STEDT
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STEDT #418

*tsik

JOINT
Proto-Tibeto-Burman · exemplary

Reconstruction analysis

handletsikinitialtsrhymeikcoverTS · T

Intermediate reconstructions

Lolo-Burmese*ʔdzik ⪤ *ʔdzak ‘JOINT’JAM-TSR: 45

Connections

HPTB (PLB)*ʔ-dzikᴸ ‘joint’pp. 27, 315

Notes

This etymon frequently appears as the second element in compounds meaning ‘waist’ in Loloish languages. See Chapter 4.6 WAIST.

Many forms formerly reconstructed as PLB *dzəy SHOULDER now appear to belong to the present root.

Chinese comparandum

節 OC *tsiet, GSR #399e-f ‘joint of bamboo’; Coblin 86:99 ST *tsik > PC *tsik > OC *tsit; Schuessler 2007:312 *tsît; B & S 2011: *tsˁik; Mand. jié.
切 OC *ts’iet, GSR #400f ‘cut’; Schuessler 2007:312 *tshît; B & S 2011: *tsʰˁit {[tsʰ]ˁi[t]}; Mand. qiè.

Reflexes & cognates491 reflexes · 29 subgroups

0Sino-Tibetan (previously published reconstructions)1

*Sino-Tibetantsik ‘joint / section’Coblin 86: 99

0.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)5

*Tibeto-Burmantsik ‘knot / joint’Chou 72: 399e-f
*Tibeto-Burmantsik ‘joint / section’Coblin 86: 99

1.5Mikir [Karbi]13

Mikir [Karbi]aprefix-sek ‘joint’Matisoff 87 BP

1.7.3.2Asakian3

Ganan[mɑŋ¹morpheme◦ku³]morpheme◦tsʻɑʔ³ ‘joint (of bones)’Luce 85: L.162
Kadu (Kantu)ăprefix◦sʻɑʔ² ‘joint (of bones)’Luce 85: L.162
Sak (Bawtala)ăprefix◦sʻaᴜʔ² ‘joint (of bones)’Luce 85: L.162

2.1.1Western Himalayish9

Bunanpreŋmorpheme preŋmorpheme◦tsi ‘backbone / spine’Sharma, S.R. 91 Bu: 5.5.4
Bunantshiks◦pasuffix ‘joint’Sharma, S.R. 91 Bu: 8.9
Kanauripratsŭmorpheme tsigʻ ‘knuckle’Bailey 11
Kanauripratsŭmorpheme tsigʻ ‘knuckle’Matisoff 87 BP
Kanauritsigʻ n‘joint (in bones)’Bailey 11
Kanauritsigʻ ‘joint’Matisoff 87 BP
Pattani [Manchati]tsik◦jummorpheme ‘backbone / spine’Sharma, S.R. 91 Ma: 5.5.4

2.1.2.1Tibetan41

Tibetan (Amdo:Zeku)tʂʰəg-wæmorpheme ‘joint’Sun J 85 Amdo: 404
Tibetan (Batang)dʑa⁵⁵morphemetshiʔ⁵³ n‘ankle’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0104.03
Tibetan (Batang)tsha⁵⁵morpheme tshiʔ⁵³ nbp‘joint’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0136.03
Tibetan (Batang)tshiʔ⁵³piʔ²³¹morpheme v.‘dislocate (a joint)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1696.03
Tibetan (Lhasa)tshi⁵² tʂho⁵²morpheme v.‘dislocate (a joint)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1696.02
Sherpa'chi ‘elbow’As glossed in Hale (1973), vol. 4, p. 60, but probably only part of a disyllabic compound. Matisoff 87 BP
Sherpa'chi ‘joint’Matisoff 87 BP
Tibetan (Sherpa:Helambu)tsē ‘knuckle (joint of digit)’Bishop 89: 7.3
Tibetan (Written)(tshigs) ɦbudmorpheme v.‘dislocate (a joint)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1696.01
Tibetan (Written)loŋmorpheme tshigs n‘ankle’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0104.01
Tibetan (Written)mdzubmorpheme-tʻsigs ‘joint of fingers; knuckle’Matisoff 87 BP
Tibetan (Written)tshigs ‘joint, knot, knee’Coblin 86: 99
Tibetan (Written)tshigs.pamorpheme ‘joint’Sun J 85 TbGl: 404
Tibetan (Xiahe)dʑamorpheme tshəχ n‘ankle’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0104.04

