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STEDT #34

*sya-n

FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL
Proto-Tibeto-Burman

Reconstruction analysis

handlesya-ninitialsyrhymea-n⪤ša-coverS · VNS

Intermediate reconstructions

Kuki-Chin*sʰaa ‘ANIMAL / FLESH / MEAT’PKC #686
Central Naga (Ao Group)*a-ʃaʔ ‘ANIMAL / MEAT, FLESH’PCN #015
Tangkhulic*sa ‘FLESH / MEAT / ANIMAL’DRM#334

Connections

Allofams
HPTB*sya-n ‘animal / body / flesh / meat’pp. 32, 88, 102, 118, 139, 140, 150, 162, 165, 169, 172, 177, 278, 448, 475

Chinese comparandum

身 OC *śi̯ĕn, GSR #386a-c; Mand. shēn.

Unclear whether Chinese 身 is to be considered a comparandum for both the current etymon #34 PTB *sya-n FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL and #318 PTB *sin BODY / OWNER / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER. If so, this would support the allofamic relationship between the two etyma argued for in #5711 PTB *sya-n ⪤ *sin FLESH / ANIMAL / BODY / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER.

Reflexes & cognates1,197 reflexes · 52 subgroups

0.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)9

*Tibeto-Burmansya ‘meat, flesh’LaPolla 87: 127
*Tibeto-Burmansya ‘flesh, meat, animal’Benedict 72 STC: 181
*Tibeto-Burmansya-n ‘animal / body / flesh / meat’Matisoff 03 HPTB: 613
*Tibeto-Burmanśɑ ‘flesh / meat / animal’Chou 72: 1100a-f
*Tibeto-Karensɑ(B) ‘flesh / meat / animal’Chou 72: 386a-c

1NE Indian Areal Group1

Mijiʃu-cuŋ#4 PTB *g-zuk ‘BODY’ ‘flesh, meat’The final nasal in Miji -cuŋ is unexplained.Simon 79 Miji

1.1.1Tani

Several of these Tani forms refer specifically to cattle rather than to animals in general. It is thus possible that they descend from a distinct root.

1.1.1.1Western Tani22

Apatani(sɯ-)hɯmorpheme-bomorpheme ‘bull’Sun J 93 Tani
Apatanisu-bumorpheme ‘mithun’Sun J 93 Tani
Apatanisu-bumorpheme amorpheme-tumorpheme ‘calf, of mithun’Sun J 93 Tani
Apatanisu-bumorpheme amorpheme-tumorpheme ‘mithun (calf)’Sun J 93 Tani
Apatanisu-bumorpheme sɯ-bomorpheme ‘mithun (male)’Sun J 93 Tani
Apatanisu-bumorpheme sɯ-kʰrjamorpheme ‘mithun sacrifice’Sun J 93 Tani
Apatanisɯ ‘cattle’Sun J 93 Tani
Apatanisɯ àmorpheme-tumorpheme ‘calf (of cattle)’Sun J 93 Tani
Apatanisɯ bumorpheme-bomorpheme ‘bull’Sun J 93 Tani
Apatanisɯ-amorpheme-somorpheme-nɯmorpheme ‘cattle (domestic)’Sun J 93 Tani
Apatanisɯ-bemorpheme ‘mithun (young)’Sun J 93 Tani
Apatanisɯ-bomorpheme ‘mithun’Sun J 93 Tani
Apatanisɯ-guamorpheme ‘cattle shed’Sun J 93 Tani
Apatanisɯ-liŋmorpheme ‘wild mithun’Sun J 93 Tani
Bengnibəŋmorpheme-nimorpheme si-bɯːmorpheme ‘mithun’Sun J 93 Tani
Miri, Hillso-bɤmorpheme ‘mithun [bull]’Simon 76 Miri
Miri, Hillso-domorpheme ‘half-grown mithun’Simon 76 Miri
Miri, Hillso◦cermorpheme ‘deer’Simon 76 Miri

1.1.1.2Eastern Tani2

Milangsu-ɟimorpheme ‘she mithun’Tayeng 76 Mil

1.1.2Deng6

Darang [Taraon]a:morpheme◦shya: ‘mithun’Anonymous xx Tar
Darang [Taraon]a:morpheme◦shya:-a:morpheme ‘mithun (calf)’Anonymous xx Tar
Darang [Taraon]a:morpheme◦shya:-ka:rimorpheme ‘mithun (bull)’Anonymous xx Tar
Darang [Taraon]a:morpheme◦shya:-krumorpheme ‘mithun (cow)’Anonymous xx Tar
Darang [Taraon]shya:-a:morpheme ‘calf (of a mithun)’Anonymous xx Tar
Kaman [Miju]ɕɑ̆i⁵³ ‘body’Sun H 80 MLD

