Reconstruction analysis
handlegyokinitialgyrhymeok⪤džokcoverK · T
Intermediate reconstructions
Lolo-Burmese*gyukᴸ ⪤ *džukᴸ ‘WAIST’
Connections
HPTB*gyuk ‘waist’p. 357
Allofam#216
Notes
Written Burmese has a doublet krô ~ kyô ‘back’ ⪤ kyok ‘back of an animal’, kyok-kap ‘kidney’, indicating that the final velar stop was sometimes treated as a suffix and dropped.
It is sometimes difficult to say to which of these allofams a Loloish or Qiangic open-syllable reflex belongs.
The Bisu doublet kjɔ̀ ~ tšɔ̀ clearly justifies the allofamic reconstruction with both a palatalized velar and a palatal affricate initial.
Reflexes & cognates180 reflexes · 20 subgroups
0.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)1
1.1.1.1Western Tani2
1.1.2Deng3
Idua³¹prefixtɕʰu⁵⁵be⁵⁵#1361 PTB *d/s-pəy ‘WAIST / HIPS / LOWER BACK / BUTTOCKS / TAIL’ ‘waist’Sun H 91 IduQ: 5.6
Iduɑ³¹prefixtɕhu⁵⁵be⁵⁵#1361 PTB *d/s-pəy ‘WAIST / HIPS / LOWER BACK / BUTTOCKS / TAIL’ ‘waist’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 261.50
1.3.2Angami-Pochuri Group3
1.7.3.1Jingpho1
Jingphosingmorpheme-jenmorpheme~joi shang#222 PTB *k/m-sya(ŋ/n) ‘WAIST’ ‘waist (poetic)’Matisoff 87 BP
2.1.1Western Himalayish4
Pattani [Manchati]tʃʰo◦ri#413 PTB *s-li ‘HIPS / BUTTOCKS / ANUS’◦asuffix ‘buttocks’Sharma, D.D. 82 TH
2.1.2Bodic1
2.3.1Eastern Kiranti1
Yakhatoːk#3322 PTB *tu(k/ŋ) ‘BACK (of body)’PKC *ɗuŋ ‘REAR / BACK’◦ca◦li#413 PTB *s-li ‘HIPS / BUTTOCKS / ANUS’ saːmorpheme ‘haunches (of animal)’Kohn 90: 5.8.3
2.3.2Southern Kiranti1
3.2Qiangic25
3.3rGyalrongic3
4Nungic1
6.1Lolo-Burmese3
6.1.1Burmish27
Burmese (Rangoon)tɕɑuʔ⁴kɑʔ⁴#2752 PTB *(g/k)(w)ap ‘ADJOIN / ADHERE’PKC *kop ‘ADHERE / STICK TO’ nbp‘kidney’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0146.27
Burmese (Spoken Rangoon)tɕɑuʔ⁴⁴kɑʔ⁴⁴#2752 PTB *(g/k)(w)ap ‘ADJOIN / ADHERE’PKC *kop ‘ADHERE / STICK TO’ ‘kidney’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 270.40
Burmese (Written)kjɔk kɑp#2752 PTB *(g/k)(w)ap ‘ADJOIN / ADHERE’PKC *kop ‘ADHERE / STICK TO’ ‘kidney’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 270.39
Burmese (Written)kjɔk⁴kɑp̩⁴#2752 PTB *(g/k)(w)ap ‘ADJOIN / ADHERE’PKC *kop ‘ADHERE / STICK TO’ nbp‘kidney’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0146.26
Burmese (Written)kyok-kap#2752 PTB *(g/k)(w)ap ‘ADJOIN / ADHERE’PKC *kop ‘ADHERE / STICK TO’ ‘kidney’Matisoff 87 BP
