The Body › Diffuse Organs › Bone

STEDT #233

*g-rus

BONE

Proto-Tibeto-Burman · exemplary

Reconstruction analysis

handlerusprefixginitialrrhymeuscoverL · S

Connections

Allofams

HPTB*s/m/g-rus ‘bone’pp. 44, 48, 102, 387, 435, 437, 442, 465, 477

Notes

A number of languages have developed a velar prefix in this root. However, Kuki-Chin forms with initial velars (e.g. in Tiddim, Thado, Mindat Cho, etc.) are regular reflexes of PTB *r as explained in VanBik 2009:232ff.

Chinese comparandum

頄 OC *gʼi̯ŭg, GSR #992e ‘cheekbone’; B & S 2011: *ɡʷru {*[ɡ]ʷru}; Mand. qiú.
頄 OC *gʼi̯wəg, GSR #992e ‘cheekbone’; B & S 2011: *ɡʷru {*[ɡ]ʷru}; Mand. kuí.
類 OC *li̯wəd, GSR #529a ‘class, category; categorize; resemble, similar, equal’; Schuessler 2007:347 *rus; B & S 2011: *rut-s; Mand. lèi.

Reflexes & cognates72 reflexes · 13 subgroups

1.1.1.1Western Tani1

Tagineŋmorpheme◦kiŋ#209 PTB *g/b-liŋ ⪤ *g/b-lyaŋ ‘BACK / SPINE’PNN *kʰeːŋ ‘BACK (BODY)’TGTM *ᴬʰli ‘BACK / BACKSIDE’◦galo ‘backbone / spine’Das Gupta 83 Tag

1.3.2Angami-Pochuri Group2

Angami (Kohima)(u)prefix bou³¹#3344 PTB *baw ‘SHOULDER’PCN *puʔ ‘SHOULDER’ ka³¹ru³¹ ‘shoulder blade / scapula’Nienu 90 AngQ: 5.3.1

Chokri(u)prefix bo³¹#3344 PTB *baw ‘SHOULDER’PCN *puʔ ‘SHOULDER’ ka³¹ro³¹ ‘shoulder blade / scapula’Nienu 90 ChoQ: 5.3.1

1.7.1.1Bodo1

Bodonamorpheme-ku ‘fishbone’Matisoff 87 BP

1.7.1.2Garo5

Garo (Bangladesh)bol#3329 PTB *(p/b)al ‘BACK’-gro ‘backbone of a human or animal, ridge pole of a house’Burling 92 GaBa

Garo (Bangladesh)bol#3329 PTB *(p/b)al ‘BACK’-gro n‘backbone’Burling 03 Garo: 6.28-II:idx

Garo (Bangladesh)bol#3329 PTB *(p/b)al ‘BACK’-gru ‘backbone of a human or animal, ridge pole of a house’Burling 92 GaBa

Garo (Bangladesh)jang#208 PTB *dzyaŋ ‘BACK (LOWER)’MesorootsPKC *yaaŋ ‘BACK / SPINE’Allofams4 #208 PTB *dzyaŋ ‘BACK (LOWER)’4 #212 PTB *dal ‘LOWER BACK / WAIST / LOINS’-gil#202 PTB *(k/g)yal ‘BACK (lower) / BUTTOCKS / HIPS’PKC *khel ‘HIP / LOINS’ bol#3329 PTB *(p/b)al ‘BACK’-gru ‘backbone’Burling 92 GaBa

Garo (Bangladesh)jang#208 PTB *dzyaŋ ‘BACK (LOWER)’MesorootsPKC *yaaŋ ‘BACK / SPINE’Allofams4 #208 PTB *dzyaŋ ‘BACK (LOWER)’4 #212 PTB *dal ‘LOWER BACK / WAIST / LOINS’-gil#202 PTB *(k/g)yal ‘BACK (lower) / BUTTOCKS / HIPS’PKC *khel ‘HIP / LOINS’-nisuffix bol#3329 PTB *(p/b)al ‘BACK’-gru ‘backbone’Burling 92 GaBa

2.1.4Tamangish1

Tamang (Sahu)namorpheme-khru ‘bone’Matisoff 87 BP

2.2Newar1

Newarbapimorpheme kwoẽ ‘rib cage’Shakya 89: 5.1.1

4Nungic1

Trung [Dulong]aŋ⁴²morpheme gʴə⁴⁴ ‘bone’Matisoff 87 BP

5Tujia2

Tujia (Southern)kʰa²¹morpheme kɨ²¹ ‘bone’Tian 86

Tujiakʰa²¹morpheme kɯ²¹ ‘bone’Chen 86 TuMQ: 8.4

6.1.2.2Central Loloish3

Ahiʈʻu²¹morpheme tʂo̱⁵⁵#215 PTB *gyu-k ⪤ *dzyu-k ‘WAIST’PLB *gyukᴸ ⪤ *džukᴸ ‘WAIST’ gu̱²¹ ‘hipbone’Luo 90: 5.8.2

