Reconstruction analysis
handlewakprefixpinitialwrhymeakcoverL · T
Intermediate reconstructions
Connections
HPTB*pʷak ‘pig’pp. 61, 62, 96, 147, 318, 319, 328
Notes
This etymon is a prime example of the alternation between labial stop and semi-vowel, motivating the reconstruction of an “extrusional” proto-cluster pʷ. Cf. Matisoff 2000, “An extrusional approach to *p-/w- variation in Sino-Tibetan.” Language and Linguistics (Taipei) 1.2:135-186.
Several Tibetan dialects (e.g. Alike, Amdo Zeku, Xiahe) have developed initial h- in this word; some Naga languages have gone further, and have zero-initial. The development of *p- to h- is also characteristic of Japanese; Irish aithir from PIE pətér has gone the whole way from p- to zero.
Chinese comparandum
豝 OC *pɑ̊, GSR #39d ‘sow, pig’; Coblin 86:117 ST *pr̵wag > OC *prag; B & S 2011: *pˁra; Mand. bā.
Comment: Cf. STC, p. 189, note 488.
Reflexes & cognates958 reflexes · 51 subgroups
0Sino-Tibetan (previously published reconstructions)1
0.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)9
1.1.1.2Eastern Tani1
1.2Kuki-Chin1
1.2.1.1Northern Chin11
1.2.1.2Southern Plains Chin12
1.2.2Central Chin7
1.2.3Maraic1
1.2.4“Old Kuki”1
1.3“Naga” Areal Group1
1.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)11
Ao (Mongsen: Mangmetong)[a]prefix-úk [tə]morpheme-jimorpheme n.‘pig, domestic sow ('pig' + 'mother')’Coupe 07 Ao
Ao (Mongsen: Mangmetong)áwk-sàʔ#34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’MesorootsPKC *sʰaa ‘ANIMAL / FLESH / MEAT’PCN *a-ʃaʔ ‘ANIMAL / MEAT, FLESH’PTk *sa ‘FLESH / MEAT / ANIMAL’Allofams1 #5711 PTB *sya-n ⪤ *sin ‘FLESH / ANIMAL / BODY / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’1a #34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’1b #318 PTB *sin ‘BODY / OWNER / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’ n.‘pork ('pig' + 'meat')’Coupe 07 Ao
Lotha Nagawok◦oromorpheme ‘pig (domestic)’Lotha -roʔ means ‘small’, so this is actually ‘piglet’.Marrison 67 Naga
1.3.2Angami-Pochuri Group11
Angami (Khonoma)theprefix◦ro ‘pig (domestic)’The apparently strange Angami initial r- seems to have developed from an earlier labiodental w- or v- (cf. Chokri thü-vo).Marrison 67 Naga
Angami (Kohima)the³¹prefix vo¹¹ nhü³¹#803 PTB *s-na ⪤ *s-naːr ‘NOSE’PKC *hnaar ‘NOSE’PCN *na(ʔ) ‘NOSE’PTk *na ‘NOSE’TGTM *ᴬʰna ‘NOSE’ ‘snout’Nienu 90 AngQ: 3.5.5
Chokrithü³¹prefix vo¹¹ hü³¹morpheme tso³⁵#442 PTB *m-ts(y)ul ‘NOSE AND MOUTH / LIP / LOWER PART OF FACE’ ‘snout’Nienu 90 ChoQ: 3.5.5
1.3.3Zeme Group8
1.3.4Tangkhulic12
1.4Meithei1
1.5Mikir [Karbi]4
1.7.1Bodo-Garo1
1.7.1.1Bodo2
1.7.1.2Garo4
1.7.1.3Koch4
1.7.2Northern Naga/Konyakian1
1.7.2.1Tangsa-Nocte4
1.7.2.2Konyak-Chang8
1.7.3.1Jingpho22
Jingphowaʔ³¹ (ʃă³¹morphemeniŋ³³#2501 PTB *s-ni(ː)ŋ ⪤ *s-nik ‘YEAR’PTani *ñiŋ ‘YEAR’PCN *niŋ ‘SKY / YEAR’PL *s-nikᴴ ‘YEAR’PKar *hneŋ ‘YEAR’PKar *hneŋᴮ ‘YEAR’) n‘year of the pig’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0766.19
1.7.3.2Asakian2
2.1.2Bodic23
Tsangla (Motuo)phak◦pamorpheme ‘pig’It is difficult to say whether Bodic forms like Tsangla phak are truly cognate to Tibetan phag, or rather loans from it.LaPolla 87: 163
Motuo Menbaphak pamorpheme tɕurmorpheme kaŋmorpheme n‘pigsty / pen (hog)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0504.07
Motuo Menbari#6076 PTB *ri ‘MOUNTAIN’ ɕimorpheme phak pasuffix n‘boar (wild)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0312.07
Cuona Menbamɔ⁵³#1619 PTB *ma ‘FEMALE / MOTHER / PRINCIPAL PART / FEMININE SUFFIX’PL *C-ma³ ‘FEMALE SUFFIX’PKar *məᴮ ‘MOTHER, FEMALE (OF ANIMALS)’phaʔ⁵³ n‘sow’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0286.06
2.1.2.1Tibetan85
Tibetan (Batang)phaʔ⁵⁵ n̥a⁵⁵#803 PTB *s-na ⪤ *s-naːr ‘NOSE’PKC *hnaar ‘NOSE’PCN *na(ʔ) ‘NOSE’PTk *na ‘NOSE’TGTM *ᴬʰna ‘NOSE’ ‘snout (pig)’Dai 89 Bata: 3.5.5
Tibetan (Batang)mᴜ¹³#1619 PTB *ma ‘FEMALE / MOTHER / PRINCIPAL PART / FEMININE SUFFIX’PL *C-ma³ ‘FEMALE SUFFIX’PKar *məᴮ ‘MOTHER, FEMALE (OF ANIMALS)’phɑʔ⁵³ n‘sow’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0286.03
Tibetan (Batang)phɑ⁵⁵tɕɑʔ⁵³#577 PTB *r/s-kya(k/ŋ) ‘SHIT / EXCREMENT’ n‘dung (pig)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0288.03
Tibetan (Lhasa)phak⁵⁵ca⁵²#577 PTB *r/s-kya(k/ŋ) ‘SHIT / EXCREMENT’ n‘dung (pig)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0288.02
Tibetan (Written)(phag phrugmorpheme) skje#95 PTB *s-kya-y ‘BORN / GIVE BIRTH’ v.‘birth, give to (piglets)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1717.01
Tibetan (Written)(phag) rgjags#40 PTB *s-ryak ‘OIL / FAT / GREASE’ pamorpheme ‘fat (pig)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1025.01
Tibetan (Written)pʻag-mc̀ʻe#635 PTB *m-dzyway ‘TOOTH / TUSK’PLB *jway¹ ‘TOOTH / TUSK’PL *ʔ-cway¹ ‘TUSK’ ‘tusk (of boar)’Matisoff 87 BP
Tibetan (Written)pʻɑg-s̀ɑ#34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’MesorootsPKC *sʰaa ‘ANIMAL / FLESH / MEAT’PCN *a-ʃaʔ ‘ANIMAL / MEAT, FLESH’PTk *sa ‘FLESH / MEAT / ANIMAL’Allofams1 #5711 PTB *sya-n ⪤ *sin ‘FLESH / ANIMAL / BODY / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’1a #34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’1b #318 PTB *sin ‘BODY / OWNER / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’ ‘pork’Jäschke 1881
Tibetan (Xiahe)haχ htəχ#577 PTB *r/s-kya(k/ŋ) ‘SHIT / EXCREMENT’ n‘dung (pig)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0288.04
2.1.4Tamangish5