Burmese (Written)kyok-kap#2752 PTB *(g/k)(w)ap ‘ADJOIN / ADHERE’PKC *kop ‘ADHERE / STICK TO’ ‘kidney’Matisoff 78 MLBM: 13
Burmese (Written)kyok◦kap#2752 PTB *(g/k)(w)ap ‘ADJOIN / ADHERE’PKC *kop ‘ADHERE / STICK TO’ ‘kidney’Marrison 67 Naga
Lashitʃhə̌⁵⁵ khuŋ⁵⁵#219 PTB *k(w)a(ŋ/k) ‘WAIST / HIPS / BUTTOCKS / TAIL / BACK’ ‘buttocks’Dai 89 Lash: 5.10.1
Lashitʃhə̌⁵⁵ khuŋ⁵⁵#219 PTB *k(w)a(ŋ/k) ‘WAIST / HIPS / BUTTOCKS / TAIL / BACK’ ‘hips’Dai 89 Lash: 5.8.1
Lashitʃhə̌⁵⁵ khuŋ⁵⁵#219 PTB *k(w)a(ŋ/k) ‘WAIST / HIPS / BUTTOCKS / TAIL / BACK’ jou³³#232 PTB *s/m/g-rus ‘BONE’MesorootsPKC *ruʔ ‘BONE’PCN *a-rut ‘BONE’PTk *ru ‘BONE’PKar *khrwitᴰ ‘BONE’Allofams1 #232 PTB *s/m/g-rus ‘BONE’1a #234 PTB *s-rus ‘BONE’1b #233 PTB *g-rus ‘BONE’ ‘hipbone’Dai 89 Lash: 5.8.2
Maru [Langsu]tʃhauʔ⁵⁵ pau³¹#404 PTB *(p/b)waŋ ‘HIPS / BUTTOCKS / TAIL / ANUS’ ‘hips’Dai 89 Lang: 5.8.1
Maru [Langsu]tʃhauʔ⁵⁵ pau³¹#398 PTB *m-pu ‘HIPS’PTk *pɐ ‘BUTTOCKS / HIP’ ɣuk⁵⁵#232 PTB *s/m/g-rus ‘BONE’MesorootsPKC *ruʔ ‘BONE’PCN *a-rut ‘BONE’PTk *ru ‘BONE’PKar *khrwitᴰ ‘BONE’Allofams1 #232 PTB *s/m/g-rus ‘BONE’1a #234 PTB *s-rus ‘BONE’1b #233 PTB *g-rus ‘BONE’ ‘hipbone’Dai 89 Lang: 5.8.2
6.1.2Loloish4
6.1.2.1Northern Loloish47
Gazhuotso⁵³ tsɿ³⁵#418 PTB *tsik ‘JOINT’PLB *ʔdzik ⪤ *ʔdzak ‘JOINT’ ‘small of back’Dai 89 Gazh: 5.5.3
Gazhuotso⁵³tsɿ³⁵#418 PTB *tsik ‘JOINT’PLB *ʔdzik ⪤ *ʔdzak ‘JOINT’ n‘waist’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0098.47
Liphodʐu̱²¹tsi̱³³#418 PTB *tsik ‘JOINT’PLB *ʔdzik ⪤ *ʔdzak ‘JOINT’vu²¹morphemekɤ̱³³morpheme ‘spine’Chen 86 Yi: 5.5.4
Nasudʐo̱⁵⁵ ɣɯ³³#232 PTB *s/m/g-rus ‘BONE’MesorootsPKC *ruʔ ‘BONE’PCN *a-rut ‘BONE’PTk *ru ‘BONE’PKar *khrwitᴰ ‘BONE’Allofams1 #232 PTB *s/m/g-rus ‘BONE’1a #234 PTB *s-rus ‘BONE’1b #233 PTB *g-rus ‘BONE’ ‘backbone / spine’Chen 86 Yi: 5.5.4
Nasudʐo̱⁵⁵ ɣɯ³³#232 PTB *s/m/g-rus ‘BONE’MesorootsPKC *ruʔ ‘BONE’PCN *a-rut ‘BONE’PTk *ru ‘BONE’PKar *khrwitᴰ ‘BONE’Allofams1 #232 PTB *s/m/g-rus ‘BONE’1a #234 PTB *s-rus ‘BONE’1b #233 PTB *g-rus ‘BONE’ ʈu³³morpheme ‘spinal cord’Chen 86 Yi: 5.5.5
Nesudʐu̱²¹ tsɿ̄²¹#418 PTB *tsik ‘JOINT’PLB *ʔdzik ⪤ *ʔdzak ‘JOINT’ tu⁵⁵morpheme ‘spinal cord’Chen 86 Yi: 5.5.5
Nesudʐu̱²¹ tsɿ̄²¹#418 PTB *tsik ‘JOINT’PLB *ʔdzik ⪤ *ʔdzak ‘JOINT’ ɣɤ³³#232 PTB *s/m/g-rus ‘BONE’MesorootsPKC *ruʔ ‘BONE’PCN *a-rut ‘BONE’PTk *ru ‘BONE’PKar *khrwitᴰ ‘BONE’Allofams1 #232 PTB *s/m/g-rus ‘BONE’1a #234 PTB *s-rus ‘BONE’1b #233 PTB *g-rus ‘BONE’ ‘backbone / spine’Chen 86 Yi: 5.5.4
