯŋ ‘NECK’ khũ#3361 PTB *gwaŋ ‘NECK / THROAT’PTani *gruŋ? ‘THROAT’PTk *kʰoŋ ‘NECK’PLB *ʔgoŋ² ‘NECK / NECK-LIKE PART’ tõ³¹ phanmorpheme ‘neck / throat’Ferlus 91: 4

Sangkongmaŋ³¹morpheme thoŋ³¹ ‘mouth’Li Yongsui 91 Sang

6.2Naxi7

Laze (Xiangjiao)pɑ˥morphemetv˥ ‘pitfall, pit, trap; little hole in the ground, uneven patch on the ground; puddle, pool, water hole’Michaud 06 NaLaze: 1350

Na (Yongning)qʰæ˧#572 PTB *kləy ‘BODY DIRT / EXCREMENT’PKC *mik-khlii ‘TEARS’PCN *a-khləjʔ ‘FECES, EXCREMENT’TGTM *ᴬkli ‘FECES,SHIT’PKar *khrejᴮ ‘BODY DIRT’tv˧ ‘anus’Michaud 06 NaLaze

Na (Yongning)ɲi˧#467 PTB *s-muːr ‘MOUTH / LIP / HOLD IN MOUTH / CHEW / FACE / GILLS’PKC *hmuur ‘LIP / BEAK / MOUTH / TIP’PCN *mən ‘MOUTH’PTk *mor ‘MOUTH’to˧ ‘mouth and jaw’Michaud 06 NaLaze

Naxi (Western)nv⁵⁵#467 PTB *s-muːr ‘MOUTH / LIP / HOLD IN MOUTH / CHEW / FACE / GILLS’PKC *hmuur ‘LIP / BEAK / MOUTH / TIP’PCN *mən ‘MOUTH’PTk *mor ‘MOUTH’tɑ³³ ‘mouth’He 85

Naxinv̩⁵⁵#467 PTB *s-muːr ‘MOUTH / LIP / HOLD IN MOUTH / CHEW / FACE / GILLS’PKC *hmuur ‘LIP / BEAK / MOUTH / TIP’PCN *mən ‘MOUTH’PTk *mor ‘MOUTH’tɑ⁵³ n‘mouth’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0084.45

Naxi (Yongning)ȵe³¹#467 PTB *s-muːr ‘MOUTH / LIP / HOLD IN MOUTH / CHEW / FACE / GILLS’PKC *hmuur ‘LIP / BEAK / MOUTH / TIP’PCN *mən ‘MOUTH’PTk *mor ‘MOUTH’to³¹ ‘mouth’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 242.29

Naxi (Eastern)ȵi³³#467 PTB *s-muːr ‘MOUTH / LIP / HOLD IN MOUTH / CHEW / FACE / GILLS’PKC *hmuur ‘LIP / BEAK / MOUTH / TIP’PCN *mən ‘MOUTH’PTk *mor ‘MOUTH’to³³ ‘mouth’He 85

8Bai14

Bai (Dali)nio#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’ tɔ 34 ‘ear’Dell 81: 255

Bai (Dali)nio³#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’ tɔ⁴ ‘ear’Dell 81: pp.150-169

Bai (Dali)ȵv̩³³#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’ to³¹ ‘ear’Xu 84 Bai

Bai (Dali)ȵv³³#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’to⁴² ‘ear’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 241.35

Bai (Jianchuan)tṽ⁴⁴ ‘cave’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 33.36

9.0.1Old Chinese2

Chinese (Old)dong n‘tube’Coblin 86: 153

Chinese (Old)dungh n‘cave / hole’Coblin 86: 53

9.0.2Middle Chinese2

Chinese (Middle)dung n‘tube’Coblin 86: 153

Chinese (Middle)dung- n‘cave / hole’Coblin 86: 53

9.0.3Modern Chinese3

Chinese (Mandarin)dòng ‘hole’Evans 91

Chinese (Mandarin)duhng ‘hole (deep)’Sun J 85 ChGl: 181

Chinese (Mandarin)kuung#820 PTB *(g/k)uŋ ‘HOLE / ORIFICE / INNER PART’PNN *koːŋ ‘EMPTY’TGTM *ᴮkʰuŋ ‘HOLE / PIT’PKir *goŋ ‘HEART’PLB *guŋ² ⪤ *kuŋ² ‘HOLLOW / HOLE / EMPTY’PL *koŋ¹ ‘INSIDE HOUSE’◦duhng ‘hole’Sun J 85 ChGl: 366

Cite this entry

STEDT etymon #822, *dwa(ː)ŋ ‘HOLE / ORIFICE / CAVE / PIT / WELL (FOR WATER)’.

Stable link: https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/822

Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].

References: cf. STC#169, STC p.45, n.150, HPTB p.269

BibTeX

@misc{stedt-822,
  title  = {{*dwa(ː)ŋ 'HOLE / ORIFICE / CAVE / PIT / WELL (FOR WATER)'}},
  author = {STEDT},
  year   = {2017},
  note   = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #822},
  url    = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/822}
}