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STEDT #371

*m-twaŋ

FOREHEAD / HEAD / HAIR (OF HEAD) / HORN

Proto-Tibeto-Burman · exemplary

Reconstruction analysis

handledaŋprefixginitialdrhymeaŋcoverT · N

Connections

See also2011 HORN

Notes

WT attests to both the g- and m- prefixes with this root.

Several Kiranti forms (Kulung, Chamling, Limbu) meaning HORN are assigned to the present root.

Reflexes & cognates109 reflexes · 18 subgroups

1NE Indian Areal Group1

Mijitok◦jaŋ#2025 PTB *g(w/r)aŋ ‘FOREHEAD’ ‘forehead’Simon 79 Miji

1.1.2Deng21

Darang [Taraon]tha:ng ‘hair’Anonymous xx Tar

Darang [Taraon]thang kadumorpheme ‘style (of hair, for man)’Anonymous xx Tar

Darang [Taraon]thaːng ‘hair (head)’Matisoff 87 BP

Darang [Taraon]thɯŋ³⁵ n‘hair’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0075.22

Darang [Taraon]thɯŋ³⁵ ‘hair of head’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 234.49

Darang [Taraon]thɯŋ³⁵plɯ⁵⁵#2018 PTB *(p/b)(r)a(n/t) ‘BRAID / PLAIT / INTERWEAVE’PTani *prat² ‘PLAIT’PKC *phan ‘WEAVE / CREATE / KNIT’PLB *pan¹/² ⪤ *Ȼ-pat ‘BRAID / PLAIT / INTERWEAVE’ n‘braid / plait’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0076.22

Darang [Taraon]thɯŋ³⁵plɯ⁵⁵#2018 PTB *(p/b)(r)a(n/t) ‘BRAID / PLAIT / INTERWEAVE’PTani *prat² ‘PLAIT’PKC *phan ‘WEAVE / CREATE / KNIT’PLB *pan¹/² ⪤ *Ȼ-pat ‘BRAID / PLAIT / INTERWEAVE’ ‘plait’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 235.49

Darang [Taraon]tʰɯŋ³⁵ ‘hair (head)’Sun H 80 MLD

Darang [Taraon]tʰɯŋ³⁵ plɯ⁵⁵#2018 PTB *(p/b)(r)a(n/t) ‘BRAID / PLAIT / INTERWEAVE’PTani *prat² ‘PLAIT’PKC *phan ‘WEAVE / CREATE / KNIT’PLB *pan¹/² ⪤ *Ȼ-pat ‘BRAID / PLAIT / INTERWEAVE’ ‘braid’Sun H 80 MLD

Iduthoŋ³⁵pɹu⁵⁵#2018 PTB *(p/b)(r)a(n/t) ‘BRAID / PLAIT / INTERWEAVE’PTani *prat² ‘PLAIT’PKC *phan ‘WEAVE / CREATE / KNIT’PLB *pan¹/² ⪤ *Ȼ-pat ‘BRAID / PLAIT / INTERWEAVE’ ‘plait’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 235.50

Iduthoŋ⁵⁵bɹɑ⁵⁵morpheme ‘hair of head’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 234.50

Idutʰõm◦brasuffix ‘hair’Pulu 78

Idutʰoŋ⁵⁵bɹa⁵⁵suffix ‘hair of head’Sun H 91 IduQ: 8.1.1

Idutʰõ◦apamorpheme ‘hair (knot; forehead)’Pulu 78

Idutʰõ◦cemorpheme ‘hair (knot string)’Pulu 78

Idutʰo◦gurumorpheme ‘hair (knot)’Pulu 78

Idutʰõ◦gurumorpheme ‘hair (knot; woman's)’Pulu 78

Idutʰõ◦gurumorpheme ‘hair-knot’Anonymous 62 Idu

Idutʰrõm-bresuffix ‘hair’Anonymous 62 Idu

Yiduthoŋ³⁵ pɹu⁵⁵#2018 PTB *(p/b)(r)a(n/t) ‘BRAID / PLAIT / INTERWEAVE’PTani *prat² ‘PLAIT’PKC *phan ‘WEAVE / CREATE / KNIT’PLB *pan¹/² ⪤ *Ȼ-pat ‘BRAID / PLAIT / INTERWEAVE’ n‘braid / plait’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0076.25

Yiduthoŋ⁵⁵bɹɑ⁵⁵#2187 PTB *b(y/r)a ‘BIRD / BEE’PLB *bya² ‘BEE’PL *bya² ‘BEE’ n‘hair’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0075.25

