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STEDT #163

*s-bʷa(m/p)

SWELL / SWOLLEN / FAT / THICK / ROUNDED PART
Proto-Tibeto-Burman

Reconstruction analysis

handlebwaminitial(p/b)(rhymea(m/p)coverP · NT

Intermediate reconstructions

Central Naga (Ao Group)*pəm ‘SWELL, BE SWOLLEN’PCN #140
Lolo-Burmese*C-pwap ‘SWELL UP / BE SWOLLEN / STOUT / CALF OF LEG’

Connections

Allofams
HPTB*bwap ⪤ *s-bwam ‘swell up / be swollen / stout / calf of leg’pp. 252, 341, 518
HPTB (PLB)*m-pwam²/³ ‘swollen / plump’p. 249
HPTB (PLB)*C-pwapᴸ ‘swell up’p. 315
See also*bwap ‘CALF / LEG’

Notes

This is the most general form of the complex word family also exemplified in several other etyma, including #674 PTB *pʷam WOMB / PLACENTA / BELLY / STOMACH / NEST (which itself has several allofams), #1855 PTB *bwat PREGNANT / SWOLLEN, and #3 PTB *pum BODY / BELLY.

For a possibly related root, see #1852 PTB *bwar SWELLING / GOITER.

Reflexes & cognates203 reflexes · 37 subgroups

0.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)6

*Tibeto-Burman(s-)bwam ‘plump, swollen’Benedict 72 STC: 24n78
*Tibeto-Burmanbwam ‘plump, swollen’Benedict 72 STC: 172
*Tibeto-Burmanbwap ⪤ s-bwam ‘swell up / be swollen / stout / calf of leg’Matisoff 03 HPTB: 585
*Tibeto-Burmans-bwam ‘swelling, rounded, convex’Matisoff 78 VSTB

1.1.1.1Western Tani1

Galogiːmorpheme-pu ‘goiter’Das Gupta 63 Gal

1.1.2Deng4

Darang [Taraon]kɯ³¹morphemesɑ⁵³morphemepɯm⁵⁵dzeŋ⁵⁵morpheme ‘buttocks’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 262.49
Kaman [Miju]pɑp⁵³ ‘goiter (jingliu)’Sun H 80 MLD
Kaman [Miju]pʰɯp⁵⁵ ‘swell up’Sun H 80 MLD

1.2Kuki-Chin1

Analìmorpheme-pɔ̀om v.i.‘fat’Weidert 87 TBTo: 323

1.2.2Central Chin2

Lushai [Mizo]puam v.‘swollen, swell’Benedict 72 STC: 172

1.2.4“Old Kuki”1

Kom Rembiŋmorpheme◦pʰo ‘goiter’Toba 91 KRQ: 4.1.1

1.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)15

*Central Nagapəm ‘SWELL, BE SWOLLEN’Bruhn 14 PCN: III.140
Lotha Nagapəm¹- v.‘swell, be swollen’Bruhn 14 PCN: III.140
Lotha NagaBumm◦asuffix v.‘swell / be swollen’Nienu 90 LotQ: 12.4
Lotha Nagampam adj‘round’Marrison 67 Naga
Lotha Nagampüm◦asuffix ‘round’Murry 78: 106
Lotha Nagapüm◦asuffix ‘swell’Murry 78: 121
Lotha Nagapə̄m◦òsuffix v.‘swell’Acharya 75
Lotha Naga¹bɯm v.i.‘fat’Weidert 87 TBTo: 323
Sangtampüm◦chosuffix ‘swell’Kumar 73 Sang
Yimchungrüaprefix◦püm◦khisuffix v.‘swell’Kumar 73 Yim: 95

1.3.2Angami-Pochuri Group3

Angami (Kohima)vo³¹morpheme pho³¹ ‘goiter’Nienu 90 AngQ: 4.1.1
Chokrivo³¹morpheme pho³¹ ‘goiter’Nienu 90 ChoQ: 4.1.1

1.3.3Zeme Group2

Liangmeipũam v.i.‘fat’Weidert 87 TBTo: 323

1.3.4Tangkhulic1

Tangkhulāmorpheme◦phen ‘abdomen / belly’Matisoff 87 BP

1.4Meithei2

Meitheikhəw#5651 PTB *ku ‘NECK / THROAT’ pom◦bəsuffix ‘swollen lymph nodes (neck)’Singh 91 MeiQ: 4.1.2
Meitheipom◦bəsuffix v.‘swell / be swollen’Singh 91 MeiQ: 12.4

