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STEDT #1288

*r-may ⪤ *m-ray

TAIL / PENIS
Proto-Tibeto-Burman · exemplary

Reconstruction analysis

handlemayprefixrinitialmrhymeay ⪤ m-rcoverM · VNLW

Intermediate reconstructions

Tani*me ~ *mjo ‘TAIL’JS-HCST: 45
Kuki-Chin*C-may ‘TAIL’cf. PKC #794; cf. 'fire'
Lolo-Burmese*ʔ-m(r)ay² ‘TAIL’
Loloish*ʔmri² ‘TAIL’

Connections

Allofams
HPTB*r-may ‘tail’pp. 81, 106, 127, 208, 216, 217, 221, 511
Poss. allofam#3228

Notes

This extremely widespread etymon seems distinct from #3337 PTB *s-mi ANUS / BUTTOCK. A number of languages have developed a dental or palatal nasal through the influence of a following yod or front vowel. A similar development has occurred in roots like #33 PTB *s-myak ⪤ *s-mik EYE.

Chinese comparandum

尾 OC *mi̯wər, GSR #583a-b; B & S 2011: *məjʔ {[m]əjʔ}; Mand. wěi.

Reflexes & cognates548 reflexes · 55 subgroups

1NE Indian Areal Group1

1.1“North Assam”2

Aka [Hruso]əprefix◦rim ‘tail’This Aka form looks as if it has been metathesized from mri.LaPolla 87: 84
Aka [Hruso]əprefix◦rim ‘tail’Benedict 72 STC: 282

1.1.1Tani1

*Tanime~ mjo ‘tail’Sun J 93 HCST: 413

1.1.1.1Western Tani26

Apataniaprefix-mi ‘tail’Sun J 93 HCST
Apataniàprefix-mì ‘tail’Sun J 93 Tani
Apataniaprefix-mi ‘tail’Sun J 93 Tani
Apatanimi-prjũmorpheme ‘tail tuft’Sun J 93 Tani
Apatani²aprefix¹mi ‘tail’Weidert 87 TBTo: 571
Bokaramprefix ȵo n‘tail’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0267.24
Bokaramprefix-ño ‘tail’Sun J 93 Tani
Bokareprefix-mño ‘tail’Sun J 93 HCST
Bokaremprefix ȵo n‘tail’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0267.24
Bokaremprefix-ño ‘tail’Sun J 93 Tani
Bokar Lhobaɛprefix◦m ȵo ‘tail’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 177.51
Bokar Lhobaɛprefix◦mȵo ‘tail’Sun H 80 MLD
Galo`ɲo◦buumorpheme n.‘tail’GLDC 09 Galo
Galo`ɲo◦lapmorpheme n.‘fishtail’GLDC 09 Galo
Galo`ɲo◦lapmorpheme n.‘tail (of fish)’GLDC 09 Galo
Galo`ɲo◦tupmorpheme n.‘tip (of tail)’GLDC 09 Galo
Galo`ɲo◦ŋərmorpheme n.‘tail joint’GLDC 09 Galo
Miri, Hillaɲprefix◦ɲo ‘tail’Simon 76 Miri

1.1.2Deng16

Darang [Taraon]lɯ³¹mɯn⁵⁵ ‘tail’Sun H 80 MLD
Darang [Taraon]lɯ³¹mɯn⁵⁵ ‘tail’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 177.49
Digaroləmi ~ ləmiŋ ‘tail’Benedict 72 STC: 282
Digaroləmi~ləmiŋ ‘tail’LaPolla 87: 84
Kaman [Miju]ɑ³¹prefix mɑ̆i⁵⁵ ‘tail’Sun H 80 MLD
Kaman [Miju]ɑ³¹prefixmɑ̆i⁵⁵ n‘tail’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0267.23
Kaman [Miju]ɑ³¹prefixmɑ̆i⁵⁵ ‘tail’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 177.48
Kaman [Miju]ʔprefix◦mʌ̀i ‘tail’Weidert 87 TBTo: 307
Iduimorpheme◦mi◦namorpheme ‘tail’Pulu 78
Iduimorpheme◦mi◦namorpheme◦pũmorpheme ‘tail(tuft)’Pulu 78
Idukʰimorpheme◦mi◦namorpheme ‘tail’Pulu 78
Idukʰimorpheme◦mi◦namorpheme◦pũmorpheme ‘tail(tuft)’Pulu 78
Idulɯ³¹mum⁵³ ‘tail’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 177.50
Yidulɯ³¹ mum⁵³ n‘tail’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0267.25

