The Body › Head and Face › Face › Jaw/Cheek

STEDT #630

*gam

JAW / CHIN / MOLAR

Proto-Tibeto-Burman · exemplary

Reconstruction analysis

handlegaminitialgrhymeamcoverK · N

Connections

HPTB*gam ‘put into mouth / seize with mouth / jaw / molar’p. 299

Notes

This root bears some resemblance to #262 PTB *s-gram CHEEK / FACE / JAW, but should be kept separate for now.
MM: Tamang has two distinct roots: *Akam ‘chin’ and *Agrampa ‘jaw,cheek’

Chinese comparandum

頷 OC *g’əm, GSR #651n’ ‘jaw, chin’; Schuessler 2007:270-1 *gə̂mʔ; B & S 2011: *ɢˁəm {[ɢ]ˁ[ə]mʔ}; Mand. hàn.

Reflexes & cognates172 reflexes · 40 subgroups

0Sino-Tibetan (previously published reconstructions)3

*Sino-Tibetangəm ‘put / throw into mouth’Chou 72: 651l'

*Sino-Tibetangəm ‘hold in the mouth’Coblin 86: 95

*Sino-Tibetangəm ‘jaw / molar’Coblin 86: 99

Apatanigóm-pumorpheme ‘chin’Sun J 93 Tani

Apatanigom-pɯmorpheme ‘chin’Sun J 93 Tani

Apatanigom-pɯsuffix aprefix-lo#232 PTB *s/m/g-rus ‘BONE’MesorootsPKC *ruʔ ‘BONE’PCN *a-rut ‘BONE’PTk *ru ‘BONE’PKar *khrwitᴰ ‘BONE’Allofams1 #232 PTB *s/m/g-rus ‘BONE’1a #234 PTB *s-rus ‘BONE’1b #233 PTB *g-rus ‘BONE’ ‘jaw’Sun J 93 Tani

Apatanigom-pɯmorpheme timorpheme-pemorpheme ‘tattoo (on the chin)’Sun J 93 Tani

Apatanigom-pɯmorpheme tɯmorpheme-pemorpheme ‘chin tattoo’Sun J 93 Tani

Apatani²gom¹pɯmorpheme ‘chin’Weidert 87 TBTo: 756

Bengnigam-mɯ#363 PTB *s/r-mul ⪤ *s-mil ⪤ *s-myal ‘HAIR / FUR / FEATHER’MesorootsPKC *mul ⪤ *hmul ‘HAIR (body) / FUR / WOOL’Allofams1 #363 PTB *s/r-mul ⪤ *s-mil ⪤ *s-myal ‘HAIR / FUR / FEATHER’1a #1429 PTB *s-mu-t ‘BEARD / FACIAL HAIR / HAIR’1b #2058 PTB *mum ‘CHIN / BEARD’ ‘beard’Sun J 93 Tani

Bokarjiː#632 PTB *s/p-wa ‘TOOTH’PTani *fiː ‘TOOTH’PKC *haa ‘TOOTH’PCN *p-hwa ‘TOOTH’PTk *ha ‘TOOTH’PNN *swaᴮ ‘TOOTH’PLB *swa² ‘TOOTH’PL *swa² ‘TOOTH’-kam ‘molar’Sun J 93 Tani

Bokar Lhobajiː#632 PTB *s/p-wa ‘TOOTH’PTani *fiː ‘TOOTH’PKC *haa ‘TOOTH’PCN *p-hwa ‘TOOTH’PTk *ha ‘TOOTH’PNN *swaᴮ ‘TOOTH’PLB *swa² ‘TOOTH’PL *swa² ‘TOOTH’◦kam ‘tooth’Sun H 80 MLD

Galoɟam ‘chew’Das Gupta 63 Gal

Galoˆiː#632 PTB *s/p-wa ‘TOOTH’PTani *fiː ‘TOOTH’PKC *haa ‘TOOTH’PCN *p-hwa ‘TOOTH’PTk *ha ‘TOOTH’PNN *swaᴮ ‘TOOTH’PLB *swa² ‘TOOTH’PL *swa² ‘TOOTH’◦gam ‘molar’Weidert 87 TBTo: 510

Miri, Hillgam-ɲa#634 PTB *s-ŋya ‘TUSK / TOOTH’PCC *hŋaw ‘FANG / CANINE TOOTH’ ‘molar’Simon 76 Miri