Tamang (Bagmati)baːʱ ‘pig’This form with initial b- might be a loan from Tibetan, since all the other Tamangic forms have dental or retroflex initials.Weidert 87 TBTo: 693
2.2Newar7
2.3Kiranti1
2.3.1Eastern Kiranti11
Athpare (Rai)phak◦sa#34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’MesorootsPKC *sʰaa ‘ANIMAL / FLESH / MEAT’PCN *a-ʃaʔ ‘ANIMAL / MEAT, FLESH’PTk *sa ‘FLESH / MEAT / ANIMAL’Allofams1 #5711 PTB *sya-n ⪤ *sin ‘FLESH / ANIMAL / BODY / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’1a #34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’1b #318 PTB *sin ‘BODY / OWNER / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’ ‘pork’Ebert 97 Athpare
Yakhapak◦kamorpheme uprefix◦na#803 PTB *s-na ⪤ *s-naːr ‘NOSE’PKC *hnaar ‘NOSE’PCN *na(ʔ) ‘NOSE’PTk *na ‘NOSE’TGTM *ᴬʰna ‘NOSE’◦buʔ#806 PTB *bu(k/ŋ) ‘NOSE / NOSTRIL’ ‘snout’Kohn 90: 3.5.5
Yamphuak◦mamorpheme◦sa#34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’MesorootsPKC *sʰaa ‘ANIMAL / FLESH / MEAT’PCN *a-ʃaʔ ‘ANIMAL / MEAT, FLESH’PTk *sa ‘FLESH / MEAT / ANIMAL’Allofams1 #5711 PTB *sya-n ⪤ *sin ‘FLESH / ANIMAL / BODY / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’1a #34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’1b #318 PTB *sin ‘BODY / OWNER / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’ n‘pork’Rutgers 98: 524.16
2.3.2Southern Kiranti11
Bantawabak◦ma#1619 PTB *ma ‘FEMALE / MOTHER / PRINCIPAL PART / FEMININE SUFFIX’PL *C-ma³ ‘FEMALE SUFFIX’PKar *məᴮ ‘MOTHER, FEMALE (OF ANIMALS)’◦ma#1619 PTB *ma ‘FEMALE / MOTHER / PRINCIPAL PART / FEMININE SUFFIX’PL *C-ma³ ‘FEMALE SUFFIX’PKar *məᴮ ‘MOTHER, FEMALE (OF ANIMALS)’ n‘sow’Rai 85 BnDs
Bantawabak◦sa#34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’MesorootsPKC *sʰaa ‘ANIMAL / FLESH / MEAT’PCN *a-ʃaʔ ‘ANIMAL / MEAT, FLESH’PTk *sa ‘FLESH / MEAT / ANIMAL’Allofams1 #5711 PTB *sya-n ⪤ *sin ‘FLESH / ANIMAL / BODY / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’1a #34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’1b #318 PTB *sin ‘BODY / OWNER / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’ ‘pork’Rai 85 BnDs
Kulungbok◦sa#34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’MesorootsPKC *sʰaa ‘ANIMAL / FLESH / MEAT’PCN *a-ʃaʔ ‘ANIMAL / MEAT, FLESH’PTk *sa ‘FLESH / MEAT / ANIMAL’Allofams1 #5711 PTB *sya-n ⪤ *sin ‘FLESH / ANIMAL / BODY / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’1a #34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’1b #318 PTB *sin ‘BODY / OWNER / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’ ‘pork <pig>’Rai 75 Kul
2.3.3Central Kiranti5
Dumipoʔo◦su#34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’MesorootsPKC *sʰaa ‘ANIMAL / FLESH / MEAT’PCN *a-ʃaʔ ‘ANIMAL / MEAT, FLESH’PTk *sa ‘FLESH / MEAT / ANIMAL’Allofams1 #5711 PTB *sya-n ⪤ *sin ‘FLESH / ANIMAL / BODY / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’1a #34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’1b #318 PTB *sin ‘BODY / OWNER / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’ ‘pork; suṅgur-ko māsu’Driem 93 Dumi
2.3.4Western Kiranti6
2.4Kham-Magar-Chepang10
Chepangpyak.satmorpheme.poŋmorpheme n.‘insect (sp.), said to cause the death of pigs’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangpyak.satmorpheme.poŋmorpheme n.‘insect (sp.), said to cause the death of a pig if it climbs on it’Caughley 00 Chepang
3.1Tangut1
3.2Qiangic134
Lyuzuɣu³³mæ⁵³#1619 PTB *ma ‘FEMALE / MOTHER / PRINCIPAL PART / FEMININE SUFFIX’PL *C-ma³ ‘FEMALE SUFFIX’PKar *məᴮ ‘MOTHER, FEMALE (OF ANIMALS)’ n‘sow’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0286.18
Muyaβə³³mɐ⁵³#1619 PTB *ma ‘FEMALE / MOTHER / PRINCIPAL PART / FEMININE SUFFIX’PL *C-ma³ ‘FEMALE SUFFIX’PKar *məᴮ ‘MOTHER, FEMALE (OF ANIMALS)’ n‘sow’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0286.15
Namuyivæ³³mi³⁵#1619 PTB *ma ‘FEMALE / MOTHER / PRINCIPAL PART / FEMININE SUFFIX’PL *C-ma³ ‘FEMALE SUFFIX’PKar *məᴮ ‘MOTHER, FEMALE (OF ANIMALS)’ n‘sow’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0286.46
Pumi (Lanping)phʃɑ¹³ma⁵⁵#1619 PTB *ma ‘FEMALE / MOTHER / PRINCIPAL PART / FEMININE SUFFIX’PL *C-ma³ ‘FEMALE SUFFIX’PKar *məᴮ ‘MOTHER, FEMALE (OF ANIMALS)’ n‘sow’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0286.09
Qiang (Longxi)khú#1764 PTB *d-kʷəy-n ‘DOG’PTani *kwiː ‘DOG’PKC *ʔuy ‘DOG’PCN *khjəj ‘DOG’PTk *hwɨ ‘DOG’PNN *kuəy (kreːŋ) ‘DOG’PLB *kʷəy² ‘DOG’PKar *thwíʔ ‘DOG’PKar *thwiᴮ ‘DOG’PKar *thwiᴮmiᴬ ‘FOX, WOLF’-piá ~ khù#1764 PTB *d-kʷəy-n ‘DOG’PTani *kwiː ‘DOG’PKC *ʔuy ‘DOG’PCN *khjəj ‘DOG’PTk *hwɨ ‘DOG’PNN *kuəy (kreːŋ) ‘DOG’PLB *kʷəy² ‘DOG’PKar *thwíʔ ‘DOG’PKar *thwiᴮ ‘DOG’PKar *thwiᴮmiᴬ ‘FOX, WOLF’-pià ‘livestock [dog-pig]’Evans 99 Qiang: 315
Qiang (Longxi)khuà#2361 PTB *kəw-n/t ‘SMOKE’PTani *mə-kɯ ‘SMOKE’PKC *khuu ‘FUMES / STEAM / SMOKE (n.)’PKC *may-khuu ‘SMOKE (n.)’PCN *khuʔ ‘SMOKE’PTk *kʰut ‘SMOKE’PBG *ku ‘SMOKE’PNN *kʰəw ‘SMOKE’PLB *kəw² ‘SMOKE’ pià tshɨ̀#34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’MesorootsPKC *sʰaa ‘ANIMAL / FLESH / MEAT’PCN *a-ʃaʔ ‘ANIMAL / MEAT, FLESH’PTk *sa ‘FLESH / MEAT / ANIMAL’Allofams1 #5711 PTB *sya-n ⪤ *sin ‘FLESH / ANIMAL / BODY / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’1a #34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’1b #318 PTB *sin ‘BODY / OWNER / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’ ‘fatty meat’Evans 99 Qiang: 588