1.2.1.1Northern Chin34

Kuki-Chinsa ‘flesh / meat’Haokip 98: 1.11
Thadosâa ‘animal, meat’VanBik 09 PKC: 686
Thadosʌ́◦ŋànmorpheme ‘mule’Thirumalai 72: 38
Tiddimsa¹ ‘flesh’VanBik 09 PKC: 686
Tiddimsa¹ geːp¹morpheme ‘dried meat’Bhaskararao 96 CDB: 1486
Tiddimsa¹ phu³morpheme lip³morpheme ‘armadillo’Bhaskararao 96 CDB: 1497
Tiddimsa¹ pi¹morpheme ‘wild beast’Bhaskararao 96 CDB: 1496
Tiddimsa¹ vun¹morpheme ‘leather’Bhaskararao 96 CDB: 1500
Tiddimsʻɑ³ ‘flesh’Luce 85: P.5
Tiddimˊsaː n‘flesh / meat; game (wild)’Henderson 65 TidC
Tiddimˊsaː ‘flesh; meat’Matisoff 87 BP
Tiddimˊsaːˊnɛːmorpheme n+vI‘eating meat’Henderson 65 TidC

1.2.2Central Chin69

Khualsimsʻɑ¹ ‘flesh’Luce 85: P.5
Lai (Hakha)sa ‘flesh; meat’Matisoff 87 BP
Lai (Hakha)sàa ‘animal, flesh, meat’VanBik 09 PKC: 686
Lai (Falam)sâa ‘animal, flesh, meat’VanBik 09 PKC: 686
Lai (Hakha)sʻɑ¹ ‘flesh’Luce 85: P.5
Lushai [Mizo]sâ ‘flesh, meat, animal’VanBik 09 PKC: 686
Lushai [Mizo]śa ‘meat, flesh’LaPolla 87: 127
Lushai [Mizo]śa ‘flesh, meat, animal’Benedict 72 STC: 181
Lushai [Mizo]sà hráang#5101 PKC *hraaŋ-I, hraan-II ‘WILD / FRANTIC / ANGRY’ ‘a term applied to the larger and more wild animals, e.g. bear, elephant, wild gayal, wild pig’VanBik 09 PKC: 1101
Lushai [Mizo]sa-vunmorpheme ‘leather’Bhaskararao 96 CDB: 1500
Lushai [Mizo]sa◦vunmorpheme ‘leather’Marrison 67 Naga
Lushai [Mizo]sʻɑ² ‘flesh’Luce 85: P.5
Lushai [Mizo]tak#8 PTB *t(s)ak ‘BODY’PKC *tak-shaa ‘BODY’-sa ‘body’Lushai (Mizo) tak- ⪤ sak- reflects *s- ⪤ *ts-.Matisoff 87 BP
Lushai [Mizo]timorpheme◦sa ‘flesh’Marrison 67 Naga

1.2.3Maraic18

Lailenpisʻɑ'¹ ‘flesh’Luce 85: P.5
Lakher [Mara]sa ‘flesh, meat, muscles’Matisoff 87 BP
Lakher [Mara]sá ‘flesh, meat’VanBik 09 PKC: 686
Lakher [Mara]²sə◦¹khimorpheme ‘barking deer’Weidert 87 TBTo: 188
Lothvo (Hiranpi)sʻɑ³ ‘flesh’Luce 85: P.5
Meraă¹prefixsʻʌ¹ ‘flesh’Luce 85: P.5
Xongsaisɑ² ‘flesh’Luce 85: P.5
Zotungaˊprefixsʻɔ⁵ ‘flesh’Luce 85: P.5
Zotungsɔ ‘flesh; meat’Matisoff 87 BP