1.1.1.2Eastern Tani2

Damugom-pək ‘palate’Sun J 93 Tani

Mishing [Miri]gɑm C,A‘hold in mouth / put in mouth’Chou 72: 651l'

1.1.2Deng1

Idutã#3316 PTB *twaŋ ‘TOOTH / MOLAR’◦ɟam◦bomorpheme ‘tooth(back)’Pulu 78

1.2Kuki-Chin1

Thanphumkɑm¹ ‘jaw / chin’Luce 85: P.1

1.2.1.2Southern Plains Chin1

Matupikɑm⁴ ‘jaw / chin’Luce 85: P.1

1.2.4“Old Kuki”5

Kom Remčuŋ#2049 PTB *tsyaŋ ‘JAW’ rəmorpheme◦kəm ‘upper jaw / maxilla’Toba 91 KRQ: 3.13.2

Kom Remrəmorpheme◦kəm ‘jaw’Toba 91 KRQ: 3.13

Kom Remrʌprefix-kám ‘chin’Weidert 87 TBTo: 756

Kom Remtʰuimorpheme rəmorpheme◦kəm ‘lower jaw / mandible’Toba 91 KRQ: 3.13.1

Moyonhà#632 PTB *s/p-wa ‘TOOTH’PTani *fiː ‘TOOTH’PKC *haa ‘TOOTH’PCN *p-hwa ‘TOOTH’PTk *ha ‘TOOTH’PNN *swaᴮ ‘TOOTH’PLB *swa² ‘TOOTH’PL *swa² ‘TOOTH’◦bʌ̀#268 PTB *m/s-ba ‘CHEEK / JAW / CHIN’PLB *ba² ‘CHEEK’PKar *Ɂbɔᴬ ‘NECK, CHEEK’◦kʌ̀m ‘molar’Kosha 90: 3.10.2

1.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)15

*Aotprefix-k[h]əm ‘CHIN’Bruhn 14 PCN: II.071

Ao (Chungli)teprefix◦küm ‘chin’Marrison 67 Naga

Ao (Chungli)teprefix◦küm◦ret#232 PTB *s/m/g-rus ‘BONE’MesorootsPKC *ruʔ ‘BONE’PCN *a-rut ‘BONE’PTk *ru ‘BONE’PKar *khrwitᴰ ‘BONE’Allofams1 #232 PTB *s/m/g-rus ‘BONE’1a #234 PTB *s-rus ‘BONE’1b #233 PTB *g-rus ‘BONE’ ‘jaw’Marrison 67 Naga

Ao (Chungli)tə²prefix-kəm² n.‘chin’Bruhn 14 PCN: II.071

Ao (Chungli)tə²prefix-kəm³ɹət¹#232 PTB *s/m/g-rus ‘BONE’MesorootsPKC *ruʔ ‘BONE’PCN *a-rut ‘BONE’PTk *ru ‘BONE’PKar *khrwitᴰ ‘BONE’Allofams1 #232 PTB *s/m/g-rus ‘BONE’1a #234 PTB *s-rus ‘BONE’1b #233 PTB *g-rus ‘BONE’ n.‘jaw (lower)’Bruhn 14 SuppCN

Ao (Chungli)²tɯmorpheme²kɯm ‘jaw’Weidert 87 TBTo: 201

Ao (Chungli)²tɯprefix²kɯm ‘chin’Weidert 87 TBTo: 756

Lotha Nagaoprefix◦kan ‘jaw’Marrison 67 Naga

Lotha Nagaoprefix◦KaN ‘jaw’Nienu 90 LotQ: 3.13

Lotha Nagaoprefix◦kan◦drü#2055 PTB *tri ‘JAW / CHIN’ ‘jaw’Marrison 67 Naga

Lotha Naga¹oprefix¹gan ‘jaw’Weidert 87 TBTo: 201

Lotha Naga¹oprefix¹gan ‘chin’Weidert 87 TBTo: 756

Sangtamküm◦jingmorpheme ‘chin’Marrison 67 Naga

Sangtam¹gɯm²rɯ#232 PTB *s/m/g-rus ‘BONE’MesorootsPKC *ruʔ ‘BONE’PCN *a-rut ‘BONE’PTk *ru ‘BONE’PKar *khrwitᴰ ‘BONE’Allofams1 #232 PTB *s/m/g-rus ‘BONE’1a #234 PTB *s-rus ‘BONE’1b #233 PTB *g-rus ‘BONE’ ‘jaw’Weidert 87 TBTo: 201

