The Body › Torso › Back › Lower Back/Small of Back

STEDT #201

m-kal ⪤ s-gal

BACK (lower) / KIDNEY / LOAD / CARRY

Proto-Tibeto-Burman · exemplary

Reconstruction analysis

handles/m-k/initialk/grhymea(ː)lcoverK · L

Intermediate reconstructions

Kuki-Chin*kal ‘KIDNEY’PKC #297

Tangkhulic*kal ‘KIDNEY’DRM#630

Connections

HPTB*s-gaːl ⪤ *m-kal ‘kidney / small of back / loins’pp. 404, 405, 428

Allofam*(k/g)yal ‘BACK (lower) / BUTTOCKS / HIPS’

Notes

The PKC etymon *khel (a meso-root of #202 PTB *(k/g)yal BACK (lower) / BUTTOCKS / HIPS) definitely seems related to this root, perhaps pointing to a PKC variant *k(y)al.

The meaning of this etymon ranges from KIDNEY / SMALL OF BACK to the notion of CARRY ON THE BACK / LOAD. There also seems to be a relationship with the widespread root #2355 PTB *m-kul TWENTY / ALL, which perhaps indicates an original meaning like ‘a complete load; everything that can be placed on a beast of burden at one time.’

The original meaning of the graph 荷 of the Chinese comparandum was ‘lotus’, as witness its “grass radical”, but it came to be used as a loan character for the concept CARRY (in the Confucian Analects [Lún Yǔ 论语]) and for SUSTAIN (in the Zuǒ Zhuàn [左傳], one of the commentaries on the Spring and Autumn Annals).

Chinese comparandum

荷 OC *gʼɑ̂, GSR #1o ‘carry, sustain’; Schuessler 2007:275-6 *kâiʔ; Coblin 86:51-2 ST *gaƚ > OC *garx; B & S 2011: (*ɡˁaj {[ɡ]ˁaj}); Mand. hè.
可 OC *k’ɑ̂, GSR #1a-c ‘may, be able’; Coblin 86:51-2 ST *khaƚ > OC *kharx; Schuessler 2007:275-6 *khâiʔ; B & S 2011: *kʰˁajʔ {[k]ʰˁa[j]ʔ}; Mand. kě.

Reflexes & cognates172 reflexes · 38 subgroups

0.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)8

*Tibeto-Burmanm-kal ‘kidney’Weidert 87 TBTo: 936

*Tibeto-Burmanm-kal ‘kidney / small of back / loins’Mortensen 12 Tk

*Tibeto-Burmanm-kal ‘kidney’Benedict 72 STC: 12

*Tibeto-Burmanm-kal ⪤ s-ga ‘kidney / small of back’Matisoff 78 VSTB: (1)

*Tibeto-Burmanm-kɑl ‘kidney’Chou 72: 368h

*Tibeto-Burmans-gal ‘load / burden’Matisoff 03 HPTB: 416, 423

*Tibeto-Burmans-gaːl ‘loins’Weidert 87 TBTo: 287

*Tibeto-Burmans-gaːl ⪤ m-kal ‘kidney / small of back / loins’Matisoff 03 HPTB: 590

1.1.1.1Western Tani2

Bokargeː ɕiː#418 PTB *tsik ‘JOINT’PLB *ʔdzik ⪤ *ʔdzak ‘JOINT’ n‘spine / backbone’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0134.24

Bokargɛ-siː#418 PTB *tsik ‘JOINT’PLB *ʔdzik ⪤ *ʔdzak ‘JOINT’ ‘backbone / spine’Sun J 93 Tani

1.1.1.2Eastern Tani2

Damu*kʰe◦mamorpheme ‘kidney’Sun J 93 Tani

Damugeː-tsʰɯk#418 PTB *tsik ‘JOINT’PLB *ʔdzik ⪤ *ʔdzak ‘JOINT’ ʔaprefix-roː#238 PTB *g-r(w/y)a(ŋ/k) ‘BONE / SKELETON’PTani *loŋ ‘BONE’ ‘backbone’Sun J 93 Tani

1.2Kuki-Chin1

*Chinkal ‘KIDNEY’VanBik 09 PKC: 297

1.2.1.1Northern Chin7

Thadokâl ‘kidney’VanBik 09 PKC: 297

Tiddimkal ‘kidney’Matisoff 78 VSTB: (1)

