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STEDT #3322

*tu(k/ŋ)

BACK (of body)

Proto-Tibeto-Burman

Reconstruction analysis

handletukinitialtrhymeuk ⪤ tuŋcoverT · NT

Intermediate reconstructions

Kuki-Chin*ɗuŋ ‘REAR / BACK’PKC #103

Connections

Poss. allofams*tuk ⪤ *twak ‘HEAD / SKULL / NECK’, *gaːr ⪤ *ga ‘DANCE / SING / LEAP / STRIDE’, *l-t(y)ak ‘UPPER SURFACE / TOP / ABOVE / CLIMB / LIFT / ASCEND / PALATE’, *m-daŋ ‘BUTTOCKS / HIPS / TAIL / LOWER BACK / LOINS’

Notes

Cf. also #225 PTB *m-daŋ BUTTOCKS / HIPS / TAIL / LOWER BACK / LOINS, where the semantic center of gravity is lower in the body (i.e. lower back, buttocks, tail); however, the Sherpa, Lepcha, and Yakha forms are included here because of their stopped finals.

We recognize three quite similar etyma in this semantic area: the present root #3322 PTB *tu(k/ŋ) BACK (of body), #225 PTB *m-daŋ BUTTOCKS / HIPS / TAIL / LOWER BACK / LOINS, and #5639 PTB *du TAIL / BUTTOCKS / BACK. In the case of phonologically eroded languages (e.g. Loloish, Qiangic, Baic), it is sometimes difficult to decide among them. Several Loloish languages have distinct reflexes for at least two of them, e.g. Lahu tɔ̀ ‘lower back / loins / lumbar region’ < #225 PTB *m-daŋ BUTTOCKS / HIPS / TAIL / LOWER BACK / LOINS vs. ɔ̀-mɛ̄-tu ‘tail’ < #5639 PTB *du TAIL / BUTTOCKS / BACK; Written Burmese taŋ-pâ ‘buttock’ < #225 PTB *m-daŋ BUTTOCKS / HIPS / TAIL / LOWER BACK / LOINS vs. khâ-tuiŋ ‘lower back / loins / lumbar region’ < #3322 PTB *tu(k/ŋ) BACK (of body). Two Southern Loloish binomes are particularly problematic (Akha dɔ̀-dàŋ ‘buttocks’ and Sangkong toŋ³¹ taŋ⁵⁵ ‘buttocks’), where the first syllables are from #225 PTB *m-daŋ BUTTOCKS / HIPS / TAIL / LOWER BACK / LOINS, while the second syllables are of uncertain origin despite their superficial resemblance to #225 PTB *m-daŋ BUTTOCKS / HIPS / TAIL / LOWER BACK / LOINS.

Reflexes & cognates37 reflexes · 18 subgroups

Khumi (Ahraing)nămorpheme◦tʻõ² ‘back (body)’Luce 85: R.19

1.2.2Central Chin1

Lai (Falam)dúŋ ‘rear, back’VanBik 09 PKC: 103

1.2.4“Old Kuki”1

Moyontùk◦núŋ#203 PTB *s-nu(ŋ/k) ‘BACK / BEHIND / AFTER’PKC *nuŋ ⪤ *hnuŋ ‘BACK / BEHIND / LATER’ ‘back’Kosha 90: 1.4

1.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)3

Ao (Chungli)teprefix◦rong#3323 PTB *m-ruŋ ‘BACK (body)’PCN *ruŋ ‘BACK (BODYPART)’◦tong ‘back (body)’Marrison 67 Naga

Ao (Mongsen: Longchang)tüprefix◦rong#3323 PTB *m-ruŋ ‘BACK (body)’PCN *ruŋ ‘BACK (BODYPART)’◦tong ‘back (body)’Marrison 67 Naga

Sangtamkhang#219 PTB *k(w)a(ŋ/k) ‘WAIST / HIPS / BUTTOCKS / TAIL / BACK’◦dong ‘back (body)’Marrison 67 Naga