Qiang (Longxi)pià ‘12th earthly branch (pig)’[Source note] calque (Evans 1999).Evans 99 Qiang: 1115
Qiang (Longxi)pià mià#1619 PTB *ma ‘FEMALE / MOTHER / PRINCIPAL PART / FEMININE SUFFIX’PL *C-ma³ ‘FEMALE SUFFIX’PKar *məᴮ ‘MOTHER, FEMALE (OF ANIMALS)’ ‘sow’Evans 99 Qiang: 356
Qiang (Longxi)pià tshɨ̀#34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’MesorootsPKC *sʰaa ‘ANIMAL / FLESH / MEAT’PCN *a-ʃaʔ ‘ANIMAL / MEAT, FLESH’PTk *sa ‘FLESH / MEAT / ANIMAL’Allofams1 #5711 PTB *sya-n ⪤ *sin ‘FLESH / ANIMAL / BODY / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’1a #34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’1b #318 PTB *sin ‘BODY / OWNER / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’ khuà#2361 PTB *kəw-n/t ‘SMOKE’PTani *mə-kɯ ‘SMOKE’PKC *khuu ‘FUMES / STEAM / SMOKE (n.)’PKC *may-khuu ‘SMOKE (n.)’PCN *khuʔ ‘SMOKE’PTk *kʰut ‘SMOKE’PBG *ku ‘SMOKE’PNN *kʰəw ‘SMOKE’PLB *kəw² ‘SMOKE’ ‘fatty meat’Evans 99 Qiang: 588
Qiang (Longxi)pià-tshɨ̀#34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’MesorootsPKC *sʰaa ‘ANIMAL / FLESH / MEAT’PCN *a-ʃaʔ ‘ANIMAL / MEAT, FLESH’PTk *sa ‘FLESH / MEAT / ANIMAL’Allofams1 #5711 PTB *sya-n ⪤ *sin ‘FLESH / ANIMAL / BODY / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’1a #34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’1b #318 PTB *sin ‘BODY / OWNER / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’ ‘meat [pig-flesh]’Evans 99 Qiang: 584
Qiang (Longxi)tɕhí#2741 PTB *tsow-t ‘PIERCE / THORN / PLANT (v.) / ERECT’-pià ‘hedgehog [thorn-pig]’Evans 99 Qiang: 395
Qiang (Mawo)piɛ◦s#34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’MesorootsPKC *sʰaa ‘ANIMAL / FLESH / MEAT’PCN *a-ʃaʔ ‘ANIMAL / MEAT, FLESH’PTk *sa ‘FLESH / MEAT / ANIMAL’Allofams1 #5711 PTB *sya-n ⪤ *sin ‘FLESH / ANIMAL / BODY / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’1a #34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’1b #318 PTB *sin ‘BODY / OWNER / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’ n‘flesh / muscle’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0128.08
Qiang (Mawo)piɛ◦s#34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’MesorootsPKC *sʰaa ‘ANIMAL / FLESH / MEAT’PCN *a-ʃaʔ ‘ANIMAL / MEAT, FLESH’PTk *sa ‘FLESH / MEAT / ANIMAL’Allofams1 #5711 PTB *sya-n ⪤ *sin ‘FLESH / ANIMAL / BODY / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’1a #34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’1b #318 PTB *sin ‘BODY / OWNER / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’ n‘meat’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0443.08
Qiang (Mawo)pi◦s#34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’MesorootsPKC *sʰaa ‘ANIMAL / FLESH / MEAT’PCN *a-ʃaʔ ‘ANIMAL / MEAT, FLESH’PTk *sa ‘FLESH / MEAT / ANIMAL’Allofams1 #5711 PTB *sya-n ⪤ *sin ‘FLESH / ANIMAL / BODY / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’1a #34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’1b #318 PTB *sin ‘BODY / OWNER / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’ ‘flesh’Sun J 86 Mawo
Qiang (Mawo)pi◦s#34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’MesorootsPKC *sʰaa ‘ANIMAL / FLESH / MEAT’PCN *a-ʃaʔ ‘ANIMAL / MEAT, FLESH’PTk *sa ‘FLESH / MEAT / ANIMAL’Allofams1 #5711 PTB *sya-n ⪤ *sin ‘FLESH / ANIMAL / BODY / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’1a #34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’1b #318 PTB *sin ‘BODY / OWNER / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’ ‘meat, flesh’Sun H 81 Qia
Qiang (Mawo)pi◦s#34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’MesorootsPKC *sʰaa ‘ANIMAL / FLESH / MEAT’PCN *a-ʃaʔ ‘ANIMAL / MEAT, FLESH’PTk *sa ‘FLESH / MEAT / ANIMAL’Allofams1 #5711 PTB *sya-n ⪤ *sin ‘FLESH / ANIMAL / BODY / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’1a #34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’1b #318 PTB *sin ‘BODY / OWNER / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’ ‘flesh / meat’Sun H 91 MawQ: 1.11
Qiang (Mawo)pi◦s#34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’MesorootsPKC *sʰaa ‘ANIMAL / FLESH / MEAT’PCN *a-ʃaʔ ‘ANIMAL / MEAT, FLESH’PTk *sa ‘FLESH / MEAT / ANIMAL’Allofams1 #5711 PTB *sya-n ⪤ *sin ‘FLESH / ANIMAL / BODY / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’1a #34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’1b #318 PTB *sin ‘BODY / OWNER / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’ ‘meat / flesh’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 399.8
Qiang (Mianchi)khuè#1764 PTB *d-kʷəy-n ‘DOG’PTani *kwiː ‘DOG’PKC *ʔuy ‘DOG’PCN *khjəj ‘DOG’PTk *hwɨ ‘DOG’PNN *kuəy (kreːŋ) ‘DOG’PLB *kʷəy² ‘DOG’PKar *thwíʔ ‘DOG’PKar *thwiᴮ ‘DOG’PKar *thwiᴮmiᴬ ‘FOX, WOLF’-pià-tiúmorpheme ‘put to pasture [dog-pig-m]’Evans 99 Qiang: 1882
Qiang (Mianchi)khuè#1764 PTB *d-kʷəy-n ‘DOG’PTani *kwiː ‘DOG’PKC *ʔuy ‘DOG’PCN *khjəj ‘DOG’PTk *hwɨ ‘DOG’PNN *kuəy (kreːŋ) ‘DOG’PLB *kʷəy² ‘DOG’PKar *thwíʔ ‘DOG’PKar *thwiᴮ ‘DOG’PKar *thwiᴮmiᴬ ‘FOX, WOLF’-pià-tiùmorpheme-múmorpheme ~ khuè#1764 PTB *d-kʷəy-n ‘DOG’PTani *kwiː ‘DOG’PKC *ʔuy ‘DOG’PCN *khjəj ‘DOG’PTk *hwɨ ‘DOG’PNN *kuəy (kreːŋ) ‘DOG’PLB *kʷəy² ‘DOG’PKar *thwíʔ ‘DOG’PKar *thwiᴮ ‘DOG’PKar *thwiᴮmiᴬ ‘FOX, WOLF’-pià-tiúmorpheme-mùmorpheme ‘animal herder [dog-pig-v-AGT]’Evans 99 Qiang: 235
Qiang (Mianchi)pià ‘12th earthly branch (pig)’[Source note] calque (Evans 1999).Evans 99 Qiang: 1115
