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STEDT #232

*s/m/g-rus

BONE
Proto-Tibeto-Burman · exemplary

Reconstruction analysis

handlem/g/s-initialrrhymeuscoverL · S

Intermediate reconstructions

Kuki-Chin*ruʔ ‘BONE’PKC #922
Central Naga (Ao Group)*a-rut ‘BONE’PCN #188
Tangkhulic*ru ‘BONE’DRM#365
Karenic*khrwitᴰ ‘BONE’TL#31

Connections

Allofams
HPTB*s/m/g-rus ‘bone’pp. 44, 48, 102, 387, 435, 437, 442, 465, 477

Notes

A few languages (Jingpho, Ntenyi, Puiron, Rongmei) have developed a nasal prefix in this root. Many others reflect the s- prefix, so characteristic of Tibeto-Burman animal and body part names (< PTB sya).

Chinese comparandum

Same comparanda as for #233 PTB *g-rus BONE.

Reflexes & cognates707 reflexes · 43 subgroups

0.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)5

1.2Kuki-Chin7

Analru ‘bone’Matisoff 87 BP
Analrᴜ́ ‘bone’Weidert 87 TBTo: 173
Chinbokguʔ ‘bone’Matisoff 87 BP
Khoibutʰumorpheme-ru ‘bone’Brown 37 Indo
Ngawnŋuʔ ‘bone’Matisoff 87 BP
Thanphumhru⁵ ‘bone’Luce 85: O.17

1.2.1.1Northern Chin29

Kuki-Chinbiengmorpheme◦gu ‘cheekbone / malar bone’Haokip 98: 3.11.1
Kuki-Chinkhelmorpheme◦gu check g‘pelvic girdle / pelvic bone’Haokip 98: 5.8
Kuki-Chinkieuchongmorpheme gu ‘elbow bone’Haokip 98: 6.1.4.1
Kuki-Chinliengmorpheme◦gu ‘collar bone / clavicle’Haokip 98: 5.2
Kuki-Chinmalmorpheme◦gu ‘thigh bone / femur’Haokip 98: 6.2.1.1
Kuki-Chintingmorpheme◦gu ‘spine / backbone’Haokip 98: 5.5.4
Thadoʌ̄prefix◦gù ‘bone’Thirumalai 72: 28
Tiddim-guʔ ‘bone’Matisoff 87 BP
Tiddimgu?³ ngeːk¹morpheme ‘bone marrow’Bhaskararao 96 CDB: 375
Tiddimguʔ³ ‘bone’VanBik 09 PKC: 922
Tiddimŋguʔ⁴ ‘bone’Luce 85: G.61
Tiddimŋguʔ⁴ ‘bone’Luce 85: O.17
Tiddimɣuʔ⁴ ‘bone’Luce 85: G.61
Tiddimɣᴜʔ⁴ ‘bone’Luce 85: O.17
Tiddimˍguʔ n‘bone’Henderson 65 TidC

1.2.1.2Southern Plains Chin10

Ashoaprefix yoˊˊ ‘bone’VanBik 09 PKC: 922
Asho (Sandoway)ăˋprefixyo¹ ‘bone’Luce 85: O.17
Daaiɣuʔ ‘bone’VanBik 09 PKC: 922
Womaturuʔ² ‘bone’Luce 85: O.17

1.2.2Central Chin29

Khualsimruʔ¹ ‘bone’Luce 85: O.17
Lai (Hakha)ruʔ² ‘bone’Luce 85: G.61
Lai (Hakha)ruʔ² ‘bone’Luce 85: O.17
Lushai [Mizo]awmmorpheme-ruh ‘breastbone / sternum’Matisoff 87 BP
Lushai [Mizo]irmorpheme ruh ‘breastbone / sternum’Matisoff 87 BP
Lushai [Mizo]khingmorpheme-khangmorpheme ruh ‘collarbone / clavicle’Matisoff 87 BP
Lushai [Mizo]ruʔ⁴ ‘bone’Luce 85: O.17