1.3.2Angami-Pochuri Group1

Sema [Sumi]amprefix◦khum◦himorpheme ‘beard’Marrison 67 Naga

1.3.3Zeme Group2

Khoiraoaprefix◦ga ‘tooth’Marrison 67 Naga

Puironmai#1187 PTB *s-ma-y ‘FACE / CHEEK / FRONT / AHEAD / FIRST’PKC *hmaay ‘FACE / FRONT’PKC *hmaa ‘FRONT / FIRST’PKC *hmaay-saa ‘AHEAD / FIRST’PCN *hmaj ‘FACE / SURFACE’PTk *maj ‘FACE’◦kum ‘face’Marrison 67 Naga

1.6Mru1

Mrukam ‘chin’Matisoff 87 BP

1.7.1.1Bodo2

Dimasakham◦pho#1228 PTB *s-pu ‘FEATHER / WING / HAIR (body)’ ‘beard’Marrison 67 Naga

Lalung [Tiwa]ha#632 PTB *s/p-wa ‘TOOTH’PTani *fiː ‘TOOTH’PKC *haa ‘TOOTH’PCN *p-hwa ‘TOOTH’PTk *ha ‘TOOTH’PNN *swaᴮ ‘TOOTH’PLB *swa² ‘TOOTH’PL *swa² ‘TOOTH’◦gam ‘tooth (wisdom)’Balawan 65: 26

1.7.1.2Garo6

Garowa#632 PTB *s/p-wa ‘TOOTH’PTani *fiː ‘TOOTH’PKC *haa ‘TOOTH’PCN *p-hwa ‘TOOTH’PTk *ha ‘TOOTH’PNN *swaᴮ ‘TOOTH’PLB *swa² ‘TOOTH’PL *swa² ‘TOOTH’(-gam) ‘tooth’Benedict 72 STC: 437

Garowa#632 PTB *s/p-wa ‘TOOTH’PTani *fiː ‘TOOTH’PKC *haa ‘TOOTH’PCN *p-hwa ‘TOOTH’PTk *ha ‘TOOTH’PNN *swaᴮ ‘TOOTH’PLB *swa² ‘TOOTH’PL *swa² ‘TOOTH’-gam ‘molar’Matisoff 87 BP

Garowa#632 PTB *s/p-wa ‘TOOTH’PTani *fiː ‘TOOTH’PKC *haa ‘TOOTH’PCN *p-hwa ‘TOOTH’PTk *ha ‘TOOTH’PNN *swaᴮ ‘TOOTH’PLB *swa² ‘TOOTH’PL *swa² ‘TOOTH’-gam ‘tooth’Matisoff 87 BP

Garowa#632 PTB *s/p-wa ‘TOOTH’PTani *fiː ‘TOOTH’PKC *haa ‘TOOTH’PCN *p-hwa ‘TOOTH’PTk *ha ‘TOOTH’PNN *swaᴮ ‘TOOTH’PLB *swa² ‘TOOTH’PL *swa² ‘TOOTH’-gam ‘tooth’Benedict 72 STC: 50

Garowa#632 PTB *s/p-wa ‘TOOTH’PTani *fiː ‘TOOTH’PKC *haa ‘TOOTH’PCN *p-hwa ‘TOOTH’PTk *ha ‘TOOTH’PNN *swaᴮ ‘TOOTH’PLB *swa² ‘TOOTH’PL *swa² ‘TOOTH’-gum ‘tooth’Coblin 86: 99

Garo (Bangladesh)wa#632 PTB *s/p-wa ‘TOOTH’PTani *fiː ‘TOOTH’PKC *haa ‘TOOTH’PCN *p-hwa ‘TOOTH’PTk *ha ‘TOOTH’PNN *swaᴮ ‘TOOTH’PLB *swa² ‘TOOTH’PL *swa² ‘TOOTH’-gam ‘molar’Burling 92 GaBa

1.7.2.1Tangsa-Nocte1

Nocte³pa#632 PTB *s/p-wa ‘TOOTH’PTani *fiː ‘TOOTH’PKC *haa ‘TOOTH’PCN *p-hwa ‘TOOTH’PTk *ha ‘TOOTH’PNN *swaᴮ ‘TOOTH’PLB *swa² ‘TOOTH’PL *swa² ‘TOOTH’²kʌm(ʔ) ‘molar’Weidert 87 TBTo: 201