Nosudʑu⁵⁵tsɿ̄³³#418 PTB *tsik ‘JOINT’PLB *ʔdzik ⪤ *ʔdzak ‘JOINT’vu³³#232 PTB *s/m/g-rus ‘BONE’MesorootsPKC *ruʔ ‘BONE’PCN *a-rut ‘BONE’PTk *ru ‘BONE’PKar *khrwitᴰ ‘BONE’Allofams1 #232 PTB *s/m/g-rus ‘BONE’1a #234 PTB *s-rus ‘BONE’1b #233 PTB *g-rus ‘BONE’ ‘spine’Chen 86 Yi: 5.5.4
Yi (Liangshan)ʥu⁵⁵sɿ²¹#418 PTB *tsik ‘JOINT’PLB *ʔdzik ⪤ *ʔdzak ‘JOINT’ ‘back, lower (person's body); waist’Ma 08 Yi: index
Yi (Mile)dʐu̱²¹tsi̱⁵⁵#418 PTB *tsik ‘JOINT’PLB *ʔdzik ⪤ *ʔdzak ‘JOINT’ɣɯ²¹#232 PTB *s/m/g-rus ‘BONE’MesorootsPKC *ruʔ ‘BONE’PCN *a-rut ‘BONE’PTk *ru ‘BONE’PKar *khrwitᴰ ‘BONE’Allofams1 #232 PTB *s/m/g-rus ‘BONE’1a #234 PTB *s-rus ‘BONE’1b #233 PTB *g-rus ‘BONE’ ‘waist’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 261.25
Yi (Nanhua)dʐu̱²¹ɣɯ²¹#232 PTB *s/m/g-rus ‘BONE’MesorootsPKC *ruʔ ‘BONE’PCN *a-rut ‘BONE’PTk *ru ‘BONE’PKar *khrwitᴰ ‘BONE’Allofams1 #232 PTB *s/m/g-rus ‘BONE’1a #234 PTB *s-rus ‘BONE’1b #233 PTB *g-rus ‘BONE’ ‘waist’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 261.24
Yi (Nanhua)dʐu̱²¹ɤɯ̱²¹#232 PTB *s/m/g-rus ‘BONE’MesorootsPKC *ruʔ ‘BONE’PCN *a-rut ‘BONE’PTk *ru ‘BONE’PKar *khrwitᴰ ‘BONE’Allofams1 #232 PTB *s/m/g-rus ‘BONE’1a #234 PTB *s-rus ‘BONE’1b #233 PTB *g-rus ‘BONE’ n‘waist’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0098.37
Yi (Xide)dʑu̱⁵³sɿ²¹#418 PTB *tsik ‘JOINT’PLB *ʔdzik ⪤ *ʔdzak ‘JOINT’ n‘waist’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0098.35
Yi (Xide)dʑu⁵⁵-tsɿ̄³³#418 PTB *tsik ‘JOINT’PLB *ʔdzik ⪤ *ʔdzak ‘JOINT’-vu³³#232 PTB *s/m/g-rus ‘BONE’MesorootsPKC *ruʔ ‘BONE’PCN *a-rut ‘BONE’PTk *ru ‘BONE’PKar *khrwitᴰ ‘BONE’Allofams1 #232 PTB *s/m/g-rus ‘BONE’1a #234 PTB *s-rus ‘BONE’1b #233 PTB *g-rus ‘BONE’ ‘back (body)’Chen 79 YiCh
Yi (Xide)dʑu⁵⁵tsɿ̄³³#418 PTB *tsik ‘JOINT’PLB *ʔdzik ⪤ *ʔdzak ‘JOINT’vu³³#232 PTB *s/m/g-rus ‘BONE’MesorootsPKC *ruʔ ‘BONE’PCN *a-rut ‘BONE’PTk *ru ‘BONE’PKar *khrwitᴰ ‘BONE’Allofams1 #232 PTB *s/m/g-rus ‘BONE’1a #234 PTB *s-rus ‘BONE’1b #233 PTB *g-rus ‘BONE’ n‘spine / backbone’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0134.35
6.1.2.2Central Loloish39
Ahidʐu̱²¹ tsi̱⁵⁵#418 PTB *tsik ‘JOINT’PLB *ʔdzik ⪤ *ʔdzak ‘JOINT’ ɣɯ²¹#232 PTB *s/m/g-rus ‘BONE’MesorootsPKC *ruʔ ‘BONE’PCN *a-rut ‘BONE’PTk *ru ‘BONE’PKar *khrwitᴰ ‘BONE’Allofams1 #232 PTB *s/m/g-rus ‘BONE’1a #234 PTB *s-rus ‘BONE’1b #233 PTB *g-rus ‘BONE’ ‘waist’Luo 90: 5.6
