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STEDT #1722

*l-t(y)ak

UPPER SURFACE / TOP / ABOVE / CLIMB / LIFT / ASCEND / PALATE

Proto-Tibeto-Burman

Reconstruction analysis

handletakprefixlinitialtrhymeakcoverT · T

Connections

Allofams

9 #1722 *l-t(y)ak ‘UPPER SURFACE / TOP / ABOVE / CLIMB / LIFT / ASCEND / PALATE’
9a #391 *s-tak ‘HEAD’

HPTB*l-tak ‘ascend / lift / raise / top’pp. 317, 326

Notes

This root looks as if it is related to #391 PTB *s-tak HEAD.

Several forms point to a variant with back vowel, perhaps *twak ⪤ *twaŋ, e.g. WT thog-ma ‘upper end, uppermost place’, Limbu thuŋ-daŋ, thuŋ-tho.

STC (p. 52) entertains the possibility that the general Kiranti root *taŋ HORN is related to this etymon, although it seems better to assign it to #371 PTB *m-twaŋ FOREHEAD / HEAD / HAIR (OF HEAD) / HORN.

This root has developed the metaphorical extension of meaning from CARRY UPWARD into BEAR / ENDURE / CARRY A MENTAL BURDEN, in a manner quite similar to English bear (v.).

In Lahu, this root has been grammaticalized into an accusative particle, used mostly with animate objects. See DL:676-677 and Matisoff 1973/1982:3.641 (The Grammar of Lahu).

A number of Chinese comparanda have been proposed, for what is evidently a rather complicated word family.

For an allofamically related root in this semantic area, see #2725 PTB *s-tyaŋ UPPER PART / RISE / RAISE / TOP / SUMMIT.

Chinese comparandum

陟 OC *ti̯ĕk, GSR #916a-c ‘ascend, promote’; Schuessler 2007:619 *trək; B & S 2011: *trək; Mand. zhì.
拓 tuò

Reflexes & cognates92 reflexes · 19 subgroups

0.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)4

*Tibeto-Burman(l-)tak ‘ascend, above’Benedict 72 STC: 52n176

*Tibeto-Burmanl-tak ‘ascend / lift / raise / top’Matisoff 03 HPTB: 614

*Tibeto-Burmanl-tak ‘upper part / top surface’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 42(c)

*Tibeto-Burmantyak ‘bear (endure) / suffer’Matisoff 03 HPTB: 616

1.1.1.1Western Tani2

Miri, Hilltok-namsuffix ‘climb, ascend’Simon 76 Miri

Miri, Hilltoŋ-namsuffix ‘ascend’Simon 76 Miri

Tibetan (Written)theg-pɑmorpheme ‘lift / raise / bear / endure’Chou 72: 916a-c

Tibetan (Written)thog-masuffix ‘upper end, uppermost place’Matisoff 03 HPTB: 328

Tibetan (Xiahe)ndax v.‘wear / bear’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1548.04

Tibetan (Xiahe)ndaχ v.‘wear (a bracelet)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1254.04

2.3.1Eastern Kiranti4

Limbu-thaŋ ‘on, upon, above’Michailovsky 89 Lm

Limbu-thuŋ◦daŋmorpheme ‘above, on top of’Michailovsky 89 Lm

Limbu-thuŋ◦thomorpheme ‘above, on top of’Michailovsky 89 Lm

Limbuthāŋ◦kon#473 PTB *kwaŋ ‘MOUTH’◦de#448 PTB *d(y)al ‘LIP / SKIN’ ‘upper lip’Matisoff 87 BP

4Nungic1

Anongtha-khamorpheme / tha-lam#1017 PTB *lam ‘ROAD’PTani *lam ‘ROAD’PKC *lam ‘WAY / PATH / ROAD’PKC *lam ‘DIRECTION / SIDE / TOWARDS’PCN *laːm ‘PATH, ROAD, WAY’PBG *lam ‘ROAD’TGTM *ᴮgjam ‘ROAD’PKir *ʔlam ‘ROAD / PATH’ ‘up, above’Benedict 72 STC: 123n338

6.1Lolo-Burmese6

*Lolo-BurmeseNtak (HIGH);‘climb / ascend / carry on shoulder / lift up’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 98(a)