1.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)2

Lotha Nagaoprefix◦ton ‘forehead’Marrison 67 Naga

Lotha Nagaoprefix◦toN ‘forehead / brow’Nienu 90 LotQ: 3.2

1.7.1.1Bodo1

Dimasathaing ‘forehead’Marrison 67 Naga

2.1.2Bodic6

Tsangla (Central)pamorpheme◦tong ‘forehead’Egli-Roduner: 31 13

Tsangla (Motuo)pa⁵⁵morpheme toŋ⁵⁵ ‘forehead’Zhang Jichuan 86

Tsangla (Motuo)pamorpheme◦toŋ ‘forehead’Sun H 80 MLD

Tsangla (Motuo)pamorpheme◦toŋ ‘forehead’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 233.7

Tsangla (Tilang)pamorpheme◦toŋ ‘forehead’Zhang Jichuan 86

Motuo Menbapamorpheme toŋ n‘forehead’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0077.07

2.1.2.1Tibetan3

Tibetan (Written)gdaṅs ‘forehead’Matisoff 87 BP

Tibetan (Written)mdaṅs ‘forehead’Matisoff 87 BP

Tibetan (Written)mdongs ‘blaze, star on a horse's forehead; eyes on a peacock's feather’Coblin 86: 709

2.3Kiranti3

*Kirantidaŋ ‘head’Michailovsky 91 Kr: 88

*Kirantidaŋ ‘head’Opgenort 11 Tilung

*Kirantitaŋ ‘hair’Opgenort 11 Tilung

2.3.1Eastern Kiranti12

Belharetaŋ◦ghekmorpheme ‘head’Bickel 95

Limbukumorpheme◦dāŋ ‘horn / antlers’Matisoff 87 BP

Limbutaŋ ‘horn <head>’Michailovsky 89 Lm

Limbutaŋ ‘horn’Michailovsky 91 Kr: 88

Limbutāŋ◦liŋmorpheme◦basuffix ‘horned’Matisoff 87 BP

Yakhamoːhamorpheme mi?#682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’MesorootsPTani *mik ‘EYE’PKC *mik ‘EYE’PKC *mik-kuu-I, -kuk-II ‘SLEEPY’PCN *mjak ⪤ *hmik ‘EYE’PTk *mik ‘EYE’PTk *mit ‘EYE’TGTM *ᴮʰmiː(ŋ) ‘EYE’Allofams1 #33 PTB *s-myak ⪤ *s-mik ‘EYE’1a #682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’1b #681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’◦taŋ◦khwa#2072 PTB *s-kywar ‘EYEBALL / EYEBROW / EYELASH’ ‘eyelash’Kohn 90: 3.4.4

Yakhatam◦phəwa#1228 PTB *s-pu ‘FEATHER / WING / HAIR (body)’ ‘hair of head’Kohn 90: 8.1.1

Yakhataŋ ‘horn (of animal)’Kohn 90: 2.10

Yakhataŋ◦gaːmorpheme wəhak#2010 PTB *bak ‘ANTLER’ ‘antler (of deer)’Kohn 90: 2.11

Yakhatoːhamorpheme miʔ#682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’MesorootsPTani *mik ‘EYE’PKC *mik ‘EYE’PKC *mik-kuu-I, -kuk-II ‘SLEEPY’PCN *mjak ⪤ *hmik ‘EYE’PTk *mik ‘EYE’PTk *mit ‘EYE’TGTM *ᴮʰmiː(ŋ) ‘EYE’Allofams1 #33 PTB *s-myak ⪤ *s-mik ‘EYE’1a #682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’1b #681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’◦taŋ◦khwa#2072 PTB *s-kywar ‘EYEBALL / EYEBROW / EYELASH’ ‘eyebrow’Kohn 90: 3.4.3

Yakhawɔksaːmorpheme tam◦phəwa#1228 PTB *s-pu ‘FEATHER / WING / HAIR (body)’ ‘cowlick (flexure in hair)’Kohn 90: 8.1.1.1

Yamphutaŋ n‘hair on the head’Rutgers 98: 580.25

2.3.2Southern Kiranti21

Bantawadung ‘top / head’Rai 84 BnDc: 24

Bantawamük#682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’MesorootsPTani *mik ‘EYE’PKC *mik ‘EYE’PKC *mik-kuu-I, -kuk-II ‘SLEEPY’PCN *mjak ⪤ *hmik ‘EYE’PTk *mik ‘EYE’PTk *mit ‘EYE’TGTM *ᴮʰmiː(ŋ) ‘EYE’Allofams1 #33 PTB *s-myak ⪤ *s-mik ‘EYE’1a #682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’1b #681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’-tang ‘eyebrow’Rai 84 BnDc: 53