2.1.3Lepcha3

Lepcha(aprefix-)tśak ‘joint’Benedict 72 STC: 64
Lepchačak ‘joint’Matisoff 87 BP
Lepchatsák ‘joint’Coblin 86: 99

3.2Qiangic34

Ersutshɿ⁵⁵ ‘shoulder blade’Sun H 91 ErsQ
Guiqiongntshə⁵⁵wu⁵⁵morphemetsi³³morpheme nbp‘joint’The third morpheme in this form, tsi³³, seems to be a widespread Guiqiong noun suffix, probably borrowed from Chinese 子.Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0136.16
Lyuzutshɿ³³ta⁵³morpheme n‘wrist’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0108.18
Lyuzutshɿ³³tshɿ⁵³ta³³morphemeta³³morpheme nbp‘joint’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0136.18
Lyuzutshɿ⁵³tshɿ⁵³ n‘ankle’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0104.18
Muyatshi⁵³ nbp‘joint’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0136.15
Muya [Minyak]tsʰi⁵⁵morphementsʰɐ³⁵ ‘joint’Sun H 91 MuyQ: 8.9
Namuyintsʰɛ³³ ‘joint’Sun H 91 NamQ: 8.9
Namuyidʐu³³morphementsæ⁵³ n‘spine / backbone’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0134.46
Namuyintshæ³³ntshæ³¹ nbp‘joint’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0136.46
Namuyitʂhɿ⁵³morphemekæ³³morphementhæ³³ntshæ³¹ n‘ankle’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0104.46
Queyu (Xinlong)(tsi⁵⁵) tə⁵⁵morphemepty³³morpheme v.‘dislocate (a joint)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1696.13
Queyu (Xinlong)ʂko⁵⁵morphemetsi⁵⁵ n‘ankle’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0104.13
Xumibæ⁵³morphemetshi⁵³ n‘ankle’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0104.17
Xumitshe⁵⁵ ‘joint’Sun H 91 ShiQ
Xumitshi⁵³ nbp‘joint’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0136.17

3.3rGyalrongic12

Ergong (Daofu)nomorpheme ʂtshɑu ‘knuckle (joint of digit)’Dai 89 Daof: 7.3
Ergong (Northern)tsʰək⁵³ ‘joint’Sun H 91 ErNQ: 8.9
Ergong (Northern)tʰa¹³morpheme ma⁵³morpheme tsʰək⁵³ ‘knuckle (joint of digit)’Sun H 91 ErNQ: 7.3
Daofuʂtsho n‘spine / backbone’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0134.12
Daofuʂtsho xamorpheme v.‘dislocate (a joint)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1696.12
Daofuʂtshɛmorpheme ʂtsho nbp‘joint’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0136.12

3.3.1rGyalrong21

rGyalrong (Maerkang)(tə tshək) kəmorpheme khʃutmorpheme v.‘dislocate (a joint)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1696.11
rGyalrong (Eastern)tɐprefix◦zgənmorpheme tsʰək ŋgruŋmorpheme ‘vertebrae (of spine)’Sun H 91 rEQ: 8.4.2
rGyalrongtəprefix tsʰək ‘bone’This form has perhaps been mis-glossed, in view of the fact that this morpheme means ‘joint’ in the other rGyalrong forms. Dai 89 Jiar: 8.4.0
rGyalrongtə tsʰək ‘joint’Dai 89 Jiar: 8.9
Caodengtə-tsʰək n‘joint’Sun J 97 Cao
rGyalrong (Eastern)təprefix◦tsʰək ‘knuckle (joint of digit)’Sun H 91 rEQ: 7.3
rGyalrong (Eastern)təprefix◦tsʰək ‘joint’Sun H 91 rEQ: 8.9
rGyalrong (NW)təprefix◦tsʰək ‘joint’Sun H 91 rNW: 8.9
rGyalrong (Eastern)tʰamorpheme tsʰək ‘backbone / spine’Sun H 91 rEQ: 5.5.4
rGyalrongtAprefix tshuk ‘joint’Nagano 97 GyQ: 8.9
rGyalrongtaprefix yimorpheme Ndzomorpheme wumorpheme tshuk ‘knuckle’Nagano 97 GyQ: 7.3
rGBenzhentəprefix-tsʰək ‘joint’Sun J 97 rGB

6.1Lolo-Burmese2

*Lolo-Burmeseʔdzik ⪤ ʔdzak ‘joint’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 45