1.7.3.1Jingpho6

Jingphoumorpheme-kam ‘molar’Matisoff 87 BP

Jingphoumorpheme-kam ‘molar / jaw’Benedict 72 STC: 50

Jingphoumorpheme-kam ‘molar’Coblin 86: 99

Jingphowā#632 PTB *s/p-wa ‘TOOTH’PTani *fiː ‘TOOTH’PKC *haa ‘TOOTH’PCN *p-hwa ‘TOOTH’PTk *ha ‘TOOTH’PNN *swaᴮ ‘TOOTH’PLB *swa² ‘TOOTH’PL *swa² ‘TOOTH’-gām ‘molar’Dai 83 Jing: 865

Jingphowa#632 PTB *s/p-wa ‘TOOTH’PTani *fiː ‘TOOTH’PKC *haa ‘TOOTH’PCN *p-hwa ‘TOOTH’PTk *ha ‘TOOTH’PNN *swaᴮ ‘TOOTH’PLB *swa² ‘TOOTH’PL *swa² ‘TOOTH’-umorpheme-kam ‘molar’Matisoff 87 BP

Jingpho²umorpheme²kam ‘molar’Weidert 87 TBTo: 201

2.1.2Bodic5

Tsangla (Motuo)kam¹³ ti⁵⁵#2055 PTB *tri ‘JAW / CHIN’ ‘chin’Zhang Jichuan 86

Tsangla (Tilang)gam-tʰi#2055 PTB *tri ‘JAW / CHIN’ ‘chin’Zhang Jichuan 86

Tshona (Wenlang)gɑm³⁵ di⁵⁵#2055 PTB *tri ‘JAW / CHIN’ ‘chin’Lu 86 CuoM

Tshona (Wenlang)kɑm⁵⁵ ȵi⁵⁵morpheme ‘hold in mouth’Lu 86 CuoM

Tshona (Mama)ce¹³#2037 PTB *(t)si ‘FACE / CHEEK’ kɔm⁵³ ‘face’Sun H 80 MLD

2.1.2.1Tibetan5

Tibetan (Batang)kɛ̃⁵⁵ ‘jaw’Dai 89 Bata: 3.13

Tibetan (Batang)kɛ̃⁵⁵ ja¹³morpheme kha⁵³#273 PTB *m/s-k(w)a-y ‘MOUTH / OPENING / SPREAD / DOOR / FACE / JAW’PKC *kaa ‘ENTRANCE / MOUTH’PKC *kaa ⪤ *khaa ‘CHIN / JAW (lower)’PCN *ka ‘GAPE, OPEN MOUTH’PTk *ka ‘OPEN (MOUTH)’PTk *kʰa ‘CHIN / JAW’PKar *kaᴮ ‘CHIN, JAW’ ‘upper jaw / maxilla’Dai 89 Bata: 3.13.2

Tibetan (Batang)kɛ̃⁵⁵ ma¹³morpheme kha⁵³#273 PTB *m/s-k(w)a-y ‘MOUTH / OPENING / SPREAD / DOOR / FACE / JAW’PKC *kaa ‘ENTRANCE / MOUTH’PKC *kaa ⪤ *khaa ‘CHIN / JAW (lower)’PCN *ka ‘GAPE, OPEN MOUTH’PTk *ka ‘OPEN (MOUTH)’PTk *kʰa ‘CHIN / JAW’PKar *kaᴮ ‘CHIN, JAW’ ‘lower jaw / mandible’Dai 89 Bata: 3.13.1

Tibetan (Jirel)'mur#467 PTB *s-muːr ‘MOUTH / LIP / HOLD IN MOUTH / CHEW / FACE / GILLS’PKC *hmuur ‘LIP / BEAK / MOUTH / TIP’PCN *mən ‘MOUTH’PTk *mor ‘MOUTH’◦kum ‘jaw’Matisoff 87 BP

Tibetan (Sherpa:Helambu)gap◦gensuffix v‘bite’Bishop 89: 3.10.7

2.1.3Lepcha5

Lepchaboṅ#263 PTB *bwaŋ ‘CHEEK’-kăm ‘jaw’Matisoff 87 BP

Lepchafo#632 PTB *s/p-wa ‘TOOTH’PTani *fiː ‘TOOTH’PKC *haa ‘TOOTH’PCN *p-hwa ‘TOOTH’PTk *ha ‘TOOTH’PNN *swaᴮ ‘TOOTH’PLB *swa² ‘TOOTH’PL *swa² ‘TOOTH’-gam ‘molar’Coblin 86: 99