Tiddimkal¹ ‘kidney’VanBik 09 PKC: 297

Tiddimkal¹ ‘kidney’Bhaskararao 96 CDB: 540

Tiddimkal¹ ‘kidney’Benedict 72 STC: 18n66

Tiddimˊ kal ‘kidney’Matisoff 87 BP

Tiddimˊkal n‘kidney’Henderson 65 TidC

1.2.1.2Southern Plains Chin2

Ashokhãĩ-lãĩmorpheme ‘groin’Weidert 87 TBTo: 427

Khumipkaawy ‘kidney’VanBik 09 PKC: 297

1.2.2Central Chin9

Lai (Hakha)kǎl ‘kidney’VanBik 09 PKC: 297

Lushai [Mizo]kal ‘kidney’Marrison 67 Naga

Lushai [Mizo]kal ‘kidney’Matisoff 87 BP

Lushai [Mizo]kal ‘kidney’Matisoff 78 VSTB: (1)

Lushai [Mizo]kǎl ‘kidney’VanBik 09 PKC: 297

Lushai [Mizo]kǎl ‘kidney’Løffler 85 Paa

Lushai [Mizo]kal ‘kidney’Bhaskararao 96 CDB: 540

Lushai [Mizo]kal ‘kidney’Benedict 72 STC: 12

Paangkhuamamorpheme◦kàl ‘kidney’Løffler 85 Paa

1.2.3Maraic1

Lakher [Mara]kei-khâmorpheme-ru#220 PTB *ru ‘WAIST’ ‘groin’Matisoff 87 BP

1.2.4“Old Kuki”2

Kom Remaprefix◦kə ‘kidney’Toba 91 KRQ: 9.6

Sorbungmə-kee ‘kidney’Mortensen 11 Sorbung: BodyParts.294

1.3“Naga” Areal Group2

Maringnam#3324 PTB *(l/n)am ‘BACK (body)’-gal ‘back’Benedict 72 STC: 12

Maringnam#3324 PTB *(l/n)am ‘BACK (body)’◦hal ‘back (body)’Marrison 67 Naga

1.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)3

Lotha Nagaoprefix◦khü ‘kidney’Murry 78: 65

Sangtamkhü◦lingmorpheme ‘kidney’Marrison 67 Naga

Sangtam¹aprefix²kɯ²liŋmorpheme ‘kidney’Weidert 87 TBTo: 936

1.3.2Angami-Pochuri Group15

Angami (Khonoma)meche ‘kidney’Marrison 67 Naga

Angami (Kohima)(u)prefix mi³¹kie⁵⁵ ‘kidney’Nienu 90 AngQ: 9.6

Angami (Kohima)meche ‘kidney’Marrison 67 Naga

Chokri(u)prefix mi³¹ ki³⁵ ‘kidney’Nienu 90 ChoQ: 9.6

Chokri²me⁵ku ‘loins’Weidert 87 TBTo: 287

Khezhamecì◦(chɯ̵́)morpheme ‘kidney’Yabu 94 Khö: 9.6

Khezha²me²ku ‘loins’Weidert 87 TBTo: 287

Mao¹mo⁵ko ‘loins’Weidert 87 TBTo: 287

Rengma (Northern)¹aprefix¹ŋ²ga ‘loins’Weidert 87 TBTo: 287

Rengma (Southern)m-kaʱ ‘groin’Weidert 87 TBTo: 287

Rengma (Southern)²nprefix¹n³khi ‘loins’Weidert 87 TBTo: 287

Sema [Sumi]aprefix◦ke◦lumorpheme ‘kidney’Marrison 67 Naga

Sema [Sumi]aprefix◦khü◦lümorpheme ‘kidney’Achumi 98: 9.6

Sema [Sumi]aprefix◦mchi◦thimorpheme ‘kidney’Achumi 98: 9.6

Sema [Sumi]¹aprefix³khɯ³lɯmorpheme ‘kidney’Weidert 87 TBTo: 81

1.3.3Zeme Group3

Rongmei / Nruanghmeiməi çi ‘kidney’Matisoff 94 Rong

Rongmei / Nruanghmeiməi xi ‘kidney’Matisoff 94 Rong

Zeme³mi#1002 PPC *r-mi(y)-n ‘PERSON / MAN’PTani *miː ‘MAN (homo)’PKC *mii ‘PERSON / MAN / PEOPLE’PCN *a-[h]məjʔ ‘PERSON, HUMAN’PTk *mi ‘MAN / HUMAN’PNN *C̥-məy ‘MAN (generic)’TGTM *ᴬmi ‘MAN’◦¹n⁴keu ‘kidney’Weidert 87 TBTo: 81