6.1.1Burmish19

Bolau³¹morpheme tsʰaʔ⁵⁵ ‘joint’Dai 89 Bola: 162
Bola (Luxi)u³¹morphemetshaʔ⁵⁵ nbp‘joint’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0136.32
Burmese (Rangoon)ɑ⁵³prefixshiʔ⁴ nbp‘joint’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0136.27
Burmese (Written)ăprefix◦tshats ‘joint’Benedict 72 STC: 64
Burmese (Written)ɑ¹prefixshɑs⁴ nbp‘joint’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0136.26
Burmese (Written)əprefix-chac n.‘joint’Benedict 76 WBur
Burmese (Written)əprefix-chac ‘joint’Coblin 86: 99
Burmese (Written)əprefix-chak ‘junction, joint; a degree in lineage’Benedict 76 WBur
Burmese (Written)ʔəprefix-chac ‘join’Matisoff 87 BP

6.1.2Loloish7

*LoloishC-dzikᴸ ‘elbow’Bradley 79 PLo: 109
*LoloishC-dzikᴸ ‘wrist’Bradley 79 PLo: 110
*LoloishC-dzikᴸ ‘elbow’Hansson 89 AHKP: 561
Lolophotɕhi³³morpheme tɕi̱⁵⁵ ŋɤ̱³¹morpheme kɯ³³morpheme ‘knee’Dai 89 Lolo: 6.2.2

6.1.2.1Northern Loloish90

Gazhuotsʰɿ³³morphemetsɿ²⁴ ‘knee’Mu 03 Gazhuo
Gazhuov̩³¹morpheme kɯ³⁵morpheme tsɿ³⁵ tsɿ³⁵ ‘joint’Dai 89 Gazh: 8.9
Gazhuov³¹morphemekɯ²⁴morphemetsɿ²⁴ ‘joint’Mu 03 Gazhuo
Gazhuov³¹morphemekɯ³⁵morphemetsɿ³⁵tsɿ³⁵ nbp‘joint’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0136.47
Liphotshi³³morphemetsi̱³³ŋɤ²¹morphemephu²¹morpheme ‘knee’Chen 86 Yi: 6.2.2
Liphotsi̱³³ ‘knuckle’Chen 86 Yi: 7.3
Liphotsi̱³³ ‘joint’Chen 86 Yi: 8.9
Luquantsi 55c ‘joint’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 45
Nasube²¹morpheme tsi̱³³ ‘knee’Chen 86 Yi: 6.2.2
Nasutsi̱⁵⁵ ‘joint’Chen 86 Yi: 8.9
Noesutsɪ¹³ ‘joint’Chen 86 Yi: 8.9
Noesuxo²¹morphemeʑy³³morphemetsɪ¹³ ‘knuckle’Chen 86 Yi: 7.3
Nosuba²¹morphemetsɿ̄³³ ‘knee’Chen 86 Yi: 6.2.2
Nosutsɿ̄⁵⁵ma³³morpheme ‘knuckle’Chen 86 Yi: 7.3
Nosutsɿ̄⁵⁵ma³³morpheme ‘joint’Chen 86 Yi: 8.9
Nusu (Central)khɹi³³morphemetsi̱⁵³ n‘ankle’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0104.34
Nusu (Central)kʰʴi³³morpheme tsi̱⁵³ ‘ankle’Dai 89 NusB: 127.
Nusu (Central/Zhizhiluo)kʰʴi³⁵morpheme tse̱³¹ ‘ankle’Dai 89 NusA: 127.
Yi (Liangshan)ba²¹morphemeʦɿ̱³³ ‘knee; kneecap’Ma 08 Yi: index
Yi (Liangshan)ʦɿ⁵⁵ ‘joint (section)’Ma 08 Yi: index
Yi (Liangshan)ʦɿ⁵⁵ndʐɿ̱³³morpheme ‘dislocate (bone)’Ma 08 Yi: index
Yi (Liangshan)ʦɿ⁵⁵ʐo⁵⁵morpheme ‘dislocate (bone)’Ma 08 Yi: index
Yi (Nanhua)tɕhi³³morphemetsi̱⁵⁵mo³³morphemedi³³morpheme n‘knee’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0101.37
Yi (Weishan)tsɿ²¹di²¹morpheme n‘boundary line / demarcation line’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0721.36
Yi (Weishan)vu⁵⁵morphemelo²¹morphemekhu̪⁵⁵morphemetsɿ²¹ n‘knee’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0101.36
Yi (Wuding)tsi̱⁵⁵◦mu̱morpheme n‘knee’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0101.38
Yi (Wuding)tsɯ̱⁵⁵fɚ¹¹morpheme n‘boundary line / demarcation line’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0721.38
Yi (Wuding)tsɯ̱⁵⁵tɕhe³³morpheme n‘boundary line / demarcation line’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0721.38
Yi (Xide)di²¹morphemetsɿ⁵⁵ n‘boundary line / demarcation line’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0721.35
Yi (Xide)tsɿ⁵⁵ ‘joint’Chen 79 YiCh