Qiang (Mianchi)pià miá#1619 PTB *ma ‘FEMALE / MOTHER / PRINCIPAL PART / FEMININE SUFFIX’PL *C-ma³ ‘FEMALE SUFFIX’PKar *məᴮ ‘MOTHER, FEMALE (OF ANIMALS)’ n.‘sow’Evans 99 Qiang: 356
Qiang (Mianchi)pià-tshɛ̀#34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’MesorootsPKC *sʰaa ‘ANIMAL / FLESH / MEAT’PCN *a-ʃaʔ ‘ANIMAL / MEAT, FLESH’PTk *sa ‘FLESH / MEAT / ANIMAL’Allofams1 #5711 PTB *sya-n ⪤ *sin ‘FLESH / ANIMAL / BODY / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’1a #34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’1b #318 PTB *sin ‘BODY / OWNER / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’ ‘meat [pig-flesh]’Evans 99 Qiang: 584
Qiang (Yadu)pie◦s#34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’MesorootsPKC *sʰaa ‘ANIMAL / FLESH / MEAT’PCN *a-ʃaʔ ‘ANIMAL / MEAT, FLESH’PTk *sa ‘FLESH / MEAT / ANIMAL’Allofams1 #5711 PTB *sya-n ⪤ *sin ‘FLESH / ANIMAL / BODY / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’1a #34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’1b #318 PTB *sin ‘BODY / OWNER / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’ ‘flesh’Dai 89 Qian: 159
Qiang (Yadu)pie◦s#34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’MesorootsPKC *sʰaa ‘ANIMAL / FLESH / MEAT’PCN *a-ʃaʔ ‘ANIMAL / MEAT, FLESH’PTk *sa ‘FLESH / MEAT / ANIMAL’Allofams1 #5711 PTB *sya-n ⪤ *sin ‘FLESH / ANIMAL / BODY / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’1a #34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’1b #318 PTB *sin ‘BODY / OWNER / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’ ‘meat’Dai 89 Qian: 584
Queyu (Xinlong)mo¹³#1619 PTB *ma ‘FEMALE / MOTHER / PRINCIPAL PART / FEMININE SUFFIX’PL *C-ma³ ‘FEMALE SUFFIX’PKar *məᴮ ‘MOTHER, FEMALE (OF ANIMALS)’pha⁵⁵ n‘sow’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0286.13
Xumibi³³mi⁵³#1619 PTB *ma ‘FEMALE / MOTHER / PRINCIPAL PART / FEMININE SUFFIX’PL *C-ma³ ‘FEMALE SUFFIX’PKar *məᴮ ‘MOTHER, FEMALE (OF ANIMALS)’ n‘sow’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0286.17
Xumibiɛ³³ tshɛ⁵⁵#34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’MesorootsPKC *sʰaa ‘ANIMAL / FLESH / MEAT’PCN *a-ʃaʔ ‘ANIMAL / MEAT, FLESH’PTk *sa ‘FLESH / MEAT / ANIMAL’Allofams1 #5711 PTB *sya-n ⪤ *sin ‘FLESH / ANIMAL / BODY / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’1a #34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’1b #318 PTB *sin ‘BODY / OWNER / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’ ‘flesh / meat’As the gloss of this compound indicates, pork is generally regarded as the unmarked or typical meat in the Tibeto-Burman area.Sun H 91 ShiQ
Xumibiɛ³³tshɛ⁵⁵#34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’MesorootsPKC *sʰaa ‘ANIMAL / FLESH / MEAT’PCN *a-ʃaʔ ‘ANIMAL / MEAT, FLESH’PTk *sa ‘FLESH / MEAT / ANIMAL’Allofams1 #5711 PTB *sya-n ⪤ *sin ‘FLESH / ANIMAL / BODY / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’1a #34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’1b #318 PTB *sin ‘BODY / OWNER / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’ ‘meat / flesh’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 399.20
Zhaba (Daofu County)va³³lɪ⁵⁵#572 PTB *kləy ‘BODY DIRT / EXCREMENT’PKC *mik-khlii ‘TEARS’PCN *a-khləjʔ ‘FECES, EXCREMENT’TGTM *ᴬkli ‘FECES,SHIT’PKar *khrejᴮ ‘BODY DIRT’ n‘dung (pig)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0288.14
3.3rGyalrongic13
Ergong (Northern)va⁵³ snə⁵³#803 PTB *s-na ⪤ *s-naːr ‘NOSE’PKC *hnaar ‘NOSE’PCN *na(ʔ) ‘NOSE’PTk *na ‘NOSE’TGTM *ᴬʰna ‘NOSE’~va⁵³ m̥tɕʰe⁵³#442 PTB *m-ts(y)ul ‘NOSE AND MOUTH / LIP / LOWER PART OF FACE’ ‘snout (pig)’Sun H 91 ErNQ: 3.5.5
Ergong (Daofu)vɑ snei#803 PTB *s-na ⪤ *s-naːr ‘NOSE’PKC *hnaar ‘NOSE’PCN *na(ʔ) ‘NOSE’PTk *na ‘NOSE’TGTM *ᴬʰna ‘NOSE’ ‘snout (pig)’Dai 89 Daof: 3.5.5
3.3.1rGyalrong32
rGyalrong (NW)pa vəmorpheme◦sȵi#803 PTB *s-na ⪤ *s-naːr ‘NOSE’PKC *hnaar ‘NOSE’PCN *na(ʔ) ‘NOSE’PTk *na ‘NOSE’TGTM *ᴬʰna ‘NOSE’ ‘snout (pig)’Sun H 91 rNW: 3.5.5
Caodengpá-mo#1619 PTB *ma ‘FEMALE / MOTHER / PRINCIPAL PART / FEMININE SUFFIX’PL *C-ma³ ‘FEMALE SUFFIX’PKar *məᴮ ‘MOTHER, FEMALE (OF ANIMALS)’ n‘sow’Sun J 97 Cao
Caodengpa-ʃe#34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’MesorootsPKC *sʰaa ‘ANIMAL / FLESH / MEAT’PCN *a-ʃaʔ ‘ANIMAL / MEAT, FLESH’PTk *sa ‘FLESH / MEAT / ANIMAL’Allofams1 #5711 PTB *sya-n ⪤ *sin ‘FLESH / ANIMAL / BODY / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’1a #34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’1b #318 PTB *sin ‘BODY / OWNER / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’ ‘pork’Sun J 97 Cao
rGyalrongpak wumorpheme mtɕʰi#442 PTB *m-ts(y)ul ‘NOSE AND MOUTH / LIP / LOWER PART OF FACE’ ‘snout (pig)’Dai 89 Jiar: 3.5.5
rGyalrong (Eastern)pak wumorpheme◦ʃna#803 PTB *s-na ⪤ *s-naːr ‘NOSE’PKC *hnaar ‘NOSE’PCN *na(ʔ) ‘NOSE’PTk *na ‘NOSE’TGTM *ᴬʰna ‘NOSE’ ‘snout (pig)’Sun H 91 rEQ: 3.5.5
rGyalrong (Northern)pak ʃna#803 PTB *s-na ⪤ *s-naːr ‘NOSE’PKC *hnaar ‘NOSE’PCN *na(ʔ) ‘NOSE’PTk *na ‘NOSE’TGTM *ᴬʰna ‘NOSE’ ‘snout (pig)’Sun H 91 rNQ: 3.5.5
rGyalrong (Maerkang)pɑk mo#1619 PTB *ma ‘FEMALE / MOTHER / PRINCIPAL PART / FEMININE SUFFIX’PL *C-ma³ ‘FEMALE SUFFIX’PKar *məᴮ ‘MOTHER, FEMALE (OF ANIMALS)’ n‘sow’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0286.11
rGyalrongpak mo#1619 PTB *ma ‘FEMALE / MOTHER / PRINCIPAL PART / FEMININE SUFFIX’PL *C-ma³ ‘FEMALE SUFFIX’PKar *məᴮ ‘MOTHER, FEMALE (OF ANIMALS)’ ‘sow’Nagano 97 GyQ: 3.12