1.3.4Tangkhulic8

*Tangkhulickal ‘kidney’Mortensen 12 Tk: 630

Huishuʔaprefix-mə-kej ‘kidney’Mortensen 12 Tk: BodyParts.285

Kachaimə-ki ‘kidney’Mortensen 12 Tk: BodyParts.267

Tangkhulaprefix◦makei ‘kidney’Marrison 67 Naga

Tangkhulāprefix◦makei ‘kidney’Matisoff 87 BP

Tangkhul¹əprefix¹mə²kəi ‘kidney’Weidert 87 TBTo: 81

Tusomŋmorpheme-ka-tχamorpheme ‘kidney’Mortensen 12 Tk: BodyParts.278

Ukhrulaprefix-mə-kej ‘kidney’Mortensen 12 Tk

1.4Meithei4

Meitheinam#3324 PTB *(l/n)am ‘BACK (body)’-gal ⪤ nam#3324 PTB *(l/n)am ‘BACK (body)’-gan ‘back’Benedict 72 STC: 12

Meitheinam#3324 PTB *(l/n)am ‘BACK (body)’-gal⪤nam#3324 PTB *(l/n)am ‘BACK (body)’-gan ‘back’Matisoff 78 VSTB: (1)

Meitheinam#3324 PTB *(l/n)am ‘BACK (body)’◦gal ‘back’Matisoff 87 BP

Meitheinəŋ#3324 PTB *(l/n)am ‘BACK (body)’◦gən ‘back’Singh 91 MeiQ: 5.5

1.5Mikir [Karbi]1

Mikir [Karbi]iŋprefix◦hāi(ʔ) ‘loins / inguinal hernia,bubo(GDW’Weidert 87 TBTo: 287

1.7.2.1Tangsa-Nocte2

Tangsa³veŋmorpheme¹xʌl(ʔ) ‘groin’Weidert 87 TBTo: 287

Tangsa¹ʌprefix¹kʌl(ʔ) ‘kidney’Weidert 87 TBTo: 81

1.7.2.2Konyak-Chang1

Changgé ‘kidney’Weidert 87 TBTo: 81

2.1.1Western Himalayish7

Bunankhal◦masuffix ‘kidney’Sharma, S.R. 91 Bu: 9.6

Byangsikha◦ʃa:morpheme n.‘kidney’Sharma 2003: 427

Chaudangsikha-syamorpheme ‘kidney’Krishan 2003: 345

Darmakhə-dɔŋmorpheme-sɛmorpheme ‘kidney’Krishan 2003: 375

Kanaurikhō n‘waist’Bailey 11

Kanaurikhō ‘waist’Matisoff 87 BP

Pattani [Manchati]bumorpheme◦ka ‘kidney’Sharma, S.R. 91 Ma: 9.6

2.1.2Bodic6

Kaikekhal ‘kidney’Matisoff 87 BP

Kaikekhal ‘kidney’Matisoff 78 VSTB: (1)

Tsangla (Central)khe◦masuffix ‘kidney’Egli-Roduner: 35 14b

Tshona (Mama)khɛː⁵⁵mᴀ⁵³suffix ‘kidney’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 270.6

Tshona (Mama)kʰɛː⁵⁵ mᴀ⁵³suffix ‘kidney’Sun H 80 MLD

Cuona Menbage³⁵tsiʔ⁵³#418 PTB *tsik ‘JOINT’PLB *ʔdzik ⪤ *ʔdzak ‘JOINT’ n‘spine / backbone’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0134.06

2.1.2.1Tibetan42

Tibetan (Alike)mkha mæsuffix nbp‘kidney’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0146.05

Tibetan (Alike)rga tshək#418 PTB *tsik ‘JOINT’PLB *ʔdzik ⪤ *ʔdzak ‘JOINT’ n‘spine / backbone’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0134.05

Tibetan (Amdo:Bla-brang)hga wasuffix ‘back (of body)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 258.4