*Lolo-BurmeseNtak ‘climb / ascend / carry on shoulder’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 98(a)

*Lolo-Burmesetak ‘upper part / top surface’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 42(a)

*Lolo-BurmeseVmorpheme-tak ‘upper part / top surface’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 42(b)

*Lolo-Burmeseʔtak (HIGH)‘climb / ascend / carry on shoulder / lift up’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 98(b)

*Lolo-Burmeseʔtak ‘climb / ascend / carry on shoulder’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 98(b)

6.1.1Burmish18

Achang (Lianghe)tɑ³¹ ‘ascend’Dai 85 AcJZ

Achang (Longchuan)tɔʔ⁵⁵ ‘ascend’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 743.41

Achang (Luxi)ta⁵¹ ‘ascend’Dai 85 AcJZ

Bola (Luxi)ta̱ʔ⁵⁵ v.‘rise / stand up’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1567.32

Burmese (Rangoon)tɛʔ⁴ v.‘rise / go up’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1623.27

Burmese (Spoken Rangoon)tɛʔ⁴⁴ ‘ascend’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 743.40

Burmese (Written)tak ‘ascend’Marrison 67 Naga

Burmese (Written)tak v‘climb’Marrison 67 Naga

Burmese (Written)tak ‘climb up’Hansson 89 AHKP: 459

Burmese (Written)tak ‘go up, ascend; advance, increase ( cf. tha' )’Benedict 76 WBur

Burmese (Written)tak ‘ascend’Benedict 72 STC: 123n338

Burmese (Written)tɑk ‘ascend’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 743.39

Burmese (Written)tɑk⁴ v.‘rise / go up’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1623.26

Hpun (Northern)tᴜ̀ʔ ‘ascend’Henderson 86 Hpun

Marmataʔ ‘ascend / go up’Huziwara 08 Sak: 236

Maru [Langsu]tɔʔ³¹ ‘ascend’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 743.43

Atsi [Zaiwa]toʔ²¹ v.‘rise / go up’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1623.30

Atsi [Zaiwa]toʔ²¹ ‘ascend’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 743.42

6.1.2Loloish1

*Loloishʔ-dakᴴ ‘ascend’Bradley 79 PLo: 652

6.1.2.1Northern Loloish11

Lalodiq ‘ascend / go up’Björverud 94

Luquanda 22s ‘climb / ascend / carry on shoulder / lift up’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 98(a)

Luquanta 22s ‘climb / ascend / carry on shoulder / lift up’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 98(b)

Nasuda 44 ‘climb / ascend / carry on shoulder / lift up’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 98(a)

Nasuta 32s ‘climb / ascend / carry on shoulder / lift up’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 98(b)

Yi (Dafang)da³³ ‘ascend’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 743.22

Yi (Mile)de̱³³ ‘ascend’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 743.25

Yi (Mile)de̱³³lɛ³³morpheme ‘rise (of the sun)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 751.25

Yi (Mojiang)de̱³³ ‘ascend’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 743.26

Yi (Nanhua)de̱³³ ‘ascend’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 743.24

Yi (Nanjian)di̱³³ ‘ascend’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 743.23

6.1.2.2Central Loloish15

Lahu has developed two allofams of this root: the verb tâʔ from PLB *ʔtakᴴ, meaning both ASCEND and HOIST / CARRY ON SHOULDERS, and the spatial noun thàʔ UPPER SURFACE from PLB *C-takᴸ, the latter ultimately grammaticalizing to thàʔ ACCUSATIVE PARTICLE. See LTSR #42, Matisoff 1973/1982: p. 158, DL:676.