Lepchafo#632 PTB *s/p-wa ‘TOOTH’PTani *fiː ‘TOOTH’PKC *haa ‘TOOTH’PCN *p-hwa ‘TOOTH’PTk *ha ‘TOOTH’PNN *swaᴮ ‘TOOTH’PLB *swa² ‘TOOTH’PL *swa² ‘TOOTH’-gom ‘jaw (molar teeth)’Benedict 72 STC: 25n82

Lepchafo#632 PTB *s/p-wa ‘TOOTH’PTani *fiː ‘TOOTH’PKC *haa ‘TOOTH’PCN *p-hwa ‘TOOTH’PTk *ha ‘TOOTH’PNN *swaᴮ ‘TOOTH’PLB *swa² ‘TOOTH’PL *swa² ‘TOOTH’-gom ‘molar / jaw’Benedict 72 STC: 50

Lepchafo#632 PTB *s/p-wa ‘TOOTH’PTani *fiː ‘TOOTH’PKC *haa ‘TOOTH’PCN *p-hwa ‘TOOTH’PTk *ha ‘TOOTH’PNN *swaᴮ ‘TOOTH’PLB *swa² ‘TOOTH’PL *swa² ‘TOOTH’◦góm n.‘molar’Plaisier 07 Lepcha

2.1.4Tamangish26

*TGTMᴮkam ‘chin’Mazaudon 78 Tam: 25

*TGTMᴮkam ‘chin’Mazaudon 94 These: 24

Gurung (Ghachok)kā̩ːq ‘chin’Matisoff 87 BP

Gurung (Ghachok)kãːq ‘chin’Glover 72 GuVo: 2.A.22

Gurung (Ghachok)kḁː̄◦sā#632 PTB *s/p-wa ‘TOOTH’PTani *fiː ‘TOOTH’PKC *haa ‘TOOTH’PCN *p-hwa ‘TOOTH’PTk *ha ‘TOOTH’PNN *swaᴮ ‘TOOTH’PLB *swa² ‘TOOTH’PL *swa² ‘TOOTH’ ‘molar’Matisoff 87 BP

Gurung (Ghachok)kãː◦sa#632 PTB *s/p-wa ‘TOOTH’PTani *fiː ‘TOOTH’PKC *haa ‘TOOTH’PCN *p-hwa ‘TOOTH’PTk *ha ‘TOOTH’PNN *swaᴮ ‘TOOTH’PLB *swa² ‘TOOTH’PL *swa² ‘TOOTH’ ‘molar’Glover 72 GuVo: 2.A.26

Gurung (Ghachok)²kãː ‘chin’Mazaudon 78 Tam: 25

Gurung²kãː ‘chin’Mazaudon 94 These: 24

Manang (Ngawal)²kʌn◦tamorpheme ‘chin’Mazaudon 78 Tam: 25

Manang (Prakaa)¹kə̃◦tamorpheme ‘chin’Hoshi 84: 0014

Tamang (Bagmati)'kam ‘chin’Weidert 87 TBTo: 756

Tamang (Risiangku)²kam ‘chin’Mazaudon 78 Tam: 25

Tamang (Risiangku)²kam n‘chin’Mazaudon 91 TamQ: 3.12

Tamang (Risiangku)²kam ‘chin’Mazaudon 94 These: 24

Tamang (Risiangku)²kam-siŋ#1112 PTB *siŋ ⪤ *syaŋ ‘CHIN / JAW / BEARD’ n comp‘jaw’Mazaudon 91 TamQ: 3.13, 3.13

Tamang (Sahu)'kām ‘chin’Matisoff 87 BP

Tamang (Sahu)'kam ‘chin’Taylor 72 TmVo: 2.21

Tamang (Sahu)'kʰaːra ‘throat’also contains *raTaylor 72 TmVo: 2.26

Tamang (Sahu)kam ‘chin’Matisoff 87 BP

Tamang (Sahu)²kam ‘chin’Mazaudon 78 Tam: 25

Tamang (Taglung)kam ‘chin’Mazaudon 94 These: 24

Thakali (Marpha)²kʌm ‘chin’Mazaudon 78 Tam: 25

Thakali (Syang)²kʌm ‘chin’Mazaudon 78 Tam: 25

Thakali (Syang)⁵⁴kʌm ‘chin’Mazaudon 94 These: 24

Thakali (Syang)⁵⁵kʌm ‘chin’Mazaudon 94 These: 24

Thakali (Tukche)²kʌm-sʌ#632 PTB *s/p-wa ‘TOOTH’PTani *fiː ‘TOOTH’PKC *haa ‘TOOTH’PCN *p-hwa ‘TOOTH’PTk *ha ‘TOOTH’PNN *swaᴮ ‘TOOTH’PLB *swa² ‘TOOTH’PL *swa² ‘TOOTH’ ‘molar’Mazaudon 78 Tam: 25