6.1.2.2Central Loloish110

Ahitsi 55 ~ tse 55 ‘joint’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 45
Ahitsi̱⁵⁵ ‘phalanx (knuckle length)’Luo 90: 13.1
Ahitsɿ⁵⁵ ‘knuckle’Chen 86 Yi: 7.3
Ahitɕʻi̱²¹morpheme tʂi³³morpheme mo³³morpheme i³³morpheme tsi̱⁵⁵ ‘knuckle (joint of digit)’Luo 90: 7.3
Jinuoa³³prefixtshɤ³⁵ nbp‘joint’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0136.44
Jinuo (Baya/Banai)a⁴⁴prefix tsʰɯ⁵⁵ ‘joint’Dai 89 JinA: 169
Kucongtsɤ33 ‘classifier.joint (of bamboo)’Dai 09 Kucong
Lahu (Black)kʰɯ³³#335 PTB *krəy ‘FOOT’ tsɿ³⁵ qv̩³³morpheme ‘knee’Chang 86
Lahu (Yellow)tsɿʔ²¹ ‘waist’Chang 86
Lisu (Northern)ji⁵⁵morphemetsi⁵⁵ N‘joint; season’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisuo̱³¹morphemeto̱³³morphemetsi⁵⁵ nbp‘joint’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0136.40
Lisutsï3morpheme-tsi3 ‘joint’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 45
Lisutsi³ ‘joint’Matisoff 87 BP
Lisu (Northern)tsi⁵⁵ N‘joint’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)tɕhi³³morphemetsi⁵⁵ ‘joint’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)tɕhi³³morphemetsi⁵⁵ læ²¹morphemetsi⁵⁵ ‘joint’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)tɕhi³³morphemetsi⁵⁵ na³³ka³³ ‘knee bone’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisutɕhi³³#335 PTB *krəy ‘FOOT’tsi⁵⁵nɑ̱³³morphemeka̱³³morpheme n‘knee’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0101.40
Lisu (Northern)tɕhæ³⁵morphemebø³³morphemetsi⁵⁵ n‘ankle bone’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Central)tɕhæ³⁵morphemebø⁴⁴morphemetsi⁵⁵ n‘ankle bone’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisutɕhɛ³⁵morphemebe³³morphemetsi⁵⁵ n‘ankle’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0104.40
Lisu (Nujiang)tʃʰi̱⁴⁴morpheme tsɿ⁵⁵ nɑ̱⁴⁴morpheme kɑ̱⁴⁴morpheme ‘knee’Xu 86 Lisu
Sani [Nyi]tsi⁵⁵pu³³morpheme ‘joint’Wu 84
Sani [Nyi]tsẓ 55 ‘joint’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 45
Sani [Nyi]tsɿ͆⁵⁵ ‘joint’Ma 89 SanQ: 348.1
Sani [Nyi]tsɿ⁵⁵ pu³³morpheme ‘joint (gujie)’Wu 84: 132.1

6.1.2.3Southern Loloish48

Akhaaprefix-tsui H-LS ‘joint’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 45
Akhaaˇprefix◦tsui˰ ‘joint’Matisoff 87 BP
Akhaa˯prefix kuiˇ#335 PTB *krəy ‘FOOT’ paw˯morpheme tsui˰ ‘knee’Matisoff 87 BP
Akha (Thai)áprefix◦tsỳq ‘joint’Hansson 89 AHKP: 560
Akhapaw˯#435 PTB *pu ‘KNEE’Allofams1 #436 PTB *put-s ⪤ *pit-s ‘KNEE’1b #435 PTB *pu ‘KNEE’ tsui˰ (tsui˰ ) ‘knee’Matisoff 87 BP
Akhapaw˯#435 PTB *pu ‘KNEE’Allofams1 #436 PTB *put-s ⪤ *pit-s ‘KNEE’1b #435 PTB *pu ‘KNEE’ tsui˰ aˇprefix beuˆmorpheme (beuˆ)morpheme ‘knee cap’Matisoff 87 BP
Akha (Yunnan)thìmorpheme tsỳq ‘joint’Hansson 89 AHKP: 560
Akhatsỳq ‘elbow’Hansson 89 AHKP: 561
Akhayoe˯morpheme tsui˰ ‘joint’Lewis 89 AETD
Bisulamorpheme◦tshɨ̀ ‘joint’Beaudouin 88 Bisu: 14
Bisutshɯ̀ ‘joint’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 45
Hani (Lüchun)áprefix tsỳq ‘joint’Hansson 89 AHKP: 560
Hani (Pijo)áprefix tshì ‘joint’Hansson 89 AHKP: 560
Hani (Wordlist)alprefix◦zivq ‘joint’Hansson 89 AHKP: 560
Hani (Khatu)áprefix tshə̀ ‘joint’Hansson 89 AHKP: 560
Hani (Mojiang)ʃɔ³¹morphemeji³¹mu⁵⁵morphemel̥u³³morpheme nbp‘joint’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0136.42