Ahitie⁴⁴ ‘climb / ascend / carry on shoulder / lift up’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 98(b)

Lahu (Lancang)tɑ⁵⁴ v.‘climb up (a tree)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1539.43

Lahu (Black)tâʔ ‘climb, rise’Matisoff 74 TJLB: 326

Lahu (Black)tâʔ ‘climb / ascend / carry on shoulder / lift up’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 98(b)

Lahu (Black)thàʔ ‘functor: obj. Pn (< TOP SURFAC’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 42(b)

Lahu (Black)tᴀ⁵⁴ ‘ascend’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 743.33

Lahu (Black)ɔ̀prefix-thàʔ ‘upper part / top surface’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 42(b)

Lahu (Yellow)ta⁶ ‘ascend’Chang 86

Lisudá3 ‘climb / ascend / carry on shoulder / lift up’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 98(a)

Lisu (Central)dá³ (jye⁴) ‘ascend’Fraser 22

Lisu (Northern)dæ³³ V‘climb; ascend; rise’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisudɛ̱³³ v.‘rise / go up’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1623.40

Lisudɛ⁴⁴ ‘ascend’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 743.27

Lisu (Northern)tʃhɿ²¹morphemedæ³³ ‘rise; ascend, escalate’Bradley 94 Lisu

Sani [Nyi]de 44 ‘climb / ascend / carry on shoulder / lift up’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 98(a)

6.1.2.3Southern Loloish13

Akhada HS ‘climb / ascend / carry on shoulder / lift up’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 98(a)

Akhameh˯morpheme taˆ ‘upper lip’Matisoff 87 BP

Hani (Hu T’an)da 33c ‘climb / ascend / carry on shoulder / lift up’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 98(a)

Hani (Dazhai)da̱³³ ‘ascend’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 743.31

Hani (Dazhai)da̱³³ ‘rise (of the sun)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 751.31

Hani (Lüchun)da̱³³la⁵⁵morpheme v.‘rise / go up’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1623.41

Hani (Lüchun)xɯ³¹morphemeda̱³³ v.‘go up (water level) / rise’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1787.41

Hani (Caiyuan)ta̱³³ ‘ascend’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 743.30

Hani (Caiyuan)ta̱³³; tv̱⁵⁵#2718 PTB *s-twak ‘COME OUT / GO OUT / EMERGE’PKC *tshuak-I, tshuaʔ-II ‘COME OUT / EMERGE / APPEAR’PTk *ʃok ‘EMERGE / EXIT / COME OUT’PLB *ʔ-twakᴴ ‘COME OUT, GO OUT, EMERGE’ ‘rise (of the sun)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 751.30

Hani (Gelanghe)le³³morphemeda̱³³ ‘ascend’Li Yongsui 86 Hani

Hani (Shuikui)ta³³ ‘ascend’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 743.32

Hani (Shuikui)ta³³lɔ⁵⁵morpheme ‘rise (of the sun)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 751.32

Hani (Mojiang)ta³³lɔ⁵⁵morpheme v.‘rise / go up’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1623.42

6.1.2.4Southeastern Loloish3

Southern Mujitjɛ³³ ‘ascend’Pelkey 11 Phula: 802

Hlepho Phowadɛ¹³ ‘ascend’Pelkey 11 Phula: 802

Phuzadi⁵⁵ ‘ascend’Pelkey 11 Phula: 802

6.2Naxi2

Naxi (Yongning)do³³ ‘ascend’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 743.29

Naxi (Lijiang)ndo³³;tʂhuɑ⁵⁵morpheme ‘ascend’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 743.28

9.0.1Old Chinese2

Chinese (Old/Mid)d̂i̯əng ‘lift; to present; support, assist’Karlgren 57 GSR: 896c

Chinese (Old/Mid)ti̯ək ‘mount / advance / promote’Chou 72: 916a-c

9.0.3Modern Chinese2

Chinese (Mandarin)chéng ‘serve as support for’BaxterSagart 2011: 283

Chinese (Mandarin)chéng ‘assist’BaxterSagart 2011: 294

Cite this entry

STEDT etymon #1722, *l-t(y)ak ‘UPPER SURFACE / TOP / ABOVE / CLIMB / LIFT / ASCEND / PALATE’.

Stable link: https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/1722

Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].

References: STC p.52, STC p.110, STC p.123, TSR #42, HPTB pp.317, 326

BibTeX

@misc{stedt-1722,
  title  = {{*l-t(y)ak 'UPPER SURFACE / TOP / ABOVE / CLIMB / LIFT / ASCEND / PALATE'}},
  author = {STEDT},
  year   = {2017},
  note   = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #1722},
  url    = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/1722}
}