2.3Kiranti1

*Kirantikam- v.‘chew’Michailovsky 91 Kr: 30

2.3.1Eastern Kiranti4

Limbuha#632 PTB *s/p-wa ‘TOOTH’PTani *fiː ‘TOOTH’PKC *haa ‘TOOTH’PCN *p-hwa ‘TOOTH’PTk *ha ‘TOOTH’PNN *swaᴮ ‘TOOTH’PLB *swa² ‘TOOTH’PL *swa² ‘TOOTH’◦gum◦masuffix ‘molar’Weidert 87 TBTo: 750

Limbukham◦tmorpheme- v.‘bite down on, chew’Michailovsky 89 Lm

Limbukham◦tmorpheme- v.‘bite down on, to chew’Michailovsky 91 Kr: 30

Yakhakham◦maːmorpheme v‘chew’Kohn 90: 3.10.8

2.3.2Southern Kiranti9

Bantawaconmorpheme◦khom ‘chin’Rai 85 BnDs

Bantawayo#2053 PTB *g(y/w)ar ‘CHEEK / CHIN / JAW’-khom ‘chin, jaw’Michailovsky 91 Kr: 190

Bantawayo#2053 PTB *g(y/w)ar ‘CHEEK / CHIN / JAW’-khom ‘chin / jaw’Rai 84 BnDc: 41

Bantawayon#2053 PTB *g(y/w)ar ‘CHEEK / CHIN / JAW’◦khom ‘jaw’Michailovsky 91 Kr: 32

Bantawayon#2053 PTB *g(y/w)ar ‘CHEEK / CHIN / JAW’◦khom ‘jaw’Rai 85 BnDs

Chamlingkem-(u)morpheme ‘chew’Winter 85: 18

Chamlingkem◦dhmorpheme-yumorpheme v.‘chew’Michailovsky 91 Kr: 30

Kulungkham- v.‘chew’Michailovsky 91 Kr: 30

Kulungkham-umorpheme v.‘chew’Rai 75 Kul

2.3.3Central Kiranti6

Dumibak#1176 PTB *bu(k/p) ‘TOOTH (MOLAR) / WISDOM TOOTH’◦ham ‘tooth’Michailovsky 91 Kr: 190

Dumibak#1176 PTB *bu(k/p) ‘TOOTH (MOLAR) / WISDOM TOOTH’◦ham ‘molar’Driem 93 Dumi

Dumikəm◦ri#533 PTB *rey ⪤ *s-rwi(y) ‘OBSCURE INTERNAL CHANNEL / CORD / STRING / CREEPER / CANE / RATTAN’PKC *ruy ⪤ *hruy ‘ROPE / CORD / STRING / RATTAN’PCN *a-(h)rəj ‘CANE, RATTAN’PTk *hroj ‘ROPE / STRING / THREAD NEEDLE’PKar *reᴮ ‘RATTAN’◦səm#366 PTB *(t)sam ‘HAIR (head)’PKC *sʰam ‘HAIR (head)’PCN *a-tshaːm ‘HAIR (FACE / HEAD)’PCN *a-həm ‘HAIR / LEAF / FEATHER’PTk *sam ‘HAIR (HEAD)’ ‘moustache’Driem 93 Dumi

Khaling'kāem◦nga#274 PTB *m-gal ‘JAW’◦lu#232 PTB *s/m/g-rus ‘BONE’MesorootsPKC *ruʔ ‘BONE’PCN *a-rut ‘BONE’PTk *ru ‘BONE’PKar *khrwitᴰ ‘BONE’Allofams1 #232 PTB *s/m/g-rus ‘BONE’1a #234 PTB *s-rus ‘BONE’1b #233 PTB *g-rus ‘BONE’ ‘jaw’Matisoff 87 BP

Khaling'kāem◦nga#634 PTB *s-ŋya ‘TUSK / TOOTH’PCC *hŋaw ‘FANG / CANINE TOOTH’◦lu#1322 PTB *s-k-lu ‘TOOTH’ ‘molar’Matisoff 87 BP