1.2Kuki-Chin2

Thanphumăprefix◦mɑi⁵ ‘tail’Luce 85: P.7

1.2.1.1Northern Chin10

Kuki-Chinmei ‘tail (of animal)’Haokip 98: 5.10.3
Sizangaprefix mē ‘tail, fire’VanBik 09 PKC: 794
Thadoʌ̄prefix◦méi ‘tail’Thirumalai 72: 42
Tiddimmei ‘tail’Matisoff 87 BP
Tiddimmei³ ‘tail’Luce 85: G.50
Tiddimmei³ ‘tail’Luce 85: P.7
Tiddimmei¹ ‘fire, tail’VanBik 09 PKC: 794
Tiddimˊmei n‘tail’Henderson 65 TidC

1.2.1.2Southern Plains Chin13

Ashohomorpheme◦mé ‘tail’VanBik 09 PKC: 794
Asho (Sandoway)ho²morphememeɪ² ‘tail’Luce 85: P.7
Awa Khumi[tăχo³morpheme]mæ⁴ ‘tail’Luce 85: P.7
Khumitamorpheme-mai ‘tail of a bird’Matisoff 87 BP
Khumitᵊmorpheme◦máːⁱ ‘tail’So-Hartmann 88 Chin: 48
Khumitmorpheme◦maay ‘tail’VanBik 09 PKC: 794
Khumi (Ahraing)tə̆morpheme◦mɑɛ¹ ‘tail’Luce 85: P.7
Matuḁprefix◦maːⁱ ‘tail’So-Hartmann 88 Chin: 48
Matupiăprefix◦mɑi⁴ ‘tail’Luce 85: P.7
Nyhmoyeŋmorpheme◦mɛi ‘tail’So-Hartmann 88 Chin: 48
Womatuŋ⁴ˋmorphememeɪ¹ ‘tail’Luce 85: P.7

1.2.3Maraic8

Lailenpimə̆prefix◦lə̆hme¹ ‘tail’Luce 85: P.7
Lakher [Mara]cháomorpheme-lā#3332 PTB *k-lyak ‘TAIL’-hméi n‘tail of a bird or animal’VanBik 09 PKC: 794
Lothvo (Hiranpi)ăprefix◦lə̆hmĩ³ ‘tail’Luce 85: P.7
Meratso¹morphemelə̆¹hmi¹ ‘tail’Luce 85: P.7
Tha'oaăprefix◦mɑi² ‘tail’Luce 85: P.7
Xongsaimei² ‘tail’Luce 85: P.7

1.4Meithei4

Meitheiməprefix◦mə̀i ‘tail’Weidert 87 TBTo: 307
Meitheiməprefix◦məy ‘tail (of animal)’Singh 91 MeiQ: 5.10.3
Meitheiməprefix◦məy ‘tail’Matisoff 85 GSTC: 072

1.5Mikir [Karbi]7

Mikir [Karbi]aprefix◦rme ‘tail’Marrison 67 Naga
Mikir [Karbi]aprefix◦rme ‘tail’Matisoff 85 GSTC: 072
Mikir [Karbi]aprefix◦rmê ‘tail (of animal)’Grüssner 79 BP: 10
Mikir [Karbi]aprefix◦rme ‘tail’LaPolla 87: 84
Mikir [Karbi]aprefix◦rme ‘tail’Benedict 72 STC: 282
Mikir [Karbi]aprefix◦rmē(ʔ) ‘tail’Weidert 87 TBTo: 307
Mikir [Karbi]aprefix◦ɾme ‘tail’Matisoff 87 BP

1.7.1Bodo-Garo1

1.7.1.1Bodo4

Bodohamorpheme◦may ‘buttock’Matisoff 87 BP
Dimasabamorpheme◦rmai ‘tail’Marrison 67 Naga
Dimasakhemorpheme◦rmai ⪤ bemorpheme◦rmai ‘tail’Benedict 72 STC: 282
Dimasakhemorpheme◦rmai~bemorpheme◦rmai ‘tail’Matisoff 85 GSTC: 072

1.7.1.2Garo5

Garokiʔmorpheme-me ‘tail’Matisoff 87 BP
Garokimorpheme◦me ‘tail’Matisoff 85 GSTC: 072
Garokimorpheme◦me ‘tail’LaPolla 87: 84
Garokimorpheme◦me ‘tail’Benedict 72 STC: 282

1.7.1.4Deori3

Deori/Deurichimorpheme◦mi ‘tail’Brown 95: 69
Deori/Deuricimorpheme-mi¹ ‘tail’unknown
Deori/Deuricimorpheme◦mĩ ‘tail, rear part (any animal) (var. cimi)’Jacquesson 05 Deuri