1.3“Naga” Areal Group1

Maringsa◦pukmorpheme ‘horse’Marrison 67 Naga

1.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)79

*Central Nagaaprefix-ʃaʔ ‘ANIMAL / MEAT, FLESH’Bruhn 14 PCN: III.015
*Ao(aprefix-)ʃaʔ ‘ANIMAL / MEAT’Bruhn 14 PCN: II.088
Ao (Chungli)shi◦rongmorpheme ‘jackal’Marrison 67 Naga
Ao (Chungli)shi◦rurumorpheme ‘animal’Marrison 67 Naga
Ao (Chungli)shi◦timorpheme ‘elephant’Marrison 67 Naga
Ao (Chungli)shi◦tsümorpheme ‘deer (barking)’Marrison 67 Naga
Ao (Chungli)shi◦wumorpheme ‘serow’Marrison 67 Naga
Ao (Chungli)si²tiʔ²morpheme n.‘elephant’Bruhn 14 PCN: II.088
Ao (Chungli)si²ɹu³morphemeɹu¹morpheme n.‘animal’Bruhn 14 PCN: II.088
Ao (Chungli)si³tsək³morpheme n.‘wild cat’Bruhn 14 SuppCN
Ao (Chungli)si³tsə³morpheme n.‘monkey’Bruhn 14 SuppCN
Ao (Chungli)si¹ləm²morpheme n.‘share, portion’Bruhn 14 SuppCN
Ao (Chungli)si¹ɹuŋ¹morpheme n.‘fox’Bruhn 14 SuppCN
Ao (Chungli)siʔ¹ n.‘meat, flesh’Bruhn 14 PCN: II.088
Ao (Chungli)tamorpheme◦shi-tulumorpheme ‘strong’Marrison 67 Naga
Ao (Chungli)¹šiʔ ‘meat / flesh’Weidert 87 TBTo: 289
Ao (Mongsen: Longchang)sa◦rarmorpheme ‘animal’Marrison 67 Naga
Ao (Mongsen: Longchang)sa◦timorpheme ‘elephant’Marrison 67 Naga
Ao (Mongsen: Mangmetong)[a]prefix-khu?-sàʔ n.‘tiger meat’Coupe 07 Ao
Ao (Mongsen: Mangmetong)[a]prefix-sáʔ n.‘flesh, meat’Coupe 07 Ao
Ao (Mongsen: Mangmetong)inimorpheme◦saʔ n.‘rabbit’Coupe 07 Ao
Ao (Mongsen: Mangmetong)màsə̀morpheme-sàʔ n.‘beef ('ox' + 'meat')’Coupe 07 Ao
Ao (Mongsen: Mangmetong)mətshəmorpheme-sàʔ n.‘venison ('deer' + 'meat')’Coupe 07 Ao
Ao (Mongsen: Mangmetong)sà-timorpheme n.‘elephant (probably 'animal' + 'big')’Coupe 07 Ao
Ao (Mongsen: Mangmetong)sa◦ləmmorpheme n.‘portion’This binome perhaps means MEAT + DISTRIBUTE.Coupe 07 Ao
Ao (Mongsen: Mangmetong)sà◦ɹàɹəmorpheme n.‘animal’Coupe 07 Ao
Lotha Nagao¹prefix-soʔ² n.‘meat’Bruhn 14 PCN: III.015
Lotha Nagaso²-tsəʔ¹morpheme n.‘elephant’Bruhn 14 PCN: III.015
Lotha Nagakhumorpheme◦so ‘monkey (huluk)’Marrison 67 Naga
Lotha Nagalimorpheme◦so ‘porcupine’Marrison 67 Naga
Lotha Nagaōprefix◦sō ‘meat’Acharya 75
Lotha Nagaōprefix◦só ‘meat’Acharya 75
Lotha Nagaoprefix◦so ‘flesh’Marrison 67 Naga
Lotha Nagaoprefix◦so ‘meat’Marrison 67 Naga
Lotha Nagaoprefix◦so ‘meat’Murry 78: 72
Lotha Nagaoprefix◦so ‘flesh / meat’Nienu 90 LotQ: 1.11
Lotha Nagaoprefix◦so◦ngomorpheme ‘animal’Marrison 67 Naga
Lotha Nagaso◦siromorpheme ‘bat (animal)’Marrison 67 Naga
Lotha Nagaso◦tsümorpheme ‘elephant’Marrison 67 Naga
Lotha Nagaso◦tsümorpheme ‘elephant’Murry 78: 37
Lotha Nagasó◦tsə̀morpheme ‘elephant’Acharya 75
Lotha Naga¹oprefix◦²so(ʔ) ‘meat’Weidert 87 TBTo: 140
Sangtamshu◦tsamorpheme ‘flesh’Marrison 67 Naga
Sangtamshu◦zamorpheme ‘monkey / langur’Kumar 73 Sang
Yacham-Tengsasu◦chimorpheme ‘monkey (generic)’Marrison 67 Naga
Yacham-Tengsasu◦timorpheme ‘elephant’Marrison 67 Naga
Yimchungrü(¹)šiʔ ‘meat / flesh’Weidert 87 TBTo: 289
Yimchungrüshi◦yühmorpheme ‘animal’Kumar 73 Yim: 50