Khaling√kam- v.‘chew’Michailovsky 91 Kr: 30

2.3.4Western Kiranti6

Bahingka#634 PTB *s-ŋya ‘TUSK / TOOTH’PCC *hŋaw ‘FANG / CANINE TOOTH’◦kam ‘tooth’Michailovsky 91 Kr: 190

Hayukhoː◦bᴜmmorpheme ‘molar / jaw’Michailovsky 91 Kr: 190

Thulungkam- v.‘chew’Michailovsky 91 Kr: 30

Thulungkam- v.‘chew’Allen 75

Thulungkam◦li#1322 PTB *s-k-lu ‘TOOTH’ ‘tooth’Michailovsky 91 Kr: 190

Thulungkam◦li#1322 PTB *s-k-lu ‘TOOTH’ ‘molar <tooth>’Allen 75

2.4Kham-Magar-Chepang8

Chepangmamorpheme◦gam ‘molar’Weidert 87 TBTo: 14

Chepangmamorpheme◦gam ‘molar’Michailovsky 91 Kr: 190

Chepangmāmorpheme◦gām ‘molar’Matisoff 87 BP

Chepangmamorpheme◦gam ‘molar’Caughley 72 CVoc: 2.A.26

Chepang (Eastern)gon◦chemorpheme ‘beard’Caughley 90 CheQ: 8.1.2.1

Chepang (Eastern)hlukmorpheme◦gam◦səyk#631 PTB *s-wik ‘TUSK / FANG / CANINE TOOTH’ ‘tooth (wisdom)’Caughley 90 CheQ: 3.10.4

Chepang (Eastern)mamorpheme◦gam◦səyk#631 PTB *s-wik ‘TUSK / FANG / CANINE TOOTH’ ‘molar’Caughley 90 CheQ: 3.10.2

Magarmimorpheme-ghām◦pālmorpheme◦yākmorpheme ‘jaw’Matisoff 87 BP

3.2Qiangic1

Muya [Minyak]qo⁵³ ‘molar’Sun H 91 MuyQ: 3.10.2

3.3.1rGyalrong4

rGyalrongtəprefix swa#632 PTB *s/p-wa ‘TOOTH’PTani *fiː ‘TOOTH’PKC *haa ‘TOOTH’PCN *p-hwa ‘TOOTH’PTk *ha ‘TOOTH’PNN *swaᴮ ‘TOOTH’PLB *swa² ‘TOOTH’PL *swa² ‘TOOTH’ rgu ‘molar’Dai 89 Jiar: 3.10.2

rGyalrong (Eastern)təprefix◦swa#632 PTB *s/p-wa ‘TOOTH’PTani *fiː ‘TOOTH’PKC *haa ‘TOOTH’PCN *p-hwa ‘TOOTH’PTk *ha ‘TOOTH’PNN *swaᴮ ‘TOOTH’PLB *swa² ‘TOOTH’PL *swa² ‘TOOTH’ kam ‘tooth (incisor)’Sun H 91 rEQ: 3.10.1

rGyalrong (NW)təprefix◦ɕue#632 PTB *s/p-wa ‘TOOTH’PTani *fiː ‘TOOTH’PKC *haa ‘TOOTH’PCN *p-hwa ‘TOOTH’PTk *ha ‘TOOTH’PNN *swaᴮ ‘TOOTH’PLB *swa² ‘TOOTH’PL *swa² ‘TOOTH’ kum ‘tooth (incisor)’Sun H 91 rNW: 3.10.1

rGyalrong (Eastern)wuʒ#284 PTB *(t)s-wa(s/r) ‘CHEEK / BUTTOCK / CHIN’◦bɐm#163 PTB *s-bʷa(m/p) ‘SWELL / SWOLLEN / FAT / THICK / ROUNDED PART’MesorootsPCN *pəm ‘SWELL, BE SWOLLEN’PLB *C-pwap ‘SWELL UP / BE SWOLLEN / STOUT / CALF OF LEG’Allofams1a #163 PTB *s-bʷa(m/p) ‘SWELL / SWOLLEN / FAT / THICK / ROUNDED PART’1b #1317 PTB *bwap ‘CALF / LEG’◦kɐm ‘cheek’Sun H 91 rEQ: 3.11