rGBenzhenpa-rŋaʔmorpheme ‘wild pig’rGBenzhen -rŋaʔ possibly cognate to #4847 PKC *ŋal ⪤ *hŋal BOAR / PIG (wild).Sun J 97 rGB
4Nungic30
Rawangwɑʔ mɑ³¹#1619 PTB *ma ‘FEMALE / MOTHER / PRINCIPAL PART / FEMININE SUFFIX’PL *C-ma³ ‘FEMALE SUFFIX’PKar *məᴮ ‘MOTHER, FEMALE (OF ANIMALS)’ ‘sow’LaPolla 03: 328
Nungʔo⁵⁵mɑ³¹#1619 PTB *ma ‘FEMALE / MOTHER / PRINCIPAL PART / FEMININE SUFFIX’PL *C-ma³ ‘FEMALE SUFFIX’PKar *məᴮ ‘MOTHER, FEMALE (OF ANIMALS)’ n‘sow’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0286.21
6.1Lolo-Burmese2
6.1.1Burmish102
Achang (Longchuan)oʔ⁵⁵kok⁵⁵#5402 PTB *kruk ‘PEN / CORRAL’ n‘pigsty / pen (hog)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0504.28
Achang (Longchuan)oʔ⁵⁵tɕhi³¹#572 PTB *kləy ‘BODY DIRT / EXCREMENT’PKC *mik-khlii ‘TEARS’PCN *a-khləjʔ ‘FECES, EXCREMENT’TGTM *ᴬkli ‘FECES,SHIT’PKar *khrejᴮ ‘BODY DIRT’ n‘dung (pig)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0288.28
Achang (Xiandao)oʔ⁵⁵ kʰɯ³¹#572 PTB *kləy ‘BODY DIRT / EXCREMENT’PKC *mik-khlii ‘TEARS’PCN *a-khləjʔ ‘FECES, EXCREMENT’TGTM *ᴬkli ‘FECES,SHIT’PKar *khrejᴮ ‘BODY DIRT’ ‘excrement (pig)’Dai 89 Xian: 337
Achang (Xiandao)oʔ⁵⁵khɯ³¹#572 PTB *kləy ‘BODY DIRT / EXCREMENT’PKC *mik-khlii ‘TEARS’PCN *a-khləjʔ ‘FECES, EXCREMENT’TGTM *ᴬkli ‘FECES,SHIT’PKar *khrejᴮ ‘BODY DIRT’ n‘dung (pig)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0288.29
Achang (Xiandao)oʔ⁵⁵khʐam⁵⁵#3606 PTB *kram ‘FENCE / GARDEN’ n‘pigsty / pen (hog)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0504.29
Bola (Luxi)vaʔ³¹khji³⁵#572 PTB *kləy ‘BODY DIRT / EXCREMENT’PKC *mik-khlii ‘TEARS’PCN *a-khləjʔ ‘FECES, EXCREMENT’TGTM *ᴬkli ‘FECES,SHIT’PKar *khrejᴮ ‘BODY DIRT’ n‘dung (pig)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0288.32
Burmese (Rangoon)wɛʔ⁴mɑ⁵³#1619 PTB *ma ‘FEMALE / MOTHER / PRINCIPAL PART / FEMININE SUFFIX’PL *C-ma³ ‘FEMALE SUFFIX’PKar *məᴮ ‘MOTHER, FEMALE (OF ANIMALS)’ n‘sow’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0286.27
Burmese (Rangoon)wɛʔ⁴tɕhi⁵⁵#572 PTB *kləy ‘BODY DIRT / EXCREMENT’PKC *mik-khlii ‘TEARS’PCN *a-khləjʔ ‘FECES, EXCREMENT’TGTM *ᴬkli ‘FECES,SHIT’PKar *khrejᴮ ‘BODY DIRT’ n‘dung (pig)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0288.27
Burmese (Rangoon)wɛʔ⁴tɕhɑ̃²²#3606 PTB *kram ‘FENCE / GARDEN’ n‘pigsty / pen (hog)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0504.27
Burmese (Written)wak-ʔu#2102 PTB *wu ‘BELLY / STOMACH / INTESTINE / KIDNEY’MesorootsPLB *wu ⪤ *ru ‘INTESTINE / KIDNEY’Allofams1 #6723 PTB *d-(p/b)u-k ‘BELLY / STOMACH / CAVE’1a #2104 PTB *pʷik ‘BELLY / STOMACH’1b #2106 PTB *wuk ‘BELLY / STOMACH’1c #164 PTB *d-puːk ‘BELLY / VITALS / HOLLOW OBJECT / CAVE’1d #2103 PTB *pʷu ‘BELLY / STOMACH / INTESTINE / KIDNEY’1e #2102 PTB *wu ‘BELLY / STOMACH / INTESTINE / KIDNEY’1g #2111 PTB *pwa(ŋ/n) ‘BELLY / CENTER’ n.‘screw’Matisoff 03 HPTB: 538
Burmese (Written)wɑk⁴khje³#572 PTB *kləy ‘BODY DIRT / EXCREMENT’PKC *mik-khlii ‘TEARS’PCN *a-khləjʔ ‘FECES, EXCREMENT’TGTM *ᴬkli ‘FECES,SHIT’PKar *khrejᴮ ‘BODY DIRT’ n‘dung (pig)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0288.26
Burmese (Written)wɑk⁴khrɑṁ²#3606 PTB *kram ‘FENCE / GARDEN’ n‘pigsty / pen (hog)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0504.26
Burmese (Written)wɑk⁴mɑ¹#1619 PTB *ma ‘FEMALE / MOTHER / PRINCIPAL PART / FEMININE SUFFIX’PL *C-ma³ ‘FEMALE SUFFIX’PKar *məᴮ ‘MOTHER, FEMALE (OF ANIMALS)’ n‘sow’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0286.26
Langsu (Luxi)vɔʔ³¹khjik⁵⁵#572 PTB *kləy ‘BODY DIRT / EXCREMENT’PKC *mik-khlii ‘TEARS’PCN *a-khləjʔ ‘FECES, EXCREMENT’TGTM *ᴬkli ‘FECES,SHIT’PKar *khrejᴮ ‘BODY DIRT’ n‘dung (pig)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0288.31
Leqi (Luxi)vuʔ³¹khjei⁵⁵#572 PTB *kləy ‘BODY DIRT / EXCREMENT’PKC *mik-khlii ‘TEARS’PCN *a-khləjʔ ‘FECES, EXCREMENT’TGTM *ᴬkli ‘FECES,SHIT’PKar *khrejᴮ ‘BODY DIRT’ n‘dung (pig)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0288.33
Leqi (Luxi)vuʔ³¹khɔm³³#3606 PTB *kram ‘FENCE / GARDEN’ n‘pigsty / pen (hog)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0504.33
Maru [Langsu]vɔʔ³¹ nɔ̱³¹#471 PTB *s-nwat ⪤ *s-nut ‘MOUTH / VESSEL / WOMB’ ‘snout (pig)’Dai 89 Lang: 3.5.5
6.1.2Loloish4
6.1.2.1Northern Loloish104
Gazhuowa⁵³ (kho⁵³#2252 PTB *(k/ʔ)uk ‘BEND / CROOKED / RETURN / BACK / YEAR’PLB *gukᴸ ‘CROOKED / BENT / KNEE / ANGLE’) n‘year of the pig’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0766.47
Gazhuowa⁵³ na³⁵#803 PTB *s-na ⪤ *s-naːr ‘NOSE’PKC *hnaar ‘NOSE’PCN *na(ʔ) ‘NOSE’PTk *na ‘NOSE’TGTM *ᴬʰna ‘NOSE’ khv̩³³#809 PTB *(k/g)ywaŋ ‘NOSE’ ‘snout (pig)’Dai 89 Gazh: 3.5.5
Gazhuowa⁵³ma³³#1619 PTB *ma ‘FEMALE / MOTHER / PRINCIPAL PART / FEMININE SUFFIX’PL *C-ma³ ‘FEMALE SUFFIX’PKar *məᴮ ‘MOTHER, FEMALE (OF ANIMALS)’ n‘sow’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0286.47
Gazhuowa⁵³tshɿ³¹#572 PTB *kləy ‘BODY DIRT / EXCREMENT’PKC *mik-khlii ‘TEARS’PCN *a-khləjʔ ‘FECES, EXCREMENT’TGTM *ᴬkli ‘FECES,SHIT’PKar *khrejᴮ ‘BODY DIRT’ n‘dung (pig)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0288.47
Nusu (Central/Zhizhiluo)va̱³¹ kʰʴi⁵⁵#572 PTB *kləy ‘BODY DIRT / EXCREMENT’PKC *mik-khlii ‘TEARS’PCN *a-khləjʔ ‘FECES, EXCREMENT’TGTM *ᴬkli ‘FECES,SHIT’PKar *khrejᴮ ‘BODY DIRT’ ‘excrement (pig)’Dai 89 NusA: 337.
Nusu (Central)va̱⁵³ kʰʴi⁵⁵#572 PTB *kləy ‘BODY DIRT / EXCREMENT’PKC *mik-khlii ‘TEARS’PCN *a-khləjʔ ‘FECES, EXCREMENT’TGTM *ᴬkli ‘FECES,SHIT’PKar *khrejᴮ ‘BODY DIRT’ ‘excrement (pig)’Dai 89 NusB: 337.