1.3.2Angami-Pochuri Group26

Angami Naga¹tshɯ ‘meat / flesh’Weidert 87 TBTo: 289
Angami (Kohima)cʰü¹¹ ‘flesh / meat’Nienu 90 AngQ: 1.11
Angami (Kohima)uprefix◦chü ‘flesh’Marrison 67 Naga
Chokrithi, thümumorpheme ‘meat’Marrison 67 Naga
Chokrithi¹¹ ‘flesh / meat’Nienu 90 ChoQ: 1.11
Chokrithi◦zemorpheme ‘deer (barking)’Marrison 67 Naga
Chokriuprefix◦thi ‘flesh’Marrison 67 Naga
Chokri¹thi ‘meat / flesh’Weidert 87 TBTo: 289
Khezha¹eprefix◦³tθhɯ ‘meat / flesh’Weidert 87 TBTo: 289
Maooprefix◦so ‘flesh’Marrison 67 Naga
Maooprefix◦so ‘meat’Marrison 67 Naga
Mao²oprefix◦⁴so ‘meat / flesh’Weidert 87 TBTo: 289
Meluriaprefix◦sa ‘meat’Marrison 67 Naga
Meluriaprefix◦sa ‘animal’Marrison 67 Naga
Ntenyiaprefix◦sa ‘flesh’Marrison 67 Naga
Ntenyiaprefix◦sa ‘meat’Marrison 67 Naga
Ntenyiaprefix◦sa ‘animal’Marrison 67 Naga
Ntenyiaprefix◦sa◦humorpheme ‘leather’Marrison 67 Naga
Ntenyiaprefix◦sa◦ketiwamorpheme ‘elephant’Marrison 67 Naga
Sema [Sumi]aprefix◦shi ‘flesh’Marrison 67 Naga
Sema [Sumi]aprefix◦shi ‘meat’Marrison 67 Naga
Sema [Sumi]aprefix◦shi ‘flesh / meat’Achumi 98: 1.11

1.3.3Zeme Group5

Khoiraoaprefix◦sa ‘flesh’Marrison 67 Naga
Khoiraoaprefix◦sa ‘meat’Marrison 67 Naga
Khoiraoaprefix◦sa ‘animal’Marrison 67 Naga
Maramaprefix◦sa ‘animal’Marrison 67 Naga

1.3.4Tangkhulic13

*Tangkhulicsa ‘flesh / meat / animal’Mortensen 12 Tk: 334
Huishuʔamorpheme-se ‘animal; flesh; meat’Mortensen 12 Tk: Animals.001
Kachaiʔamorpheme-su ‘animal / flesh / meat / skin’Mortensen 12 Tk: Animals.001
Tangkhulaprefix◦sa ‘flesh’Marrison 67 Naga
Tangkhulāprefix◦sā ‘flesh; meat’Matisoff 87 BP
Tusomʔiprefix-si ‘flesh’Mortensen 12 Tk: BodyParts.015
Ukhrulsa ‘meat; animal; skin’Mortensen 12 Tk
Ukhrulʔaprefix-sa ‘skin (human); meat’Mortensen 12 Tk

1.4Meithei16

Meitheisà ‘meat / flesh’Weidert 87 TBTo: 289
Meitheisà ‘animal / meat(1) / cattle(1) / deer(1)’Weidert 87 TBTo: 41
Meitheisa-unmorpheme ‘leather’Marrison 67 Naga
Meitheisa◦jimorpheme ‘deer (barking)’Marrison 67 Naga
Meitheisa◦mumorpheme ‘elephant’Marrison 67 Naga
Meitheisa◦nambamorpheme ‘otter’Marrison 67 Naga

1.5Mikir [Karbi]2

Mikir [Karbi]ingprefix◦si ‘organ of body’Matisoff 87 BP
Mikir [Karbi]ingprefix◦si ‘flesh; meat’Matisoff 87 BP