Lahu (Black)ɔ³¹prefix mv̩ʔ²¹morpheme kv̩³³ ‘bone’Chang 86

Lahu (Yellow)ɔ³¹prefix ʔu⁵⁵#234 PTB *s-rus ‘BONE’Allofams1 #232 PTB *s/m/g-rus ‘BONE’1a #234 PTB *s-rus ‘BONE’1b #233 PTB *g-rus ‘BONE’ qu³³ ‘bone’Chang 86

6.1.2.3Southern Loloish3

Bisuaŋ#5450 PTB *ʔa(ŋ/k)- ‘NOUN PREFIX’◦gàɔ ‘bone’Beaudouin 88 Bisu: 13

Bisuaŋ#5450 PTB *ʔa(ŋ/k)- ‘NOUN PREFIX’◦gàɔ◦laŋmorpheme ‘marrow’Beaudouin 88 Bisu: 15

Bisuʔaŋ#5450 PTB *ʔa(ŋ/k)- ‘NOUN PREFIX’◦gàw ‘bone’Bradley 9x Bisu

7Karenic55

*Karen (Sgaw)xí ‘bone’Jones 61: 354

*Karen (Pwo-Sgaw)xìh ‘bone’Jones 61: 354

*Karen (Pwo)xwíq ‘bone’Jones 61: 354

*Karen (Sgaw)ɣỳʔ#554 PTB *s-ri(p/m) ‘RIB / SIDE’PKir *rem ‘RIB’PKar *rəɁᴰ ‘FLANK, RIB’◦xí ‘rib / side’Jones 61: 181

*Karen (Pwo)ɣỳʔ#554 PTB *s-ri(p/m) ‘RIB / SIDE’PKir *rem ‘RIB’PKar *rəɁᴰ ‘FLANK, RIB’◦xwíq ‘rib / side’Jones 61: 181

*Karen (Pwo-Sgaw)ɣə̀ʔ#554 PTB *s-ri(p/m) ‘RIB / SIDE’PKir *rem ‘RIB’PKar *rəɁᴰ ‘FLANK, RIB’◦xìh ‘rib / side’Jones 61: 181

Bwe-khwi n‘bone’Henderson 97 Kar

Bwe-khwi=khwa n‘bones’Henderson 97 Kar

Bwe (Western)dɛ²morphemekʻwi² ‘bone’Luce 85: G.61

Bwekha#336 PTB *r-k(y)aŋ ‘FOOT / LEG’MesorootsPKar *khaŋᴮ ‘LEG’Allofams1a #336 PTB *r-k(y)aŋ ‘FOOT / LEG’1b #338 PTB *r-kya-ŋ ‘FOOT’-ləmèmorpheme əprefix-khwi n‘knee-cap’Henderson 97 Kar

Bwewèmorpheme-khwi n‘rib’Henderson 97 Kar

Bweʃɪ́mɔ̀morpheme-khwi n‘atlas bone’Henderson 97 Kar

Gebaăprefix◦kʻwi² ‘bone’Luce 85: G.61

Gebadɛ²morphemekʻwi² ‘bone’Luce 85: G.61

Karena³¹prefixxɯ̱i⁵⁵ n‘bone’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0133.50

Pa-O (Northern)[ăprefix◦cʻᴜt³?] ‘bone’Luce 85: G.61

Pa-Ochút ‘bone’Solnit 89 PaO

Pa-Ochút ‘bone’Matisoff 87 BP

Pa-Ochút ‘bone’Jones 61: 354

Pa-Otśhut ‘bone’Benedict 72 STC: 147n401

Pakuχʀi¹ ‘bone’Luce 85: G.61

Palaychiɣí#554 PTB *s-ri(p/m) ‘RIB / SIDE’PKir *rem ‘RIB’PKar *rəɁᴰ ‘FLANK, RIB’◦xìq ‘rib / side’Jones 61: 181

Palaychiʔaprefix-xi ‘bone’Benedict 72 STC: 130n354

Palaychiʔaprefix-χi ‘bone’Benedict 72 STC: 147n401

Palaychiʔàqprefix-xìq ‘bone’Matisoff 87 BP

Palaychiʔàqprefix◦xìq ‘bone’Jones 61: 354

Pwo (Tenasserim)sʻə⁴#34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’MesorootsPKC *sʰaa ‘ANIMAL / FLESH / MEAT’PCN *a-ʃaʔ ‘ANIMAL / MEAT, FLESH’PTk *sa ‘FLESH / MEAT / ANIMAL’Allofams1 #5711 PTB *sya-n ⪤ *sin ‘FLESH / ANIMAL / BODY / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’1a #34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’1b #318 PTB *sin ‘BODY / OWNER / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’χwi¹ ‘bone’Luce 85: G.61