1.2.3Maraic21

Lailenpi[mə]morpheme◦ru⁴◦pəʔ¹morpheme ‘bone’Luce 85: O.17
Lakher [Mara]aprefix-ru aprefix-reimorpheme-pasuffix ‘skeleton’Matisoff 87 BP
Lakher [Mara]cahomorpheme-ru ‘sacrum’Matisoff 87 BP
Lakher [Mara]lomorpheme-komorpheme-ru ‘collarbone / clavicle’Matisoff 87 BP
Lakher [Mara]ru-kimorpheme ‘bones (all)’Matisoff 87 BP
Lakher [Mara]ru-pasuffix-saimorpheme ‘skeleton’Matisoff 87 BP
Lakher [Mara]ru-saimorpheme-tamorpheme ‘skeleton’Matisoff 87 BP
Lakher [Mara]²ru³pəmorpheme ‘bone’Weidert 87 TBTo: 173
Meraʀᴜ'⁵ ‘bone’Luce 85: O.17
Tha'oaăprefix◦ruʔ¹ ‘bone’Luce 85: O.17
Xongsaiŋgu² ‘bone’Luce 85: O.17
Zotungru¹ ‘bone’Luce 85: O.17

1.2.4“Old Kuki”42

Kom Remkemorpheme rəkomorpheme ru ‘thigh bone / femur’Toba 91 KRQ: 6.2.1.1
Kom Remkemorpheme rətuimorpheme ru ‘ankle bone’Toba 91 KRQ: 6.2.5.1
Kom Remkemələimorpheme ru ‘shin bone / tibia’Toba 91 KRQ: 6.2.3.1
Kom Remlopmorpheme ru ‘breastbone / sternum’Toba 91 KRQ: 5.1.3
Kom Remmədimorpheme ru ‘pelvis / pelvic girdle’Toba 91 KRQ: 5.8
Kom Remr̥iŋmorpheme ru ‘collar bone / clavicle’Toba 91 KRQ: 5.2
Kom Remr̥u kədoŋmorpheme ‘cartilage / grist’Toba 91 KRQ: 8.4.4
Moyonaŋ#3345 PKC *aŋ ‘SHOULDER’◦row ‘shoulder blade / scapula’Kosha 90: 5.3.1
Moyondarrmorpheme◦row ‘thigh bone / femur’Kosha 90: 6.2.1.1
Moyonjæmorpheme◦khímorpheme◦row ‘hipbone’Kosha 90: 5.8.2
Moyonkhùnìŋmorpheme◦ròw ~ khuniŋmorpheme◦ròw ‘elbow bone’Kosha 90: 6.1.4.1
Moyonkuŋ#1 PTB *guŋ ‘BODY / BACK’◦row◦ʌhʌ́kmorpheme ‘vertebrae (of spine)’Kosha 90: 8.4.2
Moyonreŋmorpheme◦row ‘collar bone / clavicle’Kosha 90: 5.2
Sorbungaprefix-ru ‘bone’Brown 37 Indo
Sorbungmaimorpheme◦rúu ‘skull’Mortensen 11 Sorbung
Sorbungmaimorpheme◦rúu ‘cheekbone; bone, malar’Mortensen 11 Sorbung: BodyParts.117
Sorbungməmorpheme-kʰáamorpheme-ruu ‘jawbone; mandible; bone, jaw’Mortensen 11 Sorbung: BodyParts.119
Sorbungməmorpheme◦tóomorpheme◦ruu ‘thigh bone; femur’Mortensen 11 Sorbung: BodyParts.192

1.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)33

Ao (Chungli)teprefix◦ret ‘bone’Marrison 67 Naga
Ao (Chungli)teprefix◦saret ‘rib’Marrison 67 Naga
Ao (Chungli)tə³prefix-ɹət³ n.‘bone’Bruhn 14 PCN: II.325
Ao (Chungli)³tɯprefix³rɯt ‘bone’Weidert 87 TBTo: 173
Ao (Mongsen: Khensa)tə́prefix-ɹə́t n.‘bone’Bruhn 14 PCN: II.325
Ao (Mongsen: Mangmetong)[tə]prefix-ɹət n.‘bone’Coupe 07 Ao
Lotha Nagao¹prefix-ruʔ³ n.‘bone’Bruhn 14 PCN: III.188
Lotha Nagakyomorpheme◦nomorpheme◦rrü ‘rib’Marrison 67 Naga
Lotha Nagaomorpheme◦rrü ‘bone’Marrison 67 Naga
Lotha Nagaómorpheme◦rù ‘bone’Acharya 75
Lotha Nagaomorpheme◦ryu ‘bone’Nienu 90 LotQ: 8.4
Lotha Naga¹omorpheme³rʏ(ʔ) ‘bone’Weidert 87 TBTo: 173
Sangtam¹amorpheme²rɯ ‘bone’Weidert 87 TBTo: 173
Yacham-Tengsateprefix◦let ‘bone’Marrison 67 Naga
Yimchungrüro◦reangmorpheme ‘bone’Marrison 67 Naga