1.7.2Northern Naga/Konyakian2

*Northern Nagapʰum ‘round (of body parts)’French 83: 540

1.7.2.2Konyak-Chang5

Changpam sammorpheme bumorpheme ‘round’French 83: 540
Changpam◦sammorpheme◦bümorpheme adj‘round’Marrison 67 Naga
Khiamngan¹²amorpheme ²¹bᴜm v.i.‘fat’Weidert 87 TBTo: 323

1.7.3.1Jingpho19

Jingphobam-bam ‘cheek’Matisoff 87 BP
Jingphobom-bom ‘swelling; round and chubby’Benedict 72 STC: 172
Jingphobòp ‘calf of leg’Matisoff 74 TJLB: 382
Jingphobòp ‘calf of leg’Matisoff 78 VSTB
Jingphobum ‘mountain’Marrison 67 Naga
Jingphobúm ‘mountain’Matisoff 93 PC
Jingphohpum adj‘fat’Marrison 67 Naga
Jingphophum³³ ‘fat (person)’Liu 84
Jingphophum³³ ‘fat (pig)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1025.19
Jingphophum³³ ‘fat (of people)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 849.47
Jingphopum ‘mountain’Marrison 67 Naga
Jingphopum³¹ ‘mountain’Liu 84
Jingphopum³¹ n‘hill / mountain’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0023.19
Jingphopum³¹ ‘mountain’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 25.47
Jingphopum⁵⁵ ‘swell up’Liu 84
Jingpho³pum v.i.‘fat’Weidert 87 TBTo: 323

2.1.2Bodic5

Tshona (Wenlang)bø³⁵ ‘swell up’Lu 86 CuoM
Tshona (Mama)bɔm¹³mo⁵³suffix ‘thick’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 811.6
Tshona (Mama)bɔ¹³ ‘swell up’Sun H 80 MLD
Cuona Menbabɔm³⁵mo⁵³morpheme adj‘wide (in diameter) / coarse’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0966.06

2.1.2.1Tibetan10

Tibetan (Batang)bɑ̃¹³mbᴜ⁵³suffix adj‘wide (in diameter) / coarse (of a rope)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0966.03
Tibetan (Lhasa)pom¹³po⁵⁵suffix adj‘wide (in diameter) / coarse’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0966.02
Tibetan (Lhasa)pom¹⁵po⁵³suffix ‘thick’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 811.2
Sherpasupq ‘abdomen / belly’Matisoff 87 BP
Sherpasupq ‘belly / stomach’Matisoff 78 VSTB: (5)
Tibetan (Written)sbom ‘thick, stout’Matisoff 78 VSTB
Tibetan (Written)sbom posuffix adj‘wide (in diameter) / coarse (of a rope)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0966.01
Tibetan (Written)sbom posuffix ‘thick’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 811.1
Tibetan (Written)sbom-pasuffix ‘thick, stout, coarse’Benedict 72 STC: 172
Tibetan (Written)sbom◦pasuffix ‘thick’Marrison 67 Naga

2.2Newar6

Newarkhyammorpheme pwa: ‘anus / rectum’Shakya 89: 9.12
Newarkhyāːmmorpheme-pwaː ‘anus’Matisoff 87 BP
Newarpwā(th) ‘abdomen / belly’Matisoff 87 BP
Newarpwā: ‘belly / abdomen’Shakya 89: 5.7
Newarpwa◦thɔemorpheme dɔegumorpheme be v.‘pregnant’Newar -gu ‘nominalizer/relativizer’.Shakya 89: 10.4.14

2.3.1Eastern Kiranti2

Yakhagalmorpheme◦phuː◦lamorpheme ‘swollen lymph nodes (in neck)’Kohn 90: 4.1.2

2.3.3Central Kiranti2

Khalingbwàp ‘eyeball’Matisoff 87 BP

2.3.4Western Kiranti1

3.2Qiangic9

Muyambø³³mbø⁵³ adj‘wide (in diameter) / coarse’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0966.15
Pumi (Jiulong)pẽ¹¹pẽ³⁵ adj‘wide (in diameter) / coarse’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0966.10
Pumi (Lanping)bə̃⁵⁵ adj‘wide (in diameter) / coarse’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0966.09
Qiang (Mawo)tsumorpheme pu ‘hunchback’Sun H 91 MawQ: 5.5.6
Qiang (Yadu)tsumorpheme pu ‘hunchback’Dai 89 Qian: 263
Xumibũ³⁵ ‘thick’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 811.20

3.3rGyalrongic2

Ergong (Northern)ɬtiak³³morpheme ɣbop¹³ ‘swollen spleen (illness)’Sun H 91 ErNQ: 9.8.1