Tibetan (Amdo:Bla-brang)kha masuffix ‘kidney’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 270.4

Tibetan (Amdo:Zeku)mkha masuffix ‘kidney’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 270.5

Tibetan (Amdo:Zeku)nkʰa-mæsuffix ‘kidney’Sun J 85 Amdo: 412

Tibetan (Batang)gɛ⁵⁵ tʂhi⁵³#418 PTB *tsik ‘JOINT’PLB *ʔdzik ⪤ *ʔdzak ‘JOINT’ ‘backbone / spine’Dai 89 Bata: 5.5.4

Tibetan (Batang)khɛ⁵⁵ le⁵³#2812 PTB *g-la ‘SPLEEN / KIDNEY’PKC *laa ‘SPLEEN’PKar *k-leᴮ ‘KIDNEY’ ‘kidney’Dai 89 Bata: 9.6

Tibetan (Batang)ge⁵⁵tshiʔ⁵³#418 PTB *tsik ‘JOINT’PLB *ʔdzik ⪤ *ʔdzak ‘JOINT’ n‘spine / backbone’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0134.03

Tibetan (Batang)khe⁵⁵ma⁵³suffix nbp‘kidney’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0146.03

Tibetan (Jirel)'khal◦maqsuffix ‘kidney’Matisoff 87 BP

Tibetan (Khams:Dege)khe⁵⁵ma⁵³suffix ‘kidney’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 270.3

Tibetan (Lhasa)khɛ⁵⁵ma¹³suffix ‘kidney’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 270.2

Tibetan (Lhasa)khɛ⁵⁵ma⁵⁵suffix nbp‘kidney’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0146.02

Tibetan (Lhasa)kɛ¹³tshi⁵²#418 PTB *tsik ‘JOINT’PLB *ʔdzik ⪤ *ʔdzak ‘JOINT’ n‘spine / backbone’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0134.02

Sherpakel◦dangq#225 PTB *m-daŋ ‘BUTTOCKS / HIPS / TAIL / LOWER BACK / LOINS’ ‘lower back / loins / lumbar region’Matisoff 87 BP

Tibetan (Written)khal ‘load’Sun J 85 TbGl: 453

Tibetan (Written)khal.masuffix ‘beast of burden’Sun J 85 TbGl: 56

Tibetan (Written)kʻɑ́l-mɑsuffix ‘beast of burden, sumptermule’Jäschke 1881

Tibetan (Written)mk'al-masuffix ‘kidney’Matisoff 78 VSTB: (1)

Tibetan (Written)mkhal masuffix nbp‘kidney’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0146.01

Tibetan (Written)mkhal masuffix ‘kidney’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 270.1

Tibetan (Written)mkhal-masuffix ‘kidney’Benedict 72 STC: 12

Tibetan (Written)mkhal.masuffix ‘kidney’Sun J 85 TbGl: 412

Tibetan (Written)mkhal◦masuffix ‘kidney’Marrison 67 Naga

Tibetan (Written)mkʻal-masuffix ‘kidney’Matisoff 87 BP

Tibetan (Written)sgal pasuffix n‘back’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0091.01

Tibetan (Written)sgal pasuffix ‘back (of body)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 258.1

Tibetan (Written)sgal parmorpheme khjermorpheme ‘carry (a child) on the back)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1151.01

Tibetan (Written)sgal parmorpheme ɦkhjermorpheme ‘carry on back’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 575.1

Tibetan (Written)sgal-h̥dabsmorpheme ‘side’Matisoff 87 BP

Tibetan (Written)sgal-pasuffix ‘small of the back’Weidert 87 TBTo: 287

Tibetan (Written)sgal-pasuffix ‘lower back / loins / lumbar region’Matisoff 87 BP

Tibetan (Written)sgal-pasuffix ‘small of back’Matisoff 78 VSTB: (1)

Tibetan (Written)sgal-pasuffix ‘small of the back’Benedict 72 STC: 12

Tibetan (Written)sgal-pasuffix ‘back’Zhang Liansheng 88: 32

Tibetan (Written)sgal-rus#232 PTB *s/m/g-rus ‘BONE’MesorootsPKC *ruʔ ‘BONE’PCN *a-rut ‘BONE’PTk *ru ‘BONE’PKar *khrwitᴰ ‘BONE’Allofams1 #232 PTB *s/m/g-rus ‘BONE’1a #234 PTB *s-rus ‘BONE’1b #233 PTB *g-rus ‘BONE’ ‘backbone / spine’Matisoff 87 BP