Ahidʐu̱²¹ɣɯ²¹#232 PTB *s/m/g-rus ‘BONE’MesorootsPKC *ruʔ ‘BONE’PCN *a-rut ‘BONE’PTk *ru ‘BONE’PKar *khrwitᴰ ‘BONE’Allofams1 #232 PTB *s/m/g-rus ‘BONE’1a #234 PTB *s-rus ‘BONE’1b #233 PTB *g-rus ‘BONE’ ‘waist’Chen 86 Yi: 5.6
Ahipʻɑ²²#410 PTB *m-(p/b)a ‘HIPS / BUTTOCKS / TAIL’PLB *m-ba²/³ ‘TAIL’ zo²¹ ‘small of back’Luo 90: 5.5.3
Ahiʈʻu²¹morpheme tʂo̱⁵⁵ gu̱²¹#233 PTB *g-rus ‘BONE’Allofams1 #232 PTB *s/m/g-rus ‘BONE’1a #234 PTB *s-rus ‘BONE’1b #233 PTB *g-rus ‘BONE’ ‘hipbone’Luo 90: 5.8.2
Lahucɔ̀ʔ-pɛ̄#2120 PTB *pi(l/r) ‘KIDNEY’PTani *krat¹-pjɯl ‘KIDNEY’-nimorpheme ‘waist / small of back’Matisoff 78 VSTB: (2)
Lahu (Black)cɔ̀ʔ-cɨ́#418 PTB *tsik ‘JOINT’PLB *ʔdzik ⪤ *ʔdzak ‘JOINT’(-qhwèʔmorpheme) ‘backbone / spine’Matisoff 87 BP
Lahu (Black)cɔ̀ʔ-pɛ̄#2120 PTB *pi(l/r) ‘KIDNEY’PTani *krat¹-pjɯl ‘KIDNEY’/cɛ̄morpheme-nimorpheme ‘waist’Matisoff 87 BP
Lisudʑo³¹tsi⁵⁵#418 PTB *tsik ‘JOINT’PLB *ʔdzik ⪤ *ʔdzak ‘JOINT’ n‘waist’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0098.40
Sani [Nyi]dʐo̱²¹tsi⁵⁵#418 PTB *tsik ‘JOINT’PLB *ʔdzik ⪤ *ʔdzak ‘JOINT’ɣɯ²¹#232 PTB *s/m/g-rus ‘BONE’MesorootsPKC *ruʔ ‘BONE’PCN *a-rut ‘BONE’PTk *ru ‘BONE’PKar *khrwitᴰ ‘BONE’Allofams1 #232 PTB *s/m/g-rus ‘BONE’1a #234 PTB *s-rus ‘BONE’1b #233 PTB *g-rus ‘BONE’ ‘backbone’Wu 84
6.1.2.3Southern Loloish17
Côông [Phunoi]ʔãˊ#5450 PTB *ʔa(ŋ/k)- ‘NOUN PREFIX’ cɔ̀ yàu̯#232 PTB *s/m/g-rus ‘BONE’MesorootsPKC *ruʔ ‘BONE’PCN *a-rut ‘BONE’PTk *ru ‘BONE’PKar *khrwitᴰ ‘BONE’Allofams1 #232 PTB *s/m/g-rus ‘BONE’1a #234 PTB *s-rus ‘BONE’1b #233 PTB *g-rus ‘BONE’ ‘rib’Matisoff 87 BP
Côông [Phunoi]ʔɑ̃⁵⁵#5450 PTB *ʔa(ŋ/k)- ‘NOUN PREFIX’ co¹¹ jɑu¹¹#232 PTB *s/m/g-rus ‘BONE’MesorootsPKC *ruʔ ‘BONE’PCN *a-rut ‘BONE’PTk *ru ‘BONE’PKar *khrwitᴰ ‘BONE’Allofams1 #232 PTB *s/m/g-rus ‘BONE’1a #234 PTB *s-rus ‘BONE’1b #233 PTB *g-rus ‘BONE’ ‘rib’Bradley xx Phu
6.1.2.4Southeastern Loloish2
6.2Naxi1
Cite this entry
STEDT etymon #215,
*gyu-k ⪤ *dzyu-k ‘WAIST’.Stable link:
https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/215Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].
References: cf. HPTB p. 357
BibTeX
@misc{stedt-215,
title = {{*gyu-k ⪤ *dzyu-k 'WAIST'}},
author = {STEDT},
year = {2017},
note = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #215},
url = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/215}
}