1.3.2Angami-Pochuri Group42

Angami (Kohima)(u)prefix bou³¹morpheme ka³¹morpheme ru³¹ ‘collar bone / clavicle’Nienu 90 AngQ: 5.2
Angami (Kohima)(u)prefix do³³morpheme ru³¹ ‘thigh bone / femur’Nienu 90 AngQ: 6.2.1.1
Angami (Kohima)(u)prefix ru³¹ ‘bone’Nienu 90 AngQ: 8.4
Angami (Kohima)bou³¹morpheme thu³⁵morpheme ru³¹ ‘elbow bone’Nienu 90 AngQ: 6.1.4.1
Angami (Kohima)umorpheme◦ru ‘bone’Marrison 67 Naga
Chokri(u)prefix che³⁵#221 PTB *kray ‘WAIST / LOWER BACK / LOINS’ se³⁵morpheme ro³¹ ‘backbone / spine’Nienu 90 ChoQ: 5.5.4
Chokri(u)prefix do³³morpheme ro³¹ ‘thigh bone / femur’Nienu 90 ChoQ: 6.2.1.1
Chokri(u)prefix ro³¹ ‘bone’Nienu 90 ChoQ: 8.4
Chokri(u)prefix tsü³⁵morpheme tso³¹#299 PTB *tsu-N ‘CHEST’ ro³¹ ‘rib’Nienu 90 ChoQ: 5.1.2
Chokribo³¹morpheme tho⁵⁵morpheme ro³¹ ‘elbow bone’Nienu 90 ChoQ: 6.1.4.1
Khezhaketòmorpheme◦ru ‘rib’Yabu 94 Khö: 5.1.2
Khezhaʼèprefix◦ru ‘bone’Yabu 94 Khö: 8.4
Maooprefix◦re ‘bone’Marrison 67 Naga
Meluriaprefix◦rrü ‘bone’Marrison 67 Naga
Ntenyimawü ‘bone’Marrison 67 Naga
Rengmaaprefix◦rhu ‘bone’Marrison 67 Naga
Sema [Sumi]aghanhemorpheme◦ghi ‘shin’Achumi 98: 6.2.3
Sema [Sumi]aghanhemorpheme◦ghi ‘shin bone / tibia’Achumi 98: 6.2.3.1
Sema [Sumi]agimorpheme ghü◦zamorpheme ‘cheekbone / malar bone’Achumi 98: 3.11.1
Sema [Sumi]alukomorpheme-ghi ‘thigh bone / femur’Achumi 98: 6.2.1.1
Sema [Sumi]atsümorpheme-kimorpheme◦ghi ‘collar bone / clavicle’Achumi 98: 5.2
Sema [Sumi]aumorpheme-nhemorpheme◦ghi ‘elbow bone’Achumi 98: 6.1.4.1
Sema [Sumi]aprefix◦ghü ‘bone’Marrison 67 Naga
Sema [Sumi]aprefix◦ghü ‘bone’Achumi 98: 8.4

1.3.3Zeme Group6

Khoiraotaprefix◦ru ‘bone’Marrison 67 Naga
Puironmaru ‘bone’Marrison 67 Naga

1.3.4Tangkhulic13

Champhungsomorpheme-rɯ ‘bone’Brown 37 Indo
Huishuʔamorpheme-ruk ‘bone; skeleton’Mortensen 12 Tk: BodyParts.256
Kachaiʔamorpheme-rɐ ‘bone’Mortensen 12 Tk: BodyParts.238
Tangkhul«¹əprefix◦³rɯ»◦²kuimorpheme ‘bone’Weidert 87 TBTo: 173
Tankghul (Central)umorpheme-ru ‘bone’Brown 37 Indo
Tangkhul (Northern)amorpheme-rɯ-kau ‘bone’Brown 37 Indo
Tangkhul (Standard)amorpheme-rɯ ‘bone’Brown 37 Indo
Tusomʔɯmorpheme-rɯ-kuəmorpheme ‘bone’Mortensen 12 Tk: BodyParts.249
Ukhrulʔamorpheme-ru-kuj ‘bone’Mortensen 12 Tk

2.1.1Western Himalayish4

Bunanrus◦pasuffix ‘bone’Sharma, S.R. 91 Bu: 8.4
Bunanrus◦pasuffix jeʔnamorpheme ‘skeleton’Sharma, S.R. 91 Bu: 8.4.1
Pattani [Manchati]Drwakãnmorpheme◦rhus◦pasuffix ‘skeleton’Sharma, S.R. 91 Ma: 8.4.1