BantawaTaN ‘head’Rai 85 BnDs

Bantawatang ‘head’Rai 84 BnDc: 68

Bantawatang ‘hair’Rai 84 BnDc: 68

Bantawatang-müwamorpheme ‘hair on head’Rai 84 BnDc: 68

BantawaTaN◦bopmorpheme ‘head (of a group or family)’Rai 85 BnDs

BantawaTaN◦DoNmamorpheme ‘head scarf’Rai 85 BnDs

BantawaTaN◦mUamorpheme ‘hair (of head)’Rai 85 BnDs

Bantawataŋ ‘head’Michailovsky 91 Kr: 88

Bantawataŋ◦kïtshïk#463 PTB *g-ts(y)u(k/ŋ) ⪤ *g-ts(y)i-k ‘BRAIN / MARROW’ ‘brain’Matisoff 87 BP

Chamlingtô ‘head hair’Michailovsky 91 Kr: 88

Chamlingto ‘horn’Michailovsky 91 Kr: 88

Chamlingto* ‘horn’Winter 85: 36

ChamlingtON ‘hair (on head)’Winter 85: 36

Kulungpitmorpheme◦to ‘horn’Rai 75 Kul

Kulungpitmorpheme◦to◦ ‘horn (cow)’Michailovsky 91 Kr

Kulungton◦rimˍmorpheme ‘scarf, head cloth’Rai 75 Kul

Kulungtoŋ ‘head’Michailovsky 91 Kr: 88

Kulungtoŋˍ ‘head’Rai 75 Kul

Kulungtoŋ◦mui#363 PTB *s/r-mul ⪤ *s-mil ⪤ *s-myal ‘HAIR / FUR / FEATHER’MesorootsPKC *mul ⪤ *hmul ‘HAIR (body) / FUR / WOOL’Allofams1 #363 PTB *s/r-mul ⪤ *s-mil ⪤ *s-myal ‘HAIR / FUR / FEATHER’1a #1429 PTB *s-mu-t ‘BEARD / FACIAL HAIR / HAIR’1b #2058 PTB *mum ‘CHIN / BEARD’ ‘hair (of head)’Rai 75 Kul

2.3.3Central Kiranti8

Dumidoː ‘scalp, head-hair’Michailovsky 91 Kr: 88

Dumidoː ‘scalp, hair on head’Driem 93 Dumi

Dumidoː◦səm#366 PTB *(t)sam ‘HAIR (head)’PKC *sʰam ‘HAIR (head)’PCN *a-tshaːm ‘HAIR (FACE / HEAD)’PCN *a-həm ‘HAIR / LEAF / FEATHER’PTk *sam ‘HAIR (HEAD)’ ‘head hair’Michailovsky 91 Kr: 79

Dumidoː◦səm#366 PTB *(t)sam ‘HAIR (head)’PKC *sʰam ‘HAIR (head)’PCN *a-tshaːm ‘HAIR (FACE / HEAD)’PCN *a-həm ‘HAIR / LEAF / FEATHER’PTk *sam ‘HAIR (HEAD)’ ‘hair on head’Driem 93 Dumi

Khalingdhong ‘head’Michailovsky 91 Kr: 88

Khalingdhong ‘head’Matisoff 87 BP

Khalingdhong halleymorpheme mūmorpheme-nemorpheme v‘nod (with head)’Hale 73 CSD: 02b1.64

Khalingdhong◦solu#234 PTB *s-rus ‘BONE’Allofams1 #232 PTB *s/m/g-rus ‘BONE’1a #234 PTB *s-rus ‘BONE’1b #233 PTB *g-rus ‘BONE’ ‘skull’Matisoff 87 BP

2.3.4Western Kiranti2

Hayutaŋ◦laŋmorpheme n‘forehead’Michailovsky 89 H2: 84.246

Hayutaŋ◦laŋ#392 PTB *p-laŋ ‘HEAD / FOREHEAD’ ‘forehead’Matisoff 87 BP

3.3.1rGyalrong10

rGyalrong (Baoxing Qiaoqi Yuojie)nə'morpheme◦mtoʔ ‘forehead’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 0011

rGyalrongtəprefix mto ‘forehead / brow’Dai 89 Jiar: 3.2

rGyalrong (Maerkang)təprefix mto n‘forehead’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0077.11

rGyalrongtəprefix mto ‘forehead’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 233.12

rGyalrong (Ganzi Danba Badi)tə'5prefixmto53 ‘forehead’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 0011