1.3.2Angami-Pochuri Group1

Khezhathò◦ko̵morpheme ‘back’Yabu 94 Khö: 5.5

1.3.3Zeme Group2

Khoiraotung ‘back (body)’Marrison 67 Naga

Liangmeimai#1002 PPC *r-mi(y)-n ‘PERSON / MAN’PTani *miː ‘MAN (homo)’PKC *mii ‘PERSON / MAN / PEOPLE’PCN *a-[h]məjʔ ‘PERSON, HUMAN’PTk *mi ‘MAN / HUMAN’PNN *C̥-məy ‘MAN (generic)’TGTM *ᴬmi ‘MAN’◦ting ‘back (body)’Marrison 67 Naga

1.4Meithei2

Meitheitung ‘back (body)’Marrison 67 Naga

Meitheituŋ ‘back’Singh 91 MeiQ: 1.4

1.7.2Northern Naga/Konyakian1

*Northern Nagatuk ‘back’French 83: 453

1.7.2.1Tangsa-Nocte1

Noctetok dimorpheme ‘behind’French 83: 453

1.7.2.2Konyak-Chang9

Changtak ‘back (body)’Marrison 67 Naga

Changtak ‘back’French 83: 453

Konyaktok ‘back (body)’Marrison 67 Naga

Konyaktok ‘back’French 83: 453

Phomtok ‘back (body)’Marrison 67 Naga

Phomtok ‘back’French 83: 453

Wanchocimorpheme tok ‘instep’French 83: 453

Wanchotok ‘back’French 83: 453

Wanchotɔk◦imorpheme ‘back’French 83: 453

1.7.3.1Jingpho1

Jingphomərūng#3323 PTB *m-ruŋ ‘BACK (body)’PCN *ruŋ ‘BACK (BODYPART)’ tōŋ ‘backbone’Dai 83 Jing: 495

2.1.1Western Himalayish1

Pattani [Manchati]tʰaka ‘back’Sharma, D.D. 82 TH

2.1.2.1Tibetan2

Sherpa'gong#219 PTB *k(w)a(ŋ/k) ‘WAIST / HIPS / BUTTOCKS / TAIL / BACK’◦dok ‘buttock’Matisoff 87 BP

Sherpa'gong#219 PTB *k(w)a(ŋ/k) ‘WAIST / HIPS / BUTTOCKS / TAIL / BACK’◦dok ‘hip’Matisoff 87 BP

2.1.3Lepcha3

Lepchatǔk-brón̊#399 PTB *(p/b)laŋ ‘HIPS / BUTTOCKS’ ‘hip’Matisoff 87 BP

Lepchatǔk-čekmorpheme ‘buttock’Matisoff 87 BP

Lepchatǔk-šimmorpheme ‘tail’Matisoff 87 BP

2.3.1Eastern Kiranti5

Yakhatoːk◦camorpheme◦li#413 PTB *s-li ‘HIPS / BUTTOCKS / ANUS’ ‘rump’Kohn 90: 5.10

Yakhatoːk◦camorpheme◦li#413 PTB *s-li ‘HIPS / BUTTOCKS / ANUS’ ‘buttocks’Kohn 90: 5.10.1

Yakhatoːk◦camorpheme◦li#413 PTB *s-li ‘HIPS / BUTTOCKS / ANUS’ ‘hips’Kohn 90: 5.8.1

Yakhatoːk◦ca#215 PTB *gyu-k ⪤ *dzyu-k ‘WAIST’PLB *gyukᴸ ⪤ *džukᴸ ‘WAIST’◦li#413 PTB *s-li ‘HIPS / BUTTOCKS / ANUS’ saːmorpheme ‘haunches (of animal)’Kohn 90: 5.8.3

Yakhatoːk◦camorpheme◦li#413 PTB *s-li ‘HIPS / BUTTOCKS / ANUS’ seːŋmorpheme◦kwɔkmorpheme ‘hipbone’Kohn 90: 5.8.2

6.1.1Burmish1

Burmese (Written)khâ#201 PTB *m-kal ⪤ *s-gal ‘BACK (lower) / KIDNEY / LOAD / CARRY’PKC *kal ‘KIDNEY’PTk *kal ‘KIDNEY’-tuiŋ ‘lower back / loins / lumbar region’Matisoff 87 BP

Cite this entry

STEDT etymon #3322, *tu(k/ŋ) ‘BACK (of body)’.

Stable link: https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/3322

Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].

BibTeX

@misc{stedt-3322,
  title  = {{*tu(k/ŋ) 'BACK (of body)'}},
  author = {STEDT},
  year   = {2017},
  note   = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #3322},
  url    = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/3322}
}