2.1.2.1Tibetan42

Tibetan (Batang)zə⁵⁵ pa⁵⁵suffix ‘bone’Dai 89 Bata: 8.4
Tibetan (Batang)zə⁵⁵ pa⁵⁵suffix ‘skeleton’Dai 89 Bata: 8.4.1
Tibetan (Batang)ʐᴜ¹³pa⁵³suffix n‘bone’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0133.03
Tibetan (Jirel)ruː-bāsuffix ‘skeleton’Matisoff 87 BP
Tibetan (Jirel)ruː-bāsuffix ‘bone’Matisoff 87 BP
Sherpa'rok ‘bone’Matisoff 87 BP
Sherpa'rok ‘skeleton’Matisoff 87 BP
Spiticõŋmorpheme◦tomorpheme ri◦wasuffix ‘hipbone’Bodh 91: 5.8.2
Spitigyap#213 PTB *r-gyap ‘BACK (lower) / LOINS’◦isuffix ri◦wamorpheme ‘backbone / spine’Bodh 91: 5.5.4
Spitirui◦wamorpheme ‘bone’Bodh 91: 8.4
Tibetan (Spiti)rui◦wamorpheme ‘bone’Sharma, S.R. 79 Sp
Spitizui#4 PTB *g-zuk ‘BODY’ ḍui◦wasuffix ‘skeleton’Bodh 91: 8.4.1
Tibetan (Written)braṅmorpheme-rus ‘breastbone / sternum’Matisoff 87 BP
Tibetan (Written)kengmorpheme-rus ‘skeleton’Matisoff 87 BP
Tibetan (Written)rus-pasuffix ‘bone’Luce 85: G.61
Tibetan (Written)rus-pasuffix ‘bone’Luce 85: T.36
Tibetan (Written)rus-pasuffix ‘bone’Luce 85: X.89
Tibetan (Written)rus-pasuffix ‘bone’Matisoff 87 BP
Tibetan (Written)rus-pasuffix ‘bone’LaPolla 87: 153
Tibetan (Written)rus◦.pasuffix ‘bone’Sun J 85 TbGl: 85
Tibetan (Written)rus◦pasuffix ‘bone’Marrison 67 Naga

2.1.4Tamangish7

Gurung (Ghachok)rih◦bāsuffix ‘bone’Matisoff 87 BP
Gurung (Ghachok)rih◦basuffix ‘bone’Glover 72 GuVo: 1.30
Manang (Gyaru)nɯ²morpheme gri² ‘bone’Nagano 84 Man: 054
Manang (Prakaa)¹nomorpheme◦kre ‘bone’Hoshi 84: 0045
Tamang (Risiangku)²namorpheme◦kʰru n‘bone’Mazaudon 91 TamQ: 8.4

2.3Kiranti1

2.3.1Eastern Kiranti1

Limbuyet ‘bone’Matisoff 87 BP

2.3.3Central Kiranti15

Dumihekmorpheme◦saːmorpheme◦lu ‘sternum’Driem 93 Dumi
Dumikhɨrimorpheme-khɨrimorpheme-saːmorpheme◦lu ‘cartilage, gristle.’Driem 93 Dumi
Dumilalmorpheme◦saːmorpheme◦lu ‘sternum, breastbone’Driem 93 Dumi
Khaling'chammorpheme◦ru ‘lower back, back’Matisoff 87 BP
Khaling'chammorpheme◦ru ‘lower back’Matisoff 87 BP
Khaling'chammorpheme◦ru ‘back’Matisoff 87 BP
Khaling'chammorpheme◦ru ‘upper back’Matisoff 87 BP
Khaling'chammorpheme◦ru◦masmorpheme ‘backbone / spine’Matisoff 87 BP
Khalingchammorpheme◦ru ‘backbone / spine; upper back’Michailovsky 91 Kr: 18
Khalingchammorpheme◦ru ‘backbone’Michailovsky 91 Kr: 2

2.3.4Western Kiranti9

Bahingry-semorpheme ‘bone’Matisoff 87 BP
Bahingrys◦emorpheme ‘bone’Michailovsky 91 Kr: 18
Hayueremorpheme◦ru ‘coccyx’Matisoff 87 BP
Hayuru ‘bone’Matisoff 87 BP
Sunwarru-symorpheme ‘bone’Matisoff 87 BP
Sunwarrus◦yprefix ‘bone’Michailovsky 91 Kr: 18
Sunwarrus◦yemorpheme āmorpheme ser ‘ligament’Matisoff 87 BP
Sunwarrus◦yemorpheme amorpheme◦ ser ‘ligament’Michailovsky 91 Kr: 124