2.1.2Bodic2

Kaikemya ‘tail’Matisoff 87 BP

2.1.2.1Tibetan4

Tibetan (Batang)m̥ɛ¹³ tei⁵³morpheme ‘rump’Dai 89 Bata: 5.10
Tibetan (Written)rmed ‘tail / crupper of saddle’Luce 85: T.15
Tibetan (Written)rmed ‘tail / crupper’Luce 85: W.29

2.1.4Tamangish31

*TGTMᴬʰmeː ‘tail’Mazaudon 78 Tam: 15
*TGTMᴬʰmeː ‘tail’Mazaudon 94 These: 781
Gurung (Ghachok)māe siqmorpheme ‘hip’Matisoff 87 BP
Gurung (Ghachok)mae sĩqmorpheme ‘hip’Glover 72 GuVo: 2.A.44

2.3Kiranti1

2.3.2Southern Kiranti8

Bantawamiri(p) ‘tail’Rai 84 BnDc: 51
Bantawamirip ‘tail’Rai 85 BnDs
Chamlingmeri ‘tail’Winter 85: 24
Kulungmerˍ ‘tail’Rai 75 Kul

2.3.3Central Kiranti4

Dumimiri ‘tail’Driem 93 Dumi
Khaling'mer ‘tail’Matisoff 87 BP

2.3.4Western Kiranti9

Bahingmeri ‘tail’LaPolla 87: 84
Sunwar'miː◦lumorpheme ‘tail’Michailovsky 91 Kr: 176
Sunwar'miː◦lumorpheme ‘tail’Matisoff 87 BP
Thulung'mer ‘tail’Allen 75
Thulungmera ‘tail’Matisoff 87 BP

2.4Kham-Magar-Chepang20

Chepangmeʔ ‘tail’Matisoff 87 BP
Chepangmeʔ n.‘tail, lower end (of field, etc.)’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangmeʔ cermorpheme- va.‘split, ragged tail (of fish)’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangmeʔ.koʔmorpheme romorpheme n.‘brush (of tail), tuft’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangmeʔ.koʔmorpheme tukumorpheme.luŋmorpheme n.‘base, stump (esp. of bird's tail)’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangmeʔ.tukumorpheme.luŋmorpheme n.‘base of tail (bird)’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangmeʔ.tulhmorpheme n.‘base of tail (bird)’Caughley 00 Chepang
Khamoprefix◦r'mẽːh ‘tail’Watters 89 KhQ: 1.35
Khamoprefix◦rme̥h ‘tail’Matisoff 87 BP
Khamoprefix◦rmeMh ‘tail’Michailovsky 91 Kr: 176

3.1Tangut3

Tangut [Xixia]mji̱j ‘tail, end’Li 97 Tangut: 5677
Tangut [Xixia]mɪ̯e¹ ‘tail’Sofronov 97

3.2Qiangic21

Muya [Minyak]mɯ³⁵ ‘tail (of animal)’Sun H 91 MuyQ: 5.10.3

3.3.1rGyalrong16

rGyalrongtaprefix jmi ‘tail (of animal)’Dai 89 Jiar: 5.10.3
rGyalrongteprefix◦me ‘tail’LaPolla 87: 84
rGyalrongtĕprefix◦mĕ ‘tail’Benedict 72 STC: 282
Caodengtɐprefix-jmɐ ‘tail’Sun J 97 Cao
rGyalrongtɐip? jmi ‘tail’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 177.12
rGyalrong (NW)təprefix◦rme ‘tail (of animal)’Sun H 91 rNW: 5.10.3
rGyalrong (Eastern)wɐprefix◦jmi ‘tail (of animal)’Sun H 91 rEQ: 5.10.3
rGyalrong (Eastern)wɐprefix◦jmi tsʰəmorpheme ngrummorpheme ‘tailbone / coccyx’Sun H 91 rEQ: 5.10.2
rGyalrong (Northern)əprefix◦jme ‘tail (of animal)’Sun H 91 rNQ: 5.10.3
rGyalrongtayprefix mu ‘tail’Nagano 97 GyQ: 5.10.3
rGBenzhenteprefix-mə ‘tail’Sun J 97 rGB