rGyalrong (Baoxing Qiaoqi Leilecun Duoguozu)tə22prefixndoʔ22 ‘forehead’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 0011

rGyalrong (Eastern)təprefix◦mto ‘forehead / brow’Sun H 91 rEQ: 3.2

rGyalrong (Ganzi Danba Badi Munashan)ˊtəprefix mto ‘forehead’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 0011

rGyalrong (Ganzi Danba Badi Qiongshan)ˊŋomorpheme m̥toˀ ‘forehead’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 0011

rGyalrongtAprefix mto ‘forehead’Nagano 97 GyQ: 3.2

4Nungic6

Rawangdaŋ³¹ gaŋ³³#2025 PTB *g(w/r)aŋ ‘FOREHEAD’ ‘forehead’LaPolla 03: 87

Trung [Dulong]mal⁴̯⁴̯#1188 PTB *s-myal ‘FACE’ ta⁴̯⁴̯ ‘forehead’Matisoff 87 BP

Trung [Dulong]mal⁴⁴#1188 PTB *s-myal ‘FACE’ta⁴⁴ ‘forehead’Matisoff 93 PC

Trung [Dulong]mɑ̆ʴ⁵⁵#1188 PTB *s-myal ‘FACE’dɑ̆ʔ⁵⁵ ‘forehead’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 233.46

Dulongɹɛn³¹#1188 PTB *s-myal ‘FACE’dɑŋ⁵⁵ n‘forehead’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0077.20

Trung [Dulong] (Dulonghe)mɑ̆ɹ⁵⁵#1188 PTB *s-myal ‘FACE’ dɑ̆ʔ⁵⁵ ‘forehead’Sun H 82 Dul

6.1.2.1Northern Loloish3

Nusu (Northern)nu̱³¹#356 PTB *s-ŋa-k ‘FOREHEAD / COCKSCOMB’TGTM *ᴬŋo ‘FOREHEAD’PLB *ʔ-na² ‘FOREHEAD’ pʰi⁵⁵#2024 PLB *pu² ‘FOREHEAD’ dõ³⁵ ɑ⁵⁵morpheme ‘forehead’Sun J 86 Nusu

Yi (Nanjian)no²¹#356 PTB *s-ŋa-k ‘FOREHEAD / COCKSCOMB’TGTM *ᴬŋo ‘FOREHEAD’PLB *ʔ-na² ‘FOREHEAD’ tʰo³³ ‘forehead’Chen 85 YiJZ

Yi (Nanjian)no²¹#356 PTB *s-ŋa-k ‘FOREHEAD / COCKSCOMB’TGTM *ᴬŋo ‘FOREHEAD’PLB *ʔ-na² ‘FOREHEAD’tho³³ ‘forehead’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 233.23

6.1.2.3Southern Loloish2

Côông [Phunoi]bə̆morpheme◦tã šeʔmorpheme ‘forehead’Matisoff 87 BP

Côông [Phunoi]bə̆morpheme◦tɑ̃⁵⁵ se³³#1214 PTB *səy ‘FRONT / BEFORE’ ‘forehead’Phunoi prefix bə̆- < *m-.Phunoi regularly denasalizes.Bradley xx Phu

6.2Naxi7

Laze (Xiangjiao)tu˧kɤ˥morpheme ‘forehead’Michaud 06 NaLaze: 251

Na (Yongning)to˧kɤ#˥morpheme ‘forehead’Michaud 06 NaLaze

Naxi (Yongning)to³³kɑ³³morpheme ‘forehead’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 233.29

Naxi (Eastern)to³³kə³³morpheme ‘forehead’He 85

Naxi (Western)to⁵⁵mu³³morpheme ‘forehead’He 85

Naxito⁵⁵mu³³morpheme n‘forehead’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0077.45

Naxi (Lijiang)to⁵⁵mu³³morpheme ‘forehead’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 233.28

7Karenic2

Kayan (Pekon)kaprefix◦dá N‘forehead’Manson 10 Kayan

Pa-Okəprefix◦tɔ̀ŋ ‘forehead’Solnit 89 PaO

Cite this entry

STEDT etymon #371, *m-twaŋ ‘FOREHEAD / HEAD / HAIR (OF HEAD) / HORN’.

Stable link: https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/371

Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].

BibTeX

@misc{stedt-371,
  title  = {{*m-twaŋ 'FOREHEAD / HEAD / HAIR (OF HEAD) / HORN'}},
  author = {STEDT},
  year   = {2017},
  note   = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #371},
  url    = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/371}
}