2.4Kham-Magar-Chepang8

Khamruhs ‘skeleton’Matisoff 87 BP
Khamruhs ‘bone’Matisoff 87 BP

3.2Qiangic22

Ersurɿ³³ ku⁵⁵morpheme ‘bone’Sun H 91 ErsQ
Guiqiongtɕhɔ̃³³morphemengɑ³³#205 PTB *r-ŋa ‘TAIL / BACK’ri⁵⁵ ‘back (direction)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 52.17
Guiqiongwu⁵⁵ wu³³ ‘bone’Sun H 91 GuiQ
Guiqiongwu̵⁵⁵wu̵³³ n‘bone’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0133.16
Muyamɐ̃⁵⁵morphemeqhuɐ³³morpheme rə³³lə⁵³morpheme n‘ankle’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0104.15
Muyatɕhue⁵⁵morphemerə⁵³ n‘bone’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0133.15
Muya [Minyak]ma³⁵morphemeŋkua³⁵morphemerɯ³⁵lɯ³⁵morpheme ‘ankle bone’Sun H 91 MuyQ: 6.2.5.1
Muya [Minyak]mɑ³⁵morphemeŋkʰua³⁵morphemerɯ³⁵lɯ³⁵morpheme ‘ankle’Sun H 91 MuyQ: 6.2.5
Pumi (Taoba)rɛ³⁵ ka⁵³morpheme ‘bone’Lu 83 Pumi
Qiang (Longxi)tsùmorpheme bòmorpheme-ɹà kámorpheme ‘spine [m-bone]’Evans 99 Qiang: 167
Qiang (Longxi)ɹà kámorpheme ‘bone’Evans 99 Qiang: 165
Qiang (Longxi)ɹà ká sá ‘joint’Evans 99 Qiang: 169
Qiang (Longxi)ɹà kə́morpheme pàmorpheme tsɨ̀morpheme ‘bone’[Source note] cf. ‘horn’.Evans 99 Qiang: 165
Qiang (Longxi)ɹà sà ‘joint’Evans 99 Qiang: 169

5Tujia9

Tujiajiau⁵⁵morphemekan²¹morphemelu⁵⁵ka⁵⁵morpheme n‘spine / backbone’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0134.49
Tujia (Northern)lu1ga1morpheme n.‘bone’Brassett 04 Tujia
Tujia (Northern)lu¹ga¹morpheme ‘bone’Brassett 06 Tujia: 2.1
Tujialu⁵⁵ ka⁵⁵morpheme ‘bone’Chen 86 TuBQ: 8.4
Tujia (Northern)lu⁵⁵ ka⁵⁵morpheme ‘bone’Tian 86
Tujialu⁵⁵ka⁵⁵morpheme n‘bone’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0133.49
Tujia (Northern)si3morphemelu1ga1morpheme n.‘pig's bone’Brassett 04 Tujia
Tujia (Northern)si3morphemelu3ga3morpheme n.‘pig's bone’Brassett 04 Tujia
Tujia (Northern)si³morphemelu¹ga¹morpheme ‘pig's bone’Brassett 06 Tujia: 4.4