6.1.2.4Southeastern Loloish15

Azhai³³morphemeʦʰi²² ‘joint’Pelkey 11 Phula: 273
Southern Mujiljɛ²¹morphemeʨi²¹ ‘wrist’Pelkey 11 Phula: 279
Pholaʨi̠³¹ ‘joint’Pelkey 11 Phula: 273
Hlepho Phowaʦʰɿ²¹morphemeʦɿ³³ ‘ankle joint’Pelkey 11 Phula: 297
Phuzaɛ³³prefixʦi⁵⁵ ‘joint’Pelkey 11 Phula: 273
Phuzaʦʰi³¹morphemebɯ³¹morphemeʦi⁵⁵ ‘knee’Pelkey 11 Phula: 299
Phuzaʦʰi³¹morphemeʦi¹³ ‘ankle joint’Pelkey 11 Phula: 297

6.2Naxi17

Laze (Xiangjiao)gɤ˥#1 PTB *guŋ ‘BODY / BACK’ ɖɯ˧morpheme ʈʂæ˧˥ ‘top part of the body; above the waist’Michaud 06 NaLaze: 381
Laze (Xiangjiao)i˩morphemetsɯ˩ ‘waist’Michaud 06 NaLaze: 347
Laze (Xiangjiao)læ˧morphememie˥morphemetsɯ˥ tu˩morphemely˩morpheme ‘ankle’[Source note] (læ˧mie˥: chicken) meaning: the bone protruding out of the foot (astragalus?) up above the heel.Michaud 06 NaLaze: 373
Laze (Xiangjiao)v˥morpheme ɖɯ˧morpheme ʈʂæ˧˥ ‘lower part of the body; below the waist’Michaud 06 NaLaze: 380
Na (Yongning)gɤ˩morphemeʈʂæ˧˥ ‘top part of the body; above the waist’Michaud 06 NaLaze
Na (Yongning)i˩morphemeʈʂæ˧˥ ‘waist’Michaud 06 NaLaze
Na (Yongning)kʰɯ˧morphemeʈʂæ˧˥ ‘ankle’Michaud 06 NaLaze
Na (Yongning)mv˩morphemeʈʂæ˧˥ ‘lower part of the body; below the waist’Michaud 06 NaLaze
Na (Yongning)ʈʂæ˧˥ ‘joint’Michaud 06 NaLaze
Naxibæ²¹morphemetʂɚ⁵⁵ n‘sugarcane’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0399.45
Naxi (Lijiang)lɑ³³morphemexo³¹morphememba³³morphemetʂəɹ⁵⁵ ‘sugarcane’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 197.28
Naxitʂɚ⁵⁵ nbp‘joint’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0136.45
Naxitʂɚ⁵⁵ clf‘section (of bamboo between two joints)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0869.45

9Sinitic1

"Pre-Chinese"tsik ‘joint / section’Coblin 86: 99

9.0.1Old Chinese6

Chinese (Old/Mid)tsiet ‘knot / joint’Chou 72: 399e-f
Chinese (Old)tsik ‘joint or section of bamboo’Baxter 92: 1144
Chinese (Old)tsik ‘knot / joint in plants’Baxter 92: 1309
Chinese (Old)tsik ‘knot / joint in plants’Baxter 92: 669
Chinese (Old)tsit ‘joint / section’Coblin 86: 99

9.0.2Middle Chinese1

Chinese (Middle)tsiet ‘knot / joint of bamboo; section’Coblin 86: 99

Cite this entry

STEDT etymon #418, *tsik ‘JOINT’.
Stable link: https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/418
Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].
References: cf. STC#064, HPTB
BibTeX
@misc{stedt-418,
  title  = {{*tsik 'JOINT'}},
  author = {STEDT},
  year   = {2017},
  note   = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #418},
  url    = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/418}
}