6.1Lolo-Burmese1

6.1.1Burmish40

Achang (Luxi)a³¹prefix mi³⁵ ‘tail’Dai 85 AcJZ
Burmese (Modern)aprefix◦mrīː ‘tail’Luce 85: T.15
Burmese (Modern)aprefix◦mrī⁴ ‘tail’Luce 85: G.50
Burmese (Rangoon)ɑ⁵³prefixmji⁵⁵ n‘tail’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0267.27
Burmese (Spoken)ăprefix◦mi⁴ ‘tail’Luce 85: T.15
Burmese (Spoken Rangoon)ɑ⁵³prefixmji⁵⁵ ‘tail’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 177.40
Burmese (Written)aprefix◦mrī ‘tail’Luce 85: G.50
Burmese (Written)aprefix◦mrì ‘tail’LaPolla 87: 84
Burmese (Written)ăprefix◦mrì ‘tail’Benedict 72 STC: 282
Burmese (Written)aprefix◦mrī: ‘tail’Marrison 67 Naga
Burmese (Written)aprefix◦mrī⁴ ‘tail / crupper’Luce 85: W.29
Burmese (Written)ɑ¹prefixmri³ ‘tail’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 177.39
Burmese (Written)əprefix-mrî n.‘tail’Benedict 76 WBur
Burmese (Written)əprefix◦mrì ‘tail’Weidert 87 TBTo: 307
Burmese (Written)ʔəprefix◦mrî ‘tail’Matisoff 87 BP
Burmese (Written)ʔəprefix◦mrî ‘tail’Matisoff 85 GSTC: 072
Burmese (Written)ʔəprefix◦mrî ‘tail’Matisoff 74 TJLB: 233
Danuăprefix◦mi² ‘tail’Luce 85: T.15
Hpun (Northern)ăprefix◦mì ‘tail’Henderson 86 Hpun
Hpun (Metjo)ăprefix◦mi⁴ ‘tail’Luce 85: T.15
Taung-Yoăprefix◦mi² ‘tail’Luce 85: T.15

6.1.2.1Northern Loloish28

Liphomɛ⁵⁵ ‘tail’Chen 86 Yi: 5.10.3
Nesumer³³ ‘tail (of animal)’Chen 86 Yi: 5.10.3
Nusu (Northern)m̥i⁵⁵ ‘tail’Sun J 86 Nusu
Nusu (Central)m̥ɯ⁵⁵pɹɚ̱⁵³morpheme n‘tail’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0267.34
Yi (Dafang)mo²¹ so³³morpheme ‘tail’Chen 85 YiJZ
Yi (Liangshan)m̥ɿ³³ ‘tail’Ma 08 Yi: index
Yi (Liangshan)o³³#385 PTB *d-bu-s ‘HEAD / CENTER / SENIOR MALE RELATIVE / UNCLE’MesorootsPKC *ʔuu ‘ELDER SIBLING’Allofams1 #385 PTB *d-bu-s ‘HEAD / CENTER / SENIOR MALE RELATIVE / UNCLE’1a #1223 PTB *du ‘HEAD’m̥ɿ³³ ‘head to tail’Ma 08 Yi: index
Yi (Mile)mᴀ⁵⁵dʐi²¹morpheme ‘tail’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 177.25
Yi (Nanhua)mə⁵⁵tə³³morpheme n‘tail’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0267.37
Yi (Nanhua)mɛ⁵⁵tɛ³³morpheme ‘tail’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 177.24
Yi (Weishan)ʔmᴇ²¹phᴇ²¹morpheme n‘tail’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0267.36
Yi (Xide)hɯ³³morpheme-m̥ɿ²¹-tʂa⁵⁵morpheme ‘fish tail’Chen 79 YiCh

6.1.2.2Central Loloish54

Ahima⁵⁵dʐɿ²¹morpheme ‘tail’Chen 86 Yi: 5.10.3
Lolo (Ni)mɑ̀i ‘tail’Luce 85: T.15
Ahimɑ⁵⁵ ‘rump’Luo 90: 5.10
Ahimɑ⁵⁵ dʐi²¹morpheme ‘tail (of animal)’Luo 90: 5.10.3
Kuconga31prefix ma35 ‘tail’Dai 09 Kucong
Lahu (Banlan)aw˯prefix◦meh ‘tail’Bradley 79 Lahu: 84
Lisu (Northern)a⁵⁵prefixna²¹#6026 PTB *na ‘DOG’mɤ⁵⁵ ze²¹morpheme ‘white-tailed dog’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Nujiang)e⁵⁵prefix mɯ⁵⁵ ‘tail’Xu 86 Lisu
Lisue⁵⁵morphememɯ⁵⁵ n‘tail’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0267.40
Lisue⁵⁵prefixmɯ⁵⁵ ‘tail’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 177.27
Lisumrgh'¹ ‘tail’Bradley 79 PLo: 84-1
Lisumrgh»¹ ‘tail’Matisoff 87 BP
Lisu (Central)mrghʼ¹ n.‘tail’Fraser 22
Lisu (Northern)mɤ⁵⁵ N‘tail’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)mɤ⁵⁵tɕe³³morpheme ‘tortoise-tail’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Putao)yi¹prefixmɯ̃¹ ‘tail’Luce 85: T.15
Sani [Nyi]mæ³³ pa̱⁴⁴morpheme ‘raise (tail)’Wu 84: 33.1
Sani [Nyi]mæ⁵⁵ ‘tail’Chen 86 Yi: 5.10.3
Sani [Nyi]mæ⁵⁵ ‘tail’Ma 89 SanQ: 307.4
Sani [Nyi]mæ⁵⁵ pe³³morpheme ‘tip (of tail)’Ma 89 SanQ: 303.3
Sani [Nyi]mæ⁵⁵ vi³³morpheme ‘wag, shake (tail)’Wu 84: 33.3