6.1Lolo-Burmese1

6.1.1Burmish73

Achang (Lianghe)a³¹morpheme źau³⁵ ‘bone’LaPolla 87: 153
Achang (Lianghe)ɑ³¹morpheme ʑɑu³⁵ ‘bone’Dai 85 AcJZ
Achang (Longchuan)a³¹morpheme ʐau³¹ ‘bone’Dai 85 AcJZ
Achang (Longchuan)a³¹morpheme ʐau³¹ ‘bone’LaPolla 87: 153
Achang (Longchuan)a³¹morphemeʐau³¹ n‘bone’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0133.28
Achang (Longchuan)xa³¹morphemeluŋ³⁵morphemeʐau³¹ n‘spine / backbone’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0134.28
Achang (Luxi)a³¹morpheme źau³¹ ‘bone’LaPolla 87: 153
Achang (Luxi)a³¹morpheme ʐau³¹ ‘bone’Dai 85 AcJZ
Achang (Xiandao)a³¹morpheme ʐau³¹ ‘bone’Dai 89 Xian: 159
Achang (Xiandao)a³¹morphemeʐau³¹ n‘bone’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0133.29
Achang (Xiandao)ʐau³¹ kʰʐaŋ³¹morpheme ‘rib’Dai 89 Xian: 161
Achang (Xiandao)ʐau³¹khʐaŋ³¹morpheme n‘rib’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0135.29
Burmese (Modern)aprefix◦ruiː ‘bone’Luce 85: T.36
Burmese (Modern)aprefix◦rui⁴ ‘bone’Luce 85: G.61
Burmese (Written)(əmorpheme-)rùi ‘bone’Weidert 87 TBTo: 173
Burmese (Written)ăprefix◦ruì ‘bone’Benedict 72 STC: 16n61
Burmese (Written)aprefix◦rui: ‘bone’Marrison 67 Naga
Burmese (Written)aprefix◦ruiw ‘bone’Luce 85: T.36
Burmese (Written)aprefix◦ruiw⁴ ‘bone, relic’Luce 85: M.41
Burmese (Written)aprefix◦ruiw⁴ ‘bone’Luce 85: X.89
Burmese (Written)hnyapmorpheme-rûi ‘collarbone / clavicle’Matisoff 87 BP
Burmese (Written)raŋmorpheme-rûi ‘breastbone / sternum’Matisoff 87 BP
Burmese (Written)rûi n‘bone; stalk; handle; ridge; lineage’Benedict 76 WBur
Burmese (Written)əprefix-rûi n‘bone; stalk; handle; ridge; lineage’Benedict 76 WBur
Burmese (Written)ʔəprefix-rûi-nu'morpheme ‘bone’Matisoff 87 BP
Danuăprefix◦yo² ‘bone’Luce 85: T.36
Hpun (Northern)ăprefix◦ʀù ‘bone’Henderson 86 Hpun
Hpun (Northern)ăprefix◦ʀù ăprefix◦sháiŋmorpheme/(ă)prefix◦ʃáiŋmorpheme ‘marrow (lit. = bone-oil)’Henderson 86 Hpun
Hpun (Northern)ăprefix◦ʀù kàpmorpheme ‘joint (of bone)’Henderson 86 Hpun
Hpun (Metjo)ăprefix◦ʀuh⁴ ‘bone’Luce 85: T.36
Maru [Langsu]au³⁵#385 PTB *d-bu-s ‘HEAD / CENTER / SENIOR MALE RELATIVE / UNCLE’MesorootsPKC *ʔuu ‘ELDER SIBLING’Allofams1 #385 PTB *d-bu-s ‘HEAD / CENTER / SENIOR MALE RELATIVE / UNCLE’1a #1223 PTB *du ‘HEAD’ ʃŏ³⁵prefix ɣuk⁵⁵ ‘skull’Dai 89 Lang: 2.4
Pyu [Tircul]ru ‘bone, relic’Luce 85: M.41
Atsi [Zaiwa]nuŋ²¹morphemekuŋ⁵⁵morphemevui²¹ n‘spine / backbone’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0134.30