6.1.1Burmish10

Burmese (Modern)aṁ³ ‘cheek’Luce 85: R.29

Burmese (Written)am ‘mola’Weidert 87 TBTo: 201

Burmese (Written)aṁ ‘molar’Benedict 76 WBur

Burmese (Written)àm ‘jaw (molar teeth)’Benedict 72 STC: 183n482

Burmese (Written)àm ‘molar / jaw’Benedict 72 STC: 50

Burmese (Written)àm ‘molar’Coblin 86: 99

Burmese (Written)àm-swà#632 PTB *s/p-wa ‘TOOTH’PTani *fiː ‘TOOTH’PKC *haa ‘TOOTH’PCN *p-hwa ‘TOOTH’PTk *ha ‘TOOTH’PNN *swaᴮ ‘TOOTH’PLB *swa² ‘TOOTH’PL *swa² ‘TOOTH’ ‘molar / jaw’Benedict 72 STC: 50

Burmese (Written)aṁ³ ‘cheek, jaw’Luce 85: W.132

Burmese (Written)ʔam-chûm#2742 PTB *(t)sum ‘MORTAR’PKC *sʰum ‘MORTAR’PKC *sʰum-khal ‘PESTLE’PCN *tsh[a/ə]m ‘MORTAR’PTk *sum ‘MORTAR’ ‘tooth (wisdom)’Matisoff 87 BP

Burmese (Written)ʔam-swâ#632 PTB *s/p-wa ‘TOOTH’PTani *fiː ‘TOOTH’PKC *haa ‘TOOTH’PCN *p-hwa ‘TOOTH’PTk *ha ‘TOOTH’PNN *swaᴮ ‘TOOTH’PLB *swa² ‘TOOTH’PL *swa² ‘TOOTH’ ‘molar’Matisoff 87 BP

6.1.2.2Central Loloish1

Sani [Nyi]gɑ²¹tʂi³³#635 PTB *m-dzyway ‘TOOTH / TUSK’PLB *jway¹ ‘TOOTH / TUSK’PL *ʔ-cway¹ ‘TUSK’mɑ³³suffix ‘molar’Chen 86 Yi: 3.10.2

7Karenic1

Karen (Sgaw/Hinthada)mɛ̱⁵⁵morpheme kʰɔ⁵⁵ ‘molar’Dai 89 KarB: 170.1

8Bai1

Bai (Jianchuan)to̱⁴²morpheme ŋæ̱²¹morpheme kʰo³³ ‘molar’Zhao 90: 3.10.2

9Sinitic2

Chinese (Hanzi)頷 ‘jaw, chin’BaxterSagart 2011: 1007

Chinese (GSR #)0651n' ‘jaw, chin’BaxterSagart 2011: 1007

9.0.1Old Chinese8

Chinese (Old/Mid)gʻəm/ɣɑ̥̂m C,A‘hold in mouth / put in mouth’Chou 72: 651l'

Chinese (Old/Mid)gʻəm/ɣɑ̥̂m ‘jaw’Chou 72: 651n'

Chinese (Old/Mid)gʼəm/ɣɑ̣̂m: ‘jaw’Karlgren 57 GSR: 651n'

Chinese (Old)gəm ‘hold in the mouth’Coblin 86: 95

Chinese (Old)gəmh ‘hold in the mouth’Coblin 86: 95

Chinese (Old)gəmx ‘jaw / molar’Coblin 86: 99

Chinese (Old)gʻəm ‘cheek, jaw’Luce 85: W.132

Chinese (Old)ɢˤəm {[ɢ]ˤ[ə]mʔ} ‘jaw, chin’BaxterSagart 2011: 1007

9.0.2Middle Chinese3

Chinese (Middle)homX ‘jaw, chin’BaxterSagart 2011: 1007

Chinese (Middle)ɣem ‘hold in the mouth’Coblin 86: 95

Chinese (Middle)ɣəm: ‘jaw’Coblin 86: 99

9.0.3Modern Chinese2

Chinese (Mandarin)hàn ‘jaw, chin’BaxterSagart 2011: 1007

Chinese (Mandarin)hɑn ‘jaw’Karlgren 57 GSR: 651n'

Cite this entry

STEDT etymon #630, *gam ‘JAW / CHIN / MOLAR’.

Stable link: https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/630

Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].

References: STC#050

BibTeX

@misc{stedt-630,
  title  = {{*gam 'JAW / CHIN / MOLAR'}},
  author = {STEDT},
  year   = {2017},
  note   = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #630},
  url    = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/630}
}