Tibetan (Written)sgal-tšigs#418 PTB *tsik ‘JOINT’PLB *ʔdzik ⪤ *ʔdzak ‘JOINT’ ‘backbone / spine’Matisoff 87 BP

Tibetan (Written)sgal.pasuffix ‘small of the back’Sun J 85 TbGl: 51

Tibetan (Written)sgaɬ tshigs#418 PTB *tsik ‘JOINT’PLB *ʔdzik ⪤ *ʔdzak ‘JOINT’ n‘spine / backbone’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0134.01

Tibetan (Xiahe)ga tshəχ#418 PTB *tsik ‘JOINT’PLB *ʔdzik ⪤ *ʔdzak ‘JOINT’ n‘spine / backbone’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0134.04

Tibetan (Xiahe)kha masuffix nbp‘kidney’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0146.04

2.1.4Tamangish7

Chantyalmirmorpheme◦kay◦lo#2812 PTB *g-la ‘SPLEEN / KIDNEY’PKC *laa ‘SPLEEN’PKar *k-leᴮ ‘KIDNEY’ ‘kidney’Noonan 92: 9.6

Gurung (Ghachok)kaT◦Timorpheme ‘waist / lower back’Matisoff 87 BP

Gurung (Ghachok)khā◦qimorpheme ‘kidney’Matisoff 87 BP

Gurung (Ghachok)kʰa◦qimorpheme ‘kidney’Glover 72 GuVo: 2.A.41

Tamang (Risiangku)¹kli#572 PTB *kləy ‘BODY DIRT / EXCREMENT’PKC *mik-khlii ‘TEARS’PCN *a-khləjʔ ‘FECES, EXCREMENT’TGTM *ᴬkli ‘FECES,SHIT’PKar *khrejᴮ ‘BODY DIRT’-⁴kal n‘anus’Mazaudon 91 TamQ: 9.12

Thakali (Tukche)khu◦masuffix ‘kidney’Matisoff 87 BP

Thakali (Tukche)kʰu◦mɔsuffix ‘kidney’Hari 71a ThVo: 2.A.41

2.3.3Central Kiranti1

Khaling'kal ‘kidney’Matisoff 78 VSTB: (1)

2.3.4Western Kiranti2

Bahingkhal ‘bile’Michailovsky 91 Kr: 7

Hayugaː◦tamorpheme◦tsomorpheme ‘backbone / spine’Matisoff 87 BP

2.4Kham-Magar-Chepang12

Chepanggal ‘kidney’Matisoff 87 BP

Chepanggal ‘kidney’Matisoff 78 VSTB: (1)

Chepanggəl ‘kidney’Weidert 87 TBTo: 81

Chepanggəl n.‘kidney’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepanggəl ‘kidney’Caughley 72 CVoc: 2.A.41

Chepang (Eastern)gəl ‘kidney’Caughley 90 CheQ: 9.6

Kham'gāh-chum#3334 PTB *tsyu(m/p) ‘HIP’ ‘hip’Matisoff 87 BP

Kham'gah◦chum#3334 PTB *tsyu(m/p) ‘HIP’ ‘hip (sides of)’Watters 89 KhQ: 2.A.44

Kham'gāh◦chum#3334 PTB *tsyu(m/p) ‘HIP’ ‘hip’Matisoff 87 BP

Kham'gah◦cʰum#3334 PTB *tsyu(m/p) ‘HIP’ ‘hip (sides of)’Watters 89 KhQ: 2.A.44

Kham'kal ‘kidney’Matisoff 87 BP

Khamkəl ‘kidney’Watters 89 KhQ: 2.A.41

3.1Tangut1

Tangut [Xixia]khi◦wamorpheme ‘kidney’Li 97 Tangut: 2718

3.2Qiangic2

Guiqiongkhi⁵⁵mu̵⁵⁵morpheme nbp‘kidney’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0146.16

Queyu (Yajiang) [Zhaba]khe⁵⁵lø⁵⁵morpheme ‘kidney’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 270.16