6.1.2.1Northern Loloish74

Gazhuopo³³#435 PTB *pu ‘KNEE’Allofams1 #436 PTB *put-s ⪤ *pit-s ‘KNEE’1b #435 PTB *pu ‘KNEE’ lo³³morpheme kɛ³⁵morpheme v̩³¹ kɯ³⁵morpheme ‘knee cap / patella’Dai 89 Gazh: 6.2.2.1
Lalovu̪⁵⁵morpheme lū̪²¹morpheme kʰu̪⁵⁵morpheme tsɿ²¹morpheme ʔvu̪²¹ da⁵⁵morpheme ‘knee cap / patella’Chen 86 Yi: 6.2.2.1
Laloʔvu²¹ ‘bone’Chen 86 CS: 17.
Laloʔvu̪²¹ da⁵⁵morpheme ‘bone’Lalo da⁵⁵ ‘stalk’.Chen 86 Yi: 8.4
Liphoɣɯ²¹ ‘bone’Chen 86 CS: 17.
Nasuvɯ³³ ‘bone’Chen 86 CS: 17.
Nasuɣɯ³³ ‘bone’Chen 86 Yi: 8.4
Nasuɣɯ³³ ʈu³³morpheme ‘marrow’Chen 86 Yi: 8.4.3
Neisuʑy³³ ‘bone’Chen 86 CS: 17.
Nesugɤ̱²¹morpheme ȵɪ̱³³morpheme ʂe³³morpheme ɣɤ³³ ‘ankle bone’Chen 86 Yi: 6.2.5.1
Nesuɣɤ³³ ‘bone’Chen 86 Yi: 8.4
Nesuɣɯ³³ ‘bone’Chen 86 CS: 17.
Noesuko²¹morphemeto³³morphemeʑy³³ ‘spine’Chen 86 Yi: 5.5.4
Noesuxo²¹morphemeʑy³³ ‘bone’Chen 86 Yi: 8.4
Nosubu̱³³morphemele³³morphemevu³³ ‘thigh bone’Chen 86 Yi: 6.2.1.1
Nosuvu²¹du³³ ‘bone’Chen 86 Yi: 8.4
Nosuvu³³ ‘bone’Chen 86 CS: 17.
Nusu (Central)ɣʴɯ⁵⁵ ‘bone’Dai 89 NusB: 159.
Nusu (Northern)ɹɯ³⁵ ‘bone’Sun J 86 Nusu
Nusu (Southern)ɹɯ⁵⁵ ‘bone’Sun J 86 Nusu
Nusu (Central)ɹɯ⁵⁵ ‘bone’Sun J 86 Nusu
Yi (Dafang)xɔ²¹morpheme ɣɯ³³ ‘bone’Chen 85 YiJZ
Yi (Liangshan)vu²¹du³³ ‘bone’Ma 08 Yi: index
Yi (Nanhua)ɤɯ²¹gɑ²¹ n‘bone’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0133.37
Yi (Nanhua)ʂɯ³³morphemeɤɯ²¹dʐæ̱³³morpheme n‘spine / backbone’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0134.37
Yi (Weishan)ʔvu̪²¹dɑ⁵⁵dzɿ³³ n‘bone’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0133.36
Yi (Wuding)xɯ¹¹morphemeɤɯ³³ n‘bone’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0133.38
Yi (Wuding)ʂɯ̱³³morphemedɤ⁵⁵morphemeɤɯ³³ n‘spine / backbone’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0134.38
Yi (Xide)vu²¹-du³³#241 PTB *g-du(ŋ) ‘BONE’ li³⁴morpheme-tɕʰɿ³³morpheme ‘bone fracture’Chen 79 YiCh

6.1.2.2Central Loloish114

Ahigo̱²¹morpheme bu⁵⁵morpheme ɣɯ²¹ ‘ankle bone’Luo 90: 6.2.5.1
Ahimo³³morphemetʂɛ²²morphemeɣɯ²¹ ‘spine’Chen 86 Yi: 5.5.4
Ahimɑ⁵⁵morpheme ɣɯ²¹ ‘collar bone / clavicle’Luo 90: 5.2
Ahipo²²morpheme tsʻi̱²¹morpheme ɣɯ²¹ ‘shin bone’Luo 90: 6.2.3.1
Ahipʻɑ³³morpheme tsi̱⁵⁵morpheme ɣɯ²¹ ‘vertebrae (of spine)’Luo 90: 8.4.2
Ahiɣo²¹ ko̱³³morpheme ‘bone’Luo 90: 8.4
Ahiɣɤ²¹ ‘bone’Matisoff 87 BP
Ahiɣɯ²¹ ‘bone’Chen 86 CS: 17.
Ahiɣɯ²¹ko̱³³ ‘bone’Chen 86 Yi: 8.4
Ahiʈhu³³morphemepha³³morphemeʑy³³ ‘thigh bone’Chen 86 Yi: 6.2.1.1
Ahiʈʻu²¹morpheme tʂo̱⁵⁵morpheme ɣɯ²¹ ‘thigh bone / femur’Luo 90: 6.2.1.1
Lahu-g̈ɔ̂ ‘bone’LaPolla 87: 153
Lahu (Nyi)aw˯prefix◦g'awˇ ‘bone’Bradley 79 Lahu: 136
Lahu (Black)khɨ#335 PTB *krəy ‘FOOT’-g̈ɔ̂-qwɛ̀ʔmorpheme ‘whole leg’Matisoff 87 BP
Lahu (Bakeo)aw˯prefix◦g'uˇ◦k'uˍmorpheme ‘bone’Bradley 79 Lahu: 136
Lisu (Northern)ba²¹morphemevy²¹morpheme ɔʔ²¹tɔ³³#241 PTB *g-du(ŋ) ‘BONE’ ‘cheekbone’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)tæ³⁵morphemevu²¹ N‘upper arm’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)tæ³⁵morphemevu²¹ pu⁵⁵morphemelu³³morpheme N‘arm’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Nujiang)tɛ³⁵morpheme vu³¹ ‘arm’Xu 86 Lisu
Lisutɛ³⁵morphemevu³¹ ‘arm’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 253.27
Lisu (Northern)ɔʔ²¹tɔ³³#241 PTB *g-du(ŋ) ‘BONE’pi³³morpheme ‘bone marrow; bone and flesh’Bradley 94 Lisu
Sani [Nyi]dʐo²²morphemetsi⁵⁵morphemeɣɯ²¹ ‘spine’Chen 86 Yi: 5.5.4
Sani [Nyi]«ɣɯ²¹)tɬu³³morpheme ‘marrow’Wu 84
Sani [Nyi]ɣɯ²¹ ‘bone’Chen 86 CS: 17.
Sani [Nyi]ɣɯ²¹ pu³³morpheme ɣɯ²¹ qɤ̱⁴⁴morpheme ‘skeleton’Wu 84: 294.1
Sani [Nyi]ɣɯ²¹pu³³morpheme ‘bone’Chen 86 Yi: 8.4
Sani [Nyi]ɣɯ²¹pu³³morpheme ‘bone’Wu 84
Sani [Nyi]ɣɯ²¹pu³³morphemeɣɯ²¹qɤ̱³³morphememɒ³³morpheme ‘skeleton’Wu 84
Sani [Nyi]ɣɯ²¹qho³³morpheme ‘skeleton’Chen 86 Yi: 8.4.1
Sani [Nyi]ɣɯ²¹tɬu³³morpheme ‘marrow’Chen 86 Yi: 9.1.2
Sani [Nyi]ɣɯ¹¹ ‘bone’Matisoff 87 BP
Sani [Nyi]ɣɯ¹¹ ‘bone’Ma 89 SanQ: 331.1
Sani [Nyi]ɣɯ¹¹ pv̩³³morpheme ‘bone’Ma 89 SanQ: 331.4
Sani [Nyi]ɣɯ¹¹ qʰo³³morpheme ‘skeleton’Ma 89 SanQ: 331.2
Sani [Nyi]ɣɯ¹¹ tɬɿ¹¹morpheme ‘marrow’Ma 89 SanQ: 331.3
Yi (Sani)ɣɯ¹¹pv̩³³ n‘bone’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0133.39
Sani [Nyi]ɬɑ²¹morphemephi⁵⁵morphemeɣɯ²¹ ‘thigh bone’Chen 86 Yi: 6.2.1.1