Pwo (Delta)sʻə̆#34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’MesorootsPKC *sʰaa ‘ANIMAL / FLESH / MEAT’PCN *a-ʃaʔ ‘ANIMAL / MEAT, FLESH’PTk *sa ‘FLESH / MEAT / ANIMAL’Allofams1 #5711 PTB *sya-n ⪤ *sin ‘FLESH / ANIMAL / BODY / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’1a #34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’1b #318 PTB *sin ‘BODY / OWNER / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’◦hwi⁴ ‘bone’Luce 85: G.61

Pwoχwi ‘bone’Benedict 72 STC: 147n401

Pwo (Bassein)khà#273 PTB *m/s-k(w)a-y ‘MOUTH / OPENING / SPREAD / DOOR / FACE / JAW’PKC *kaa ‘ENTRANCE / MOUTH’PKC *kaa ⪤ *khaa ‘CHIN / JAW (lower)’PCN *ka ‘GAPE, OPEN MOUTH’PTk *ka ‘OPEN (MOUTH)’PTk *kʰa ‘CHIN / JAW’PKar *kaᴮ ‘CHIN, JAW’◦xwì ‘chin’Weidert 87 TBTo: 889

Pwo (Bassein)xwì ‘bone’Matisoff 87 BP

Pwo (Bassein)xwì ‘bone’Jones 61: 354

Pwo (Bassein)ɣỳʔ#554 PTB *s-ri(p/m) ‘RIB / SIDE’PKir *rem ‘RIB’PKar *rəɁᴰ ‘FLANK, RIB’◦xwì ‘rib / side’Jones 61: 181

Pwo (Moulmein)kháʔ#273 PTB *m/s-k(w)a-y ‘MOUTH / OPENING / SPREAD / DOOR / FACE / JAW’PKC *kaa ‘ENTRANCE / MOUTH’PKC *kaa ⪤ *khaa ‘CHIN / JAW (lower)’PCN *ka ‘GAPE, OPEN MOUTH’PTk *ka ‘OPEN (MOUTH)’PTk *kʰa ‘CHIN / JAW’PKar *kaᴮ ‘CHIN, JAW’◦xwíʔ ‘chin’Weidert 87 TBTo: 889

Pwo (Moulmein)xwí ‘bone’Matisoff 87 BP

Pwo (Moulmein)xwíʔ ‘bone’Jones 61: 354

Pwo (Moulmein)ɣauʔ#554 PTB *s-ri(p/m) ‘RIB / SIDE’PKir *rem ‘RIB’PKar *rəɁᴰ ‘FLANK, RIB’◦xwíʔ ‘rib / side’Jones 61: 181

Karen (Sgaw)χi ‘bone’Benedict 72 STC: 147n401

Sgawχʀi¹ ‘bone’Luce 85: G.61

Sgaw (Bassein)xí ‘bone’Matisoff 87 BP

Sgaw (Bassein)xí ‘bone’Jones 61: 354

Sgaw (Bassein)ɣỳʔ#554 PTB *s-ri(p/m) ‘RIB / SIDE’PKir *rem ‘RIB’PKar *rəɁᴰ ‘FLANK, RIB’◦xí ‘rib / side’Jones 61: 181

Karen (Sgaw/Hinthada)a³¹prefix xɯ̱i⁵⁵ ‘bone’Dai 89 KarB: 165

Karen (Sgaw/Hinthada)da³¹prefix xɯ̱i⁵⁵ ‘bone’Dai 89 KarB: 165.1

Karen (Sgaw/Hinthada)ɣu³³#288 PTB *b/g-raŋ ‘CHEST’ xɯ̱i⁵⁵ ‘rib’Dai 89 KarB: 168

Sgaw (Moulmein)xí ‘bone’Matisoff 87 BP

Sgaw (Moulmein)xí ‘bone’Jones 61: 354

Sgaw (Moulmein)ɣỳʔ#554 PTB *s-ri(p/m) ‘RIB / SIDE’PKir *rem ‘RIB’PKar *rəɁᴰ ‘FLANK, RIB’◦xí ‘rib / side’Jones 61: 181

Karen (Sgaw/Yue)xi⁵⁵ ‘bone’Dai 89 KarA: 165

Karen (Sgaw/Yue)ɣu̱ʔ⁵⁵#288 PTB *b/g-raŋ ‘CHEST’ xi⁵⁵ ‘rib’Dai 89 KarA: 168

9.0.1Old Chinese1

Chinese (Old)gʷrju ‘cheek bone / bones of the fae’Baxter 92: 376

9.0.3Modern Chinese2

Chinese (Mandarin)guu toumorpheme ‘bone’Sun J 85 ChGl: 85

Chinese (Mandarin)ruaanmorpheme◦guu ‘gristle’Sun J 85 ChGl: 327

Cite this entry

STEDT etymon #233, *g-rus ‘BONE’.

Stable link: https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/233

Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].

References: combine?

BibTeX

@misc{stedt-233,
  title  = {{*g-rus 'BONE'}},
  author = {STEDT},
  year   = {2017},
  note   = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #233},
  url    = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/233}
}