3.3rGyalrongic2

Ergong (Northern)zgɛl⁵³ tsʰək⁵³#418 PTB *tsik ‘JOINT’PLB *ʔdzik ⪤ *ʔdzak ‘JOINT’ ‘backbone / spine’Sun H 91 ErNQ: 5.5.4

Ergong (Northern)zgɛl⁵³ tsʰək⁵³#418 PTB *tsik ‘JOINT’PLB *ʔdzik ⪤ *ʔdzak ‘JOINT’ ‘vertebrae (of spine)’Sun H 91 ErNQ: 8.4.2

3.3.1rGyalrong2

rGyalrong (NW)zgɛl tsʰək#418 PTB *tsik ‘JOINT’PLB *ʔdzik ⪤ *ʔdzak ‘JOINT’ ‘backbone / spine’Sun H 91 rNW: 5.5.4

rGyalrong (NW)zgɛr tsʰək#418 PTB *tsik ‘JOINT’PLB *ʔdzik ⪤ *ʔdzak ‘JOINT’ ‘vertebrae (of spine)’Sun H 91 rNW: 8.4.2

6.1.1Burmish13

Burmese (Rangoon)kha⁵⁵ n‘waist’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0098.27

Burmese (Spoken Rangoon)khɑ⁵⁵ ‘waist’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 261.40

Burmese (Written)khà ‘loins’Weidert 87 TBTo: 287

Burmese (Written)khâ ‘waist / loins’Matisoff 87 BP

Burmese (Written)khâ ‘lower back / loins / lumbar region’Matisoff 87 BP

Burmese (Written)khâ ‘loins’Matisoff 78 VSTB: (1)

Burmese (Written)khâ ‘loins, waist, small of back’Benedict 76 WBur

Burmese (Written)khâ-tuiŋ#3322 PTB *tu(k/ŋ) ‘BACK (of body)’PKC *ɗuŋ ‘REAR / BACK’ ‘lower back / loins / lumbar region’Matisoff 87 BP

Burmese (Written)khā: ‘waist’Marrison 67 Naga

Burmese (Written)kha³ n‘waist’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0098.26

Burmese (Written)khɑ³ ‘waist’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 261.39

Burmese (Written)kʻā⁴ ‘waist / haunch / thigh’Luce 85: W.6

Marmakhá ‘waist’Huziwara 08 Sak: 41

6.1.2.3Southern Loloish1

Akhag'aw˯ si˯#1390 PTB *m-sin ‘LIVER / HEART / BILE / BITTER’PTani *zin ‘LIVER’PKC *thin ‘LIVER’PCN *m-sən ‘LIVER’PTk *tʰin ‘LIVER’PNN *C̬-sin ‘LIVER’PLB *sin² ⪤ *tsin² ‘LIVER / BITTER’PL *sin² ‘LIVER’PKar *swɨnᴮ ‘LIVER’ ‘kidney (dial.)’Matisoff 87 BP

9Sinitic2

Chinese (Hanzi)荷 ‘lotus’BaxterSagart 2011: 1028

Chinese (GSR #)0001o ‘lotus’BaxterSagart 2011: 1028

9.0.1Old Chinese3

Chinese (Old/Mid)gʼɑ̂/ɣɑ̂ ‘lotus’Karlgren 57 GSR: 1o

Chinese (Old/Mid)gʼɑ̂/ɣɑ̂: ‘carry, sustain’Karlgren 57 GSR: 1o

Chinese (Old)gˤaj {[g]ˤaj} ‘lotus’BaxterSagart 2011: 1028

9.0.2Middle Chinese1

Chinese (Middle)ha ‘lotus’BaxterSagart 2011: 1028

9.0.3Modern Chinese1

Chinese (Mandarin)hé ‘lotus’BaxterSagart 2011: 1028

Cite this entry

STEDT etymon #201, *m-kal ⪤ *s-gal ‘BACK (lower) / KIDNEY / LOAD / CARRY’.

Stable link: https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/201

Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].

References: incl 2229,2811. STC#12 *m-kal, p. 18 *s-gaːl; cf. HPTB pp.404, 405, 428

BibTeX

@misc{stedt-201,
  title  = {{*m-kal ⪤ *s-gal 'BACK (lower) / KIDNEY / LOAD / CARRY'}},
  author = {STEDT},
  year   = {2017},
  note   = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #201},
  url    = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/201}
}

*m-kal ⪤ *s-gal