6.1.2.3Southern Loloish24

Hanii²¹ ‘bone’Matisoff 87 BP
Mpiʔɑ²morphemeʔɯ² ‘bone’Bradley 79 PLo
Mpiʔɑ²morpheme◦ʔɯ² ‘bone’Hansson 89 AHKP: 370
Ugongna#3352 PTB *na ‘HIP’/nɪ́morpheme kha wú/ᴜ ‘hipbone’Bradley 93 Ugo: 5.8.2
Ugongwú wᴜ́ ‘bone’Bradley 93 Ugo: 8.4

6.2Naxi4

Na (Yongning)ɻ̃˧hæ˩morpheme ‘cartilage’Michaud 06 NaLaze
Na (Yongning)ɻ̃˧ko˩morpheme ‘shinbone, tibia’Michaud 06 NaLaze

7Karenic12

*Karenkhrwitᴰ ‘bone’[Source note] This etymon has irregular tone changes in SK, i.e. tone A in Sgaw and tone B in Pwo, while it is still tone D in NK and CK. The final *-t might have been dropped very early; consequently, the tones in Sgaw and Pwo have differently developed.Luangthongkum 13: 31
Bwe-khwi³³ ‘bone’Luangthongkum 13: 31
Kayahkhrwi⁵⁵ ‘bone’Luangthongkum 13: 31
KayanchwiɁ⁴⁵ ‘bone’Luangthongkum 13: 31
Kayawchu³³ ‘bone’Luangthongkum 13: 31
Pwo (Northern)(ɁaɁ²¹morpheme) xei³³ ‘bone’Luangthongkum 13: 31
Sgaw (Southern)(ta¹¹morpheme)xi⁵⁵ ‘bone’Luangthongkum 13: 31

9.0.3Modern Chinese1

Cite this entry

STEDT etymon #232, *s/m/g-rus ‘BONE’.
Stable link: https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/232
Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].
References: cf. STC#006, HPTB 44, 48, 102, 387, 435, 437, 442, 465, 477
BibTeX
@misc{stedt-232,
  title  = {{*s/m/g-rus 'BONE'}},
  author = {STEDT},
  year   = {2017},
  note   = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #232},
  url    = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/232}
}