Nusu (Central)va̱⁵³khɹu̱³³#2252 PTB *(k/ʔ)uk ‘BEND / CROOKED / RETURN / BACK / YEAR’PLB *gukᴸ ‘CROOKED / BENT / KNEE / ANGLE’ n‘year of the pig’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0766.34
Nusu (Central)va̱⁵³mi³¹#1619 PTB *ma ‘FEMALE / MOTHER / PRINCIPAL PART / FEMININE SUFFIX’PL *C-ma³ ‘FEMALE SUFFIX’PKar *məᴮ ‘MOTHER, FEMALE (OF ANIMALS)’ n‘sow’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0286.34
Nusu (Central)va̱⁵⁵khɹi⁵⁵#572 PTB *kləy ‘BODY DIRT / EXCREMENT’PKC *mik-khlii ‘TEARS’PCN *a-khləjʔ ‘FECES, EXCREMENT’TGTM *ᴬkli ‘FECES,SHIT’PKar *khrejᴮ ‘BODY DIRT’ n‘dung (pig)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0288.34
Yi (Liangshan)vo⁵⁵mo²¹#1619 PTB *ma ‘FEMALE / MOTHER / PRINCIPAL PART / FEMININE SUFFIX’PL *C-ma³ ‘FEMALE SUFFIX’PKar *məᴮ ‘MOTHER, FEMALE (OF ANIMALS)’ ‘sow (pig)’Ma 08 Yi: index
Yi (Liangshan)vo⁵⁵xo³³morphememo³⁴#1619 PTB *ma ‘FEMALE / MOTHER / PRINCIPAL PART / FEMININE SUFFIX’PL *C-ma³ ‘FEMALE SUFFIX’PKar *məᴮ ‘MOTHER, FEMALE (OF ANIMALS)’ ‘sow (pig), young’Ma 08 Yi: index
Yi (Liangshan)vo⁵⁵ɬɛ³³#2812 PTB *g-la ‘SPLEEN / KIDNEY’PKC *laa ‘SPLEEN’PKar *k-leᴮ ‘KIDNEY’ ‘spleen, pig's’Ma 08 Yi: index
Yi (Nanhua)ve̱²¹mo³³#1619 PTB *ma ‘FEMALE / MOTHER / PRINCIPAL PART / FEMININE SUFFIX’PL *C-ma³ ‘FEMALE SUFFIX’PKar *məᴮ ‘MOTHER, FEMALE (OF ANIMALS)’ge³³morpheme n‘sow’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0286.37
Yi (Nanhua)ve̱³³tɕhi²¹#572 PTB *kləy ‘BODY DIRT / EXCREMENT’PKC *mik-khlii ‘TEARS’PCN *a-khləjʔ ‘FECES, EXCREMENT’TGTM *ᴬkli ‘FECES,SHIT’PKar *khrejᴮ ‘BODY DIRT’ n‘dung (pig)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0288.37
Yi (Weishan)ɑ⁵⁵prefixvɪ̱²¹chi²¹#572 PTB *kləy ‘BODY DIRT / EXCREMENT’PKC *mik-khlii ‘TEARS’PCN *a-khləjʔ ‘FECES, EXCREMENT’TGTM *ᴬkli ‘FECES,SHIT’PKar *khrejᴮ ‘BODY DIRT’ n‘dung (pig)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0288.36
Yi (Weishan)ɑ⁵⁵prefixvɪ̱²¹mɑ³³#1619 PTB *ma ‘FEMALE / MOTHER / PRINCIPAL PART / FEMININE SUFFIX’PL *C-ma³ ‘FEMALE SUFFIX’PKar *məᴮ ‘MOTHER, FEMALE (OF ANIMALS)’ko³³morpheme n‘sow’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0286.36
Yi (Wuding)vɑ̱⁵⁵mu̱²#1619 PTB *ma ‘FEMALE / MOTHER / PRINCIPAL PART / FEMININE SUFFIX’PL *C-ma³ ‘FEMALE SUFFIX’PKar *məᴮ ‘MOTHER, FEMALE (OF ANIMALS)’ n‘sow’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0286.38
Yi (Wuding)vɑ̱⁵⁵tɕhi³³#572 PTB *kləy ‘BODY DIRT / EXCREMENT’PKC *mik-khlii ‘TEARS’PCN *a-khləjʔ ‘FECES, EXCREMENT’TGTM *ᴬkli ‘FECES,SHIT’PKar *khrejᴮ ‘BODY DIRT’ n‘dung (pig)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0288.38
Yi (Xide)vo⁵⁵-mo²¹#1619 PTB *ma ‘FEMALE / MOTHER / PRINCIPAL PART / FEMININE SUFFIX’PL *C-ma³ ‘FEMALE SUFFIX’PKar *məᴮ ‘MOTHER, FEMALE (OF ANIMALS)’ tɕʰᴇ³³morpheme ‘spay(ed) sow’Chen 79 YiCh
Yi (Xide)vo⁵⁵mo²¹#1619 PTB *ma ‘FEMALE / MOTHER / PRINCIPAL PART / FEMININE SUFFIX’PL *C-ma³ ‘FEMALE SUFFIX’PKar *məᴮ ‘MOTHER, FEMALE (OF ANIMALS)’ n‘sow’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0286.35
Yi (Xide)vo⁵⁵tɕhɿ³³#572 PTB *kləy ‘BODY DIRT / EXCREMENT’PKC *mik-khlii ‘TEARS’PCN *a-khləjʔ ‘FECES, EXCREMENT’TGTM *ᴬkli ‘FECES,SHIT’PKar *khrejᴮ ‘BODY DIRT’ n‘dung (pig)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0288.35
6.1.2.2Central Loloish102
Jinuo (Baya/Banai)va⁵⁵ ni⁵⁵morpheme a⁴⁴prefix ʃɔ⁴⁴#34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’MesorootsPKC *sʰaa ‘ANIMAL / FLESH / MEAT’PCN *a-ʃaʔ ‘ANIMAL / MEAT, FLESH’PTk *sa ‘FLESH / MEAT / ANIMAL’Allofams1 #5711 PTB *sya-n ⪤ *sin ‘FLESH / ANIMAL / BODY / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’1a #34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’1b #318 PTB *sin ‘BODY / OWNER / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’ ‘pork’Dai 89 JinA: 587
Jinuova⁵⁵khri⁴⁴#572 PTB *kləy ‘BODY DIRT / EXCREMENT’PKC *mik-khlii ‘TEARS’PCN *a-khləjʔ ‘FECES, EXCREMENT’TGTM *ᴬkli ‘FECES,SHIT’PKar *khrejᴮ ‘BODY DIRT’ n‘dung (pig)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0288.44
Jinuova⁵⁵mɔ³³#1619 PTB *ma ‘FEMALE / MOTHER / PRINCIPAL PART / FEMININE SUFFIX’PL *C-ma³ ‘FEMALE SUFFIX’PKar *məᴮ ‘MOTHER, FEMALE (OF ANIMALS)’ n‘sow’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0286.44
Lahu (Lancang)vɑ²¹khɔ⁵⁴#5402 PTB *kruk ‘PEN / CORRAL’ n‘pigsty / pen (hog)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0504.43
Lahu (Lancang)vɑ²¹mɑ³³#1619 PTB *ma ‘FEMALE / MOTHER / PRINCIPAL PART / FEMININE SUFFIX’PL *C-ma³ ‘FEMALE SUFFIX’PKar *məᴮ ‘MOTHER, FEMALE (OF ANIMALS)’qu³³morpheme n‘sow’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0286.43
Lahu (Lancang)vɑ²¹qhɛ⁵³#572 PTB *kləy ‘BODY DIRT / EXCREMENT’PKC *mik-khlii ‘TEARS’PCN *a-khləjʔ ‘FECES, EXCREMENT’TGTM *ᴬkli ‘FECES,SHIT’PKar *khrejᴮ ‘BODY DIRT’ n‘dung (pig)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0288.43
Lahu (Lancang)xɛ³³#5544 PTB *s-ya ‘SWIDDEN’PLB *hya¹ ‘SWIDDEN / FIELD (MOUNTAIN)’vɑ²¹ n‘boar (wild)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0312.43
Lahu (Black)hɛ#5544 PTB *s-ya ‘SWIDDEN’PLB *hya¹ ‘SWIDDEN / FIELD (MOUNTAIN)’-vàʔ ~ hɛ́#5544 PTB *s-ya ‘SWIDDEN’PLB *hya¹ ‘SWIDDEN / FIELD (MOUNTAIN)’-vàʔ n‘wild boar’Matisoff 88 DL: 1085
Lahu (Black)vàʔ-šɔ̄#642 PTB *səw-t ‘TESTICLES / PENIS / VIRILITY / SEMEN’ ‘uncastrated boar’Matisoff 88 DL: 1225
Lahu (Black)xɛ³³#5544 PTB *s-ya ‘SWIDDEN’PLB *hya¹ ‘SWIDDEN / FIELD (MOUNTAIN)’vᴀ²¹ ‘boar’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 127.33
Lisu (Central)a¹prefix-vá⁶-hwa⁵#34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’MesorootsPKC *sʰaa ‘ANIMAL / FLESH / MEAT’PCN *a-ʃaʔ ‘ANIMAL / MEAT, FLESH’PTk *sa ‘FLESH / MEAT / ANIMAL’Allofams1 #5711 PTB *sya-n ⪤ *sin ‘FLESH / ANIMAL / BODY / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’1a #34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’1b #318 PTB *sin ‘BODY / OWNER / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’ ‘pork’Fraser 22