3.3.1rGyalrong4

rGyalrong (Eastern)tɐprefix◦spɐp ‘goiter’Sun H 91 rEQ: 4.1.1
rGyalrong (Eastern)təprefix◦pʰʃumorpheme kʰɐtmorpheme nammorpheme◦bop ‘swollen spleen (illness)’Sun H 91 rEQ: 9.8.1
rGyalrong (NW)təprefix◦zbap ‘goiter’Sun H 91 rNW: 4.1.1

6.1Lolo-Burmese5

Several Lolo-Burmese languages have reflexes of more than one allofam, e.g. Lahu phòʔ ‘swell up’ < PLB *C-pwap, and pɛ̀ ‘goiter’ < PLB *bum¹.

*Lolo-BurmeseC-pwapᴸ ‘swell up’Matisoff 03 HPTB: 608
*Lolo-BurmeseNpwap (HIGH);‘swell up / be swollen / stout / calf of leg’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 92(a)
*Lolo-Burmesepwap (HIGH);‘swell up / be swollen / stout / calf of leg’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 92(d)
*Lolo-Burmese{C}-pwam GD 110;‘swell up / be swollen / stout / calf of leg’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 92(c)
*Lolo-Burmese{C}-pwap (LOW);G‘swell up / be swollen / stout / calf ofleg’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 92(b)

6.1.1Burmish28

Achang (Longchuan)pum⁵⁵ n‘hill / mountain’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0023.28
Achang (Longchuan)pum⁵⁵ʐəŋ³¹morpheme n‘hillside / mountain slope’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0024.28
Achang (Longchuan)pum⁵⁵ʐəŋ³¹morpheme ‘slope’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 30.41
Achang (Xiandao)pum⁵³tʐoŋ³¹morpheme n‘cave (mountain)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0028.29
Achang (Xiandao)pum⁵⁵ n‘hill / mountain’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0023.29
Achang (Xiandao)tsɔ³¹morpheme pum³¹ ‘pregnant’Dai 89 Xian: 1912
Achang (Xiandao)tsɔ³¹morphemepum³¹ v.‘pregnant, be’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1379.29
Bola (Luxi)pam⁵⁵ n‘hill / mountain’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0023.32
Bola (Luxi)pam⁵⁵pu̱ŋ³⁵morpheme n‘cave (mountain)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0028.32
Burmese (Modern)pʻwaṁʼ¹ ‘plump, fat’Luce 85: G.113
Burmese (Written)phwaṁʼ ‘fat, plump’Benedict 76 WBur
Burmese (Written)pʻwaṁʼ ‘plump, stout’Luce 85: X.214
Langsu (Luxi)pam³¹ n‘hill / mountain’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0023.31
Langsu (Luxi)pam³¹kha⁵⁵morpheme n‘hillside / mountain slope’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0024.31
Lashipɔ:ŋ³³ v.‘swell / be swollen’Dai 89 Lash: 12.4
Leqi (Luxi)pɔm³¹ n‘hill / mountain’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0023.33
Maru [Langsu]pam³¹ ‘mountain’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 25.43
Maru [Langsu]pauŋ³⁵ v.‘swell / be swollen’Dai 89 Lang: 12.4
Atsi [Zaiwa]pum⁵¹ n‘hill / mountain’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0023.30
Atsi [Zaiwa]pum⁵¹ ‘mountain’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 25.42

6.1.2Loloish1

*LoloishC-pwam²/apᴸ ‘swell up’Bradley 79 PLo: 740A

6.1.2.1Northern Loloish16

Gazhuophv̩³³ tsɿ²⁴ v.‘swell / be swollen’Dai 89 Gazh: 12.4
Lalopʰy²¹ v.‘swell / be swollen’Chen 86 Yi: 12.4
Nasupʰɤ̱⁵⁵ v.‘swell / be swollen’Chen 86 Yi: 12.4
Nesubu²¹ ku³³morpheme ‘hunchback’Chen 86 Yi: 5.5.6
Nesupʰɤ̱²¹ v.‘swell / be swollen’Chen 86 Yi: 12.4
Nusu (Central)pho⁵⁵ v.‘bloated, feel (of the stomach)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1788.34
Yi (Dafang)pʰi¹³ ‘swell up’Chen 85 YiJZ
Yi (Lishan)pʰɤ̱³¹ ‘swell, swollen’Dai 87 Gazh
Yi (Nanjian)phȳ²¹ ‘swell up’Chen 85 YiJZ
Yi (Weishan)phy⁵⁵ v.‘bloated, feel (of the stomach)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1788.36
Yi (Wuding)phɤ¹¹ v.‘bloated, feel (of the stomach)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1788.38
Yi (Xide)bɿ²¹-ku²¹morpheme ‘hunchback’Chen 79 YiCh