6.1.2.3Southern Loloish29

Akhadaw˯mi˯ ‘tail’Matisoff 87 BP
Hani (Lüchun)dɔ³¹morphememi³¹ n‘tail’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0267.41
Hani (Mojiang)tu³¹morphememɛ³¹ n‘tail’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0267.42
Pyentoŋ31morpheme mi31 ‘tail’Shintani 09 Pyen: 020004
Silato21morpheme mi21 ‘tail’Kato 08 Lao: 97

6.1.2.4Southeastern Loloish6

Azhai³³prefixmɔ̠⁴⁵ ‘tail’Pelkey 11 Phula: 164
Southern Mujiɛ²¹prefixmji³³ ‘tail’Pelkey 11 Phula: 164
Pholamɛ³³ʨu⁵⁵morpheme ‘tail’Pelkey 11 Phula: 164
Hlepho Phowaɛ³³prefixʔmi⁵⁵ ‘tail’Pelkey 11 Phula: 164
Phu Khai³³prefix miʔ³⁵ ‘tail’Fried 00 PhuKha
Phuzamɛ³¹ ‘tail’Pelkey 11 Phula: 164

7Karenic45

*Karenmjɛ́' ‘tail’Jones 61: 20
Bwe (Western)[ka¹morpheme]me³ ‘tail’Weidert 87 TBTo: 944
Bwe (Western)ăprefix◦kɑ¹morpheme◦me³ ‘tail’Luce 85: G.50
Bwekámorpheme-mè n‘tail’Henderson 97 Kar
Bweəprefix◦kámorpheme-ʔmè ‘tail’Weidert 87 TBTo: 944
Geba[ka¹morpheme]hmi² ‘tail’Weidert 87 TBTo: 944
Gebakɑ¹morphemehmi² ‘tail’Luce 85: G.50
Kayan (Pekon)kamorpheme◦mē N‘tail’Manson 10 Kayan
Kayan (Pekon)kamorpheme◦mē◦kaklōnmorpheme N‘fleshy part of the tail’Manson 10 Kayan
Pa-O (Northern)ăprefix◦me² ‘tail’Luce 85: G.50
Pa-Omê ‘tail’Matisoff 87 BP
Pa-Omê ‘tail’Jones 61: 20
Pa-Oʔəprefix◦mê, Nmorpheme+mê ‘tail’Solnit 89 PaO
Pakuăprefix◦me³ ‘tail’Luce 85: G.50
Palaychimə̀ ‘tail’Matisoff 87 BP
Palaychimə̀ ‘tail’Jones 61: 20
Pwo (Delta)ə̆prefix◦me¹ ‘tail’Luce 85: G.50
Pwo (Tenasserim)ə̆prefix◦me⁴ ‘tail’Luce 85: G.50
Sgawmɛ⁶ ‘tail’Luce 85: G.50
Sgaw¹mɛ ‘tail’Weidert 87 TBTo: 944

9Sinitic1

9.0.1Old Chinese8

Chinese (Old/Mid)mi̯wər/mjwe̯i: ‘tail / copulate’Karlgren 57 GSR: 583a-b
Chinese (Old)mi̯wər ‘tail’Luce 85: T.15
Chinese (Old)mi̯wər ‘tail / crupper’Luce 85: W.29

9.0.2Middle Chinese1

9.0.3Modern Chinese1

Cite this entry

STEDT etymon #1288, *r-may ⪤ *m-ray ‘TAIL / PENIS’.
Stable link: https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/1288
Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].
References: STC#282
BibTeX
@misc{stedt-1288,
  title  = {{*r-may ⪤ *m-ray 'TAIL / PENIS'}},
  author = {STEDT},
  year   = {2017},
  note   = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #1288},
  url    = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/1288}
}