Lisu (Central)a¹prefix-vá⁶-ma³#1619 PTB *ma ‘FEMALE / MOTHER / PRINCIPAL PART / FEMININE SUFFIX’PL *C-ma³ ‘FEMALE SUFFIX’PKar *məᴮ ‘MOTHER, FEMALE (OF ANIMALS)’ ‘sow (female pig)’Fraser 22
Lisu (Northern)væʔ²¹khi²¹#572 PTB *kləy ‘BODY DIRT / EXCREMENT’PKC *mik-khlii ‘TEARS’PCN *a-khləjʔ ‘FECES, EXCREMENT’TGTM *ᴬkli ‘FECES,SHIT’PKar *khrejᴮ ‘BODY DIRT’ ‘pig feces’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)væʔ²¹khɔʔ²¹#2252 PTB *(k/ʔ)uk ‘BEND / CROOKED / RETURN / BACK / YEAR’PLB *gukᴸ ‘CROOKED / BENT / KNEE / ANGLE’ ‘year of pig’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)væʔ²¹khɔʔ²¹#2252 PTB *(k/ʔ)uk ‘BEND / CROOKED / RETURN / BACK / YEAR’PLB *gukᴸ ‘CROOKED / BENT / KNEE / ANGLE’su³³morpheme ‘born in the year of pig’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)væʔ²¹ma³³#1619 PTB *ma ‘FEMALE / MOTHER / PRINCIPAL PART / FEMININE SUFFIX’PL *C-ma³ ‘FEMALE SUFFIX’PKar *məᴮ ‘MOTHER, FEMALE (OF ANIMALS)’ ‘sow’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)væʔ²¹ma³³#1619 PTB *ma ‘FEMALE / MOTHER / PRINCIPAL PART / FEMININE SUFFIX’PL *C-ma³ ‘FEMALE SUFFIX’PKar *məᴮ ‘MOTHER, FEMALE (OF ANIMALS)’lø³³morpheme ‘sow (which has not yet reproduced)’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)væʔ²¹ma³³#1619 PTB *ma ‘FEMALE / MOTHER / PRINCIPAL PART / FEMININE SUFFIX’PL *C-ma³ ‘FEMALE SUFFIX’PKar *məᴮ ‘MOTHER, FEMALE (OF ANIMALS)’my⁵⁵morpheme ‘old sow’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)væʔ²¹ma³³#1619 PTB *ma ‘FEMALE / MOTHER / PRINCIPAL PART / FEMININE SUFFIX’PL *C-ma³ ‘FEMALE SUFFIX’PKar *məᴮ ‘MOTHER, FEMALE (OF ANIMALS)’mɤ⁴⁴morpheme ‘sow (those which do not reproduce)’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)væʔ²¹næ³³#2483 PTB *s-nak ‘BLACK’PKC *nak ‘BLACK’PCN *a-njak ‘BLACK’PNN *C̥-ɲak ‘BLACK’PLB *s-nakᴴ ‘BLACK’PL *C-nakᴴ ‘BLACK’ ‘black pig’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)væʔ²¹pa⁵⁵#1634 PTB *p/ba ‘MALE / FATHER / 3p PRONOUN’PKC *paa ‘FATHER’PKC *paa ‘MALE’PCN *pa ‘HE / SHE (3sg.)’PTk *ba ‘FATHER / MALE’PKar *phaᴬ ‘MALE (OF ANIMALS), FATHER’ ‘boar; fat pig’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)væʔ²¹phu³³#1235 PTB *plu ‘WHITE / SILVER / MONEY’PLB *plu¹ ‘WHITE / SILVER / MONEY’ ‘white pig’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Central)væʔ²¹ɲi³³#85 PTB *s-nəy ‘SUN / DAY / DWELL’PTani *ñi ‘SUN’PKC *nii ‘DAY / SUN’PCN *nəj ‘SUN / DAY’PLB *ʔnəy¹/³ ‘SUN / DAY’PKar *nejᴬ ‘DAY’ ‘day of pig’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisuɑ⁵⁵morphemevɛ̱³¹be³³#597 PTB *(p/b)ay ‘ENCIRCLED / RINGED / STRIPED’ n‘pigsty / pen (hog)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0504.40
Lisuɑ⁵⁵morphemevɛ̱³¹dzɑ³³#36 PTB *m-dz(y)a-k/n/t/s ‘EAT / FOOD / FEED / RICE’PKC *θaʔ ‘FEED’PCN *tsaʔ ‘EAT’PCN *a-tsa-k ‘RICE (paddy)’PTk *tsa ‘EAT’PTk *tsaat ‘RICE (COOKED)’ n‘feed (pig) / pigwash’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0459.40
6.1.2.3Southern Loloish51
Hani (Lüchun)ɣa̱³¹ku̱³³#5402 PTB *kruk ‘PEN / CORRAL’ n‘pigsty / pen (hog)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0504.41
Hani (Lüchun)ɣa̱³¹ma³³#1619 PTB *ma ‘FEMALE / MOTHER / PRINCIPAL PART / FEMININE SUFFIX’PL *C-ma³ ‘FEMALE SUFFIX’PKar *məᴮ ‘MOTHER, FEMALE (OF ANIMALS)’ n‘sow’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0286.41
Hani (Lüchun)ɣa̱³¹ɕi³¹#572 PTB *kləy ‘BODY DIRT / EXCREMENT’PKC *mik-khlii ‘TEARS’PCN *a-khləjʔ ‘FECES, EXCREMENT’TGTM *ᴬkli ‘FECES,SHIT’PKar *khrejᴮ ‘BODY DIRT’ n‘dung (pig)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0288.41
Hani (Mojiang)ja³¹mɔ³³#1619 PTB *ma ‘FEMALE / MOTHER / PRINCIPAL PART / FEMININE SUFFIX’PL *C-ma³ ‘FEMALE SUFFIX’PKar *məᴮ ‘MOTHER, FEMALE (OF ANIMALS)’ n‘sow’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0286.42
Hani (Mojiang)ja³¹tɕhi³¹#572 PTB *kləy ‘BODY DIRT / EXCREMENT’PKC *mik-khlii ‘TEARS’PCN *a-khləjʔ ‘FECES, EXCREMENT’TGTM *ᴬkli ‘FECES,SHIT’PKar *khrejᴮ ‘BODY DIRT’ n‘dung (pig)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0288.42
Côông [Phunoi]va³¹ ban³¹#453 PTB *ban ‘MOUTH / LIP’ põmorpheme ãflə⁵⁵morpheme ‘snout (pig)’Ferlus 91: 3.5.5
Pyenwa31 sa31#34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’MesorootsPKC *sʰaa ‘ANIMAL / FLESH / MEAT’PCN *a-ʃaʔ ‘ANIMAL / MEAT, FLESH’PTk *sa ‘FLESH / MEAT / ANIMAL’Allofams1 #5711 PTB *sya-n ⪤ *sin ‘FLESH / ANIMAL / BODY / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’1a #34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’1b #318 PTB *sin ‘BODY / OWNER / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’ ‘pork’Shintani 09 Pyen: 042009
6.2Naxi35
Laze (Xiangjiao)wɤ˧mi˧morphemetsv˧morphemetʰie˥morphemedy˥morpheme hĩ˥morpheme ‘fat part above the pig's tail’Michaud 06 NaLaze: 801
Laze (Xiangjiao)wɤ˧ɬu˥morpheme ‘meat of the pig's body, with bones’[Source note] pork chopsMichaud 06 NaLaze: 803
Laze (Xiangjiao)wɤ˩kʰv˩#2252 PTB *(k/ʔ)uk ‘BEND / CROOKED / RETURN / BACK / YEAR’PLB *gukᴸ ‘CROOKED / BENT / KNEE / ANGLE’ ‘year of the pig’Michaud 06 NaLaze: 1651
Laze (Xiangjiao)wɤ˩mie˩#1619 PTB *ma ‘FEMALE / MOTHER / PRINCIPAL PART / FEMININE SUFFIX’PL *C-ma³ ‘FEMALE SUFFIX’PKar *məᴮ ‘MOTHER, FEMALE (OF ANIMALS)’ n.‘sow’Michaud 06 NaLaze: 3780
Na (Yongning)bu˩kʰv˧˥#2252 PTB *(k/ʔ)uk ‘BEND / CROOKED / RETURN / BACK / YEAR’PLB *gukᴸ ‘CROOKED / BENT / KNEE / ANGLE’ ‘year of the pig’Michaud 06 NaLaze
Na (Yongning)bu˩mi˧#1619 PTB *ma ‘FEMALE / MOTHER / PRINCIPAL PART / FEMININE SUFFIX’PL *C-ma³ ‘FEMALE SUFFIX’PKar *məᴮ ‘MOTHER, FEMALE (OF ANIMALS)’ ‘sow’Michaud 06 NaLaze
Na (Yongning)bu˩mæ˧#1288 PTB *r-may ⪤ *m-ray ‘TAIL / PENIS’MesorootsPTani *me ~ *mjo ‘TAIL’PKC *C-may ‘TAIL’PLB *ʔ-m(r)ay² ‘TAIL’PL *ʔmri² ‘TAIL’Allofams1 #1288 PTB *r-may ⪤ *m-ray ‘TAIL / PENIS’1a #5545 PTB *r-mey ‘TAIL’qv˩#219 PTB *k(w)a(ŋ/k) ‘WAIST / HIPS / BUTTOCKS / TAIL / BACK’ ‘pig's tail’Michaud 06 NaLaze
7Karenic43
These Karenic forms reflect a secondary dental prefix (cf. the anomalous Karenic forms for #1764 PTB *d-kʷəy-n DOG).