6.1.2.2Central Loloish36

Ahibo²¹ ʈɑ̱³³morpheme ‘swollen lymph nodes (in neck)’Luo 90: 4.1.2
Ahipʻu²² v.‘swell / be swollen’Luo 90: 12.4
Jinuo (Baka)pø⁵⁵ ‘swell up’Dai 89 JinB: 2595
Jinuo (Youle)pø⁵⁵ ‘swell up’Gai 86
Jinuo (Baya/Banai)pœ⁵⁵ ‘swell up’Dai 89 JinA: 2595
Lahukhɨmorpheme-pɛ̀-qumorpheme ‘calf’Benedict 72 STC: 20n72
Lahu (Black)bú◦ɛ̀ ‘swollen’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 92(a)
Lahu (Black)pɛ̀-qumorpheme ‘goiter’Matisoff 93 PC
Lahu (Black)pɛ³¹pɯ³³#276 PTB *(p/b)i ‘ROUNDED PART / NIPPLE / FOREHEAD / SHOULDER’ ‘chest’This form is also cited in DL:852 as pɛ̀-pɨ ‘crop of bird; (human) breast, chest’. It is co-allofamic with pɛ̀-pì(-qu) ‘chicken’s breast’ (cf. also pɛ̀-qu ‘goiter’).Sun H 91 ZMYY: 257.33
Lahu (Black)pʰuʔ²¹ ‘swell up’Chang 86
Lahu (Yellow)pʰoʔ²¹ ‘swell up’Chang 86
Lisuhpē⁶ ‘swell up’Bradley 79 PLo: 740A
Lisuphò̈ csuffix ‘swell up / be swollen / stout / calf of leg’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 92(b)
Lisuphu³¹ v.‘bloated, feel (of the stomach)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1788.40
Yi (Sani)phv̩³³ v.‘bloated, feel (of the stomach)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1788.39
Sani [Nyi]phɤ̱²¹ ‘swell, swollen’Wu 84
Sani [Nyi]pʰv̩³³ læ³³morpheme v‘swell up (pengzhang)’Ma 89 SanQ: 306.2
Sani [Nyi]pʰv̩³³ læ³³morpheme v‘swell up’Ma 89 SanQ: 362.9.
Sani [Nyi]pʰɤ̱²² ‘swelling (zhong)’Ma 89 SanQ: 306.1
Sani [Nyi]pʻɤ 22s ‘swell up / be swollen / stout / calf of leg’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 92(b)

6.1.2.3Southern Loloish16

Akhabɛ́ ‘goiter’Hansson 89 AHKP: 219
Akhalawˇ behˇ (siˇ) ‘goiter’morpheme · morphemeMatisoff 87 BP
Akhalawˇmorpheme behˇ behˇ-eumorpheme v.‘have a goiter’Matisoff 87 BP
Akha (Yunnan)lɔ́morpheme bɛ́ ‘goiter’Hansson 89 AHKP: 219
Akha (Thai)lɔ́morpheme-bɛ́ ‘goiter’Hansson 89 AHKP: 219
Bisuùmorpheme◦pùm◦pùm be v.‘pregnant’Beaudouin 88 Bisu: 27
Hani (Dazhai)pʰu³¹ ‘swell up’Li Yongsui 86 Hani
Hani (Gelanghe)pʰu³¹ ‘swell up’Li Yongsui 86 Hani
Hani (Wordlist)bbeil◦jjilmorpheme ‘goiter’Hansson 89 AHKP: 219
Mpipeʔ¹ v.‘swell, be swollen’Srinuan 76
Côông [Phunoi]bŏ#50 PTB *bu(r) ‘FAT / FATTY (MEAT)’◦puɑn⁵⁵ biɑ¹¹morpheme jɑu³³morpheme ‘fat’Bradley xx Phu

6.2Naxi1

Laze (Xiangjiao)æ˧prefixbæ˧ ‘goiter’Michaud 06 NaLaze: 315

Cite this entry

STEDT etymon #163, *s-bʷa(m/p) ‘SWELL / SWOLLEN / FAT / THICK / ROUNDED PART’.
Stable link: https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/163
Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].
BibTeX
@misc{stedt-163,
  title  = {{*s-bʷa(m/p) 'SWELL / SWOLLEN / FAT / THICK / ROUNDED PART'}},
  author = {STEDT},
  year   = {2017},
  note   = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #163},
  url    = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/163}
}