The second element in the Karenic word for WILD BOAR is from #2453 PTB *m-l(e/ə)y EARTH / COUNTRY / GROUND / MUD / SOIL.
*KarenthɔɁᴰ◦miᴬ#2453 PTB *m-l(e/ə)y ‘EARTH / COUNTRY / GROUND / MUD / SOIL’PKC *lay ‘EARTH / SOIL / WORLD’PCN *a-lej ‘GROUND, EARTH / FIELD’PTk *lej ‘EARTH’PKar *miᴬ ‘WILD’ ‘boar (wild~)’Luangthongkum 13: 27
Karentho̱⁵⁵e³¹#576 PTB *ya(k) ‘SHIT / FECES / DUNG / EXCREMENT’PTani *eː ‘EXCREMENT’PKC *ʔeek ‘EXCREMENT / DUNG / STOOL’PKar *ʔéq ‘EXCREMENT’PKar *Ɂeᴮ ‘DUNG, EXCREMENT’ n‘dung (pig)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0288.50
Karentho̱⁵⁵mo³¹#1619 PTB *ma ‘FEMALE / MOTHER / PRINCIPAL PART / FEMININE SUFFIX’PL *C-ma³ ‘FEMALE SUFFIX’PKar *məᴮ ‘MOTHER, FEMALE (OF ANIMALS)’ n‘sow’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0286.50
Kayahthɛ⁵⁵ mi¹¹#2453 PTB *m-l(e/ə)y ‘EARTH / COUNTRY / GROUND / MUD / SOIL’PKC *lay ‘EARTH / SOIL / WORLD’PCN *a-lej ‘GROUND, EARTH / FIELD’PTk *lej ‘EARTH’PKar *miᴬ ‘WILD’ ‘boar (wild~)’Luangthongkum 13: 27
KayanthauɁ⁴⁵ mi³³#2453 PTB *m-l(e/ə)y ‘EARTH / COUNTRY / GROUND / MUD / SOIL’PKC *lay ‘EARTH / SOIL / WORLD’PCN *a-lej ‘GROUND, EARTH / FIELD’PTk *lej ‘EARTH’PKar *miᴬ ‘WILD’ ‘boar (wild~)’Luangthongkum 13: 27
Kayan (Pekon)tʰàu◦myə̤̀ɨmorpheme N‘wild pig [lit. pig-grass]’Kayan myə̤̀ɨ most likely ‘forest’, not ‘grass’, as the author recognizes it in tʰwî myà̤ ‘wild dog’ and sʰə́ɨ myə̤̀ɨ ‘wild chicken’.Manson 10 Kayan
Kayawtho³³ mi³³#2453 PTB *m-l(e/ə)y ‘EARTH / COUNTRY / GROUND / MUD / SOIL’PKC *lay ‘EARTH / SOIL / WORLD’PCN *a-lej ‘GROUND, EARTH / FIELD’PTk *lej ‘EARTH’PKar *miᴬ ‘WILD’ ‘boar (wild~)’Luangthongkum 13: 27
Pa-O (Northern)thɔɁ²¹ mi³³#2453 PTB *m-l(e/ə)y ‘EARTH / COUNTRY / GROUND / MUD / SOIL’PKC *lay ‘EARTH / SOIL / WORLD’PCN *a-lej ‘GROUND, EARTH / FIELD’PTk *lej ‘EARTH’PKar *miᴬ ‘WILD’ ‘boar (wild~)’Luangthongkum 13: 27
Pa-O (Southern)thɔɁ²¹ mi⁵³#2453 PTB *m-l(e/ə)y ‘EARTH / COUNTRY / GROUND / MUD / SOIL’PKC *lay ‘EARTH / SOIL / WORLD’PCN *a-lej ‘GROUND, EARTH / FIELD’PTk *lej ‘EARTH’PKar *miᴬ ‘WILD’ ‘boar (wild~)’Luangthongkum 13: 27
Pa-Othɔ́ʔ khɔ̀k#586 PTB *s/r-kawk ⪤ *s/r-kwak ‘OUTER COVERING / SKIN / BARK / RIND’PTani *kruk ‘OUTER COVERING’ ‘skin of pig, pig hide’Pa-O khɔ̀k likely a borrowing from Burmese khauk ‘skin’. Pa-O has glottal stop as the regular reflex of all proto-Karen final stops. Pa-O final oral stops occur largely (though not entirely) in loans from Shan and Burmese.Solnit 89 PaO
Pa-Othɔ́ʔ mī#2453 PTB *m-l(e/ə)y ‘EARTH / COUNTRY / GROUND / MUD / SOIL’PKC *lay ‘EARTH / SOIL / WORLD’PCN *a-lej ‘GROUND, EARTH / FIELD’PTk *lej ‘EARTH’PKar *miᴬ ‘WILD’ ‘boar, wild’Solnit 89 PaO
Pa-Othɔ́ʔ mī#2453 PTB *m-l(e/ə)y ‘EARTH / COUNTRY / GROUND / MUD / SOIL’PKC *lay ‘EARTH / SOIL / WORLD’PCN *a-lej ‘GROUND, EARTH / FIELD’PTk *lej ‘EARTH’PKar *miᴬ ‘WILD’ 'wild boar' ‘wild? in cpd’Solnit 89 PaO
Pa-Othɔ́ʔ təmorpheme◦mɛ́t#1187 PTB *s-ma-y ‘FACE / CHEEK / FRONT / AHEAD / FIRST’PKC *hmaay ‘FACE / FRONT’PKC *hmaa ‘FRONT / FIRST’PKC *hmaay-saa ‘AHEAD / FIRST’PCN *hmaj ‘FACE / SURFACE’PTk *maj ‘FACE’ ‘tusk of pig’Solnit 89 PaO
Pwo (Northern)thoɁ⁴⁵ mei⁵⁵#2453 PTB *m-l(e/ə)y ‘EARTH / COUNTRY / GROUND / MUD / SOIL’PKC *lay ‘EARTH / SOIL / WORLD’PCN *a-lej ‘GROUND, EARTH / FIELD’PTk *lej ‘EARTH’PKar *miᴬ ‘WILD’ ‘boar (wild~)’Luangthongkum 13: 27
Pwo (Southern)thuɁ²¹◦mei³¹¨#2453 PTB *m-l(e/ə)y ‘EARTH / COUNTRY / GROUND / MUD / SOIL’PKC *lay ‘EARTH / SOIL / WORLD’PCN *a-lej ‘GROUND, EARTH / FIELD’PTk *lej ‘EARTH’PKar *miᴬ ‘WILD’ ‘boar (wild~)’Luangthongkum 13: 27
8Bai22
The initial dentals in these Baic forms are similar to the first element in Tamangic and Karenic, suggesting a prefixal dental, something like *d-wak.
Bai (Jianchuan)te̱²¹mo³³#1619 PTB *ma ‘FEMALE / MOTHER / PRINCIPAL PART / FEMININE SUFFIX’PL *C-ma³ ‘FEMALE SUFFIX’PKar *məᴮ ‘MOTHER, FEMALE (OF ANIMALS)’ n‘sow’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0286.48
Bai (Jianchuan)te̱²¹tɕhi⁵⁵#572 PTB *kləy ‘BODY DIRT / EXCREMENT’PKC *mik-khlii ‘TEARS’PCN *a-khləjʔ ‘FECES, EXCREMENT’TGTM *ᴬkli ‘FECES,SHIT’PKar *khrejᴮ ‘BODY DIRT’ n‘dung (pig)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0288.48
Bai (Jianchuan)te̱²¹ɣu²¹#5402 PTB *kruk ‘PEN / CORRAL’ n‘pigsty / pen (hog)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0504.48
9.0.1Old Chinese3
9.0.2Middle Chinese1
Cite this entry
STEDT etymon #1006,
*pʷak ‘PIG’.Stable link:
https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/1006Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].
References: cf. STC#043, HPTB pp. 61, 62, 96, 147, 318, 319, 328
BibTeX
@misc{stedt-1006,
title = {{*pʷak 'PIG'}},
author = {STEDT},
year = {2017},
note = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #1006},
url = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/1006}
}