1.7.3.1Jingpho25

Jingphośan ‘flesh / meat / deer’Chou 72: 386a-c
Jingphošàn ‘flesh / meat / animal’Matisoff 74 TJLB: 216
Jingphośan ‘meat, flesh’LaPolla 87: 127
Jingphośan ‘flesh, meat, deer flesh; deer’Benedict 72 STC: 181
Jingphośan ‘flesh, meat, dear’Benedict 72 STC: 99n284
Jingphoshan ‘flesh’Marrison 67 Naga
Jingphoshàn ‘flesh; meat’Matisoff 87 BP
Jingphośɑn (lowe tone) ‘body’Chou 72: 386a-c
Jingphotšíti-sà ‘deer’Matisoff 74 TJLB: 357
Jingpho¹šan ‘meat / flesh’Weidert 87 TBTo: 289
Jingphoəprefix◦shàn ‘flesh; meat’Matisoff 87 BP
Jingphoʃan³¹ ‘meat, flesh’Liu 84
Jingphoʃan³¹ n‘flesh / muscle’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0128.19
Jingphoʃan³¹ ‘meat / flesh’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 399.47
Jingphoʃan³¹kap³¹morpheme ‘hunt’Liu 84
Jingphoʃan³¹kap³¹morpheme ‘hunt’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1230.19
Jingphoʃan³¹kap³¹morpheme ‘hunt’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 686.47
Jingphoʃan³¹sin³³morpheme n‘meat (lean)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0444.19
Jingphoʃan³¹ŋa³³morpheme n‘deer’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0313.19
Jingphoʃan³¹ŋa³³morpheme ‘deer’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 129.47

1.7.3.2Asakian4

Gananʃă◦le¹#602 PAsak *lak ‘SKIN’ ‘skin’These Ganan and Kadu forms superficially resemble Loloish reflexes of #596 PTB *m/s-k-rəy SKIN, but they have been assigned to the present etymon because of their resemblance to other Asakian forms.Luce 85: L.161

2.1.1Western Himalayish15

Baramkumorpheme◦sja ‘meat’Kansakar 10 Baram: 84
Bunanšà ‘flesh / meat’Sharma, S.R. 91 Bu: 1.11
Byangsiʃyà: n.‘meat, flesh’Sharma 2003: 907
Darmaɕya ‘flesh’Krishan 2003: 783
Darmaɕya ‘meat’Krishan 2003: 785
Kanauriśa ‘meat, flesh’LaPolla 87: 127
Kanauris̱ẖyā n‘game / meat’Bailey 11
Kanauriśya ‘flesh, meat, game’Benedict 72 STC: 181
Rongpoʃa n.‘meat, flesh’Sharma 2003: 1237

2.1.2Bodic27

Baimaʃo¹³ nbɑ³⁵morpheme ‘fur (of animal)’Sun H 91 Baim: 8.1.4
Kaikesyā ‘flesh; meat’Matisoff 87 BP
Tsangla (Motuo)śa ‘meat, flesh’LaPolla 87: 127
Tsangla (Motuo)ɕa ‘meat, flesh’Sun H 80 MLD
Tsangla (Motuo)ɕa⁵⁵ ‘meat, flesh’Zhang Jichuan 86
Tsangla (Tilang)gamorpheme-sha ‘deer’Zhang Jichuan 86
Tshona (Wenlang)ɕɑ⁵⁵ ‘meat, flesh’Lu 86 CuoM
Tshona (Wenlang)ɕɑ⁵⁵wɑ⁵⁵morpheme ‘deer’Lu 86 CuoM
Tshona (Mama)cᴀ¹³ kʰᴀ⁵³morpheme ‘fat (of humans)’Sun H 80 MLD
Tshona (Mama)śa⁵³ ‘meat, flesh’LaPolla 87: 127
Tshona (Mama)ɕʌ⁵³ cʌr¹³morpheme ‘fat (of humans)’Sun H 80 MLD
Tshona (Mama)ɕᴀː⁵⁵ ‘deer’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 129.6
Tshona (Mama)ɕᴀ⁵³ ‘meat, flesh’Sun H 80 MLD
Tshona (Mama)ɕᴀ⁵³ ‘meat / flesh’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 399.6
Cuona Menbaɕa⁵³ n‘flesh / muscle’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0128.06

2.1.2.1Tibetan73

Tibetan (Batang)xha⁵³ ‘flesh / meat’Dai 89 Bata: 1.11
Tibetan (Batang)xha⁵³ n‘flesh / muscle’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0128.03
Tibetan (Batang)xha⁵³n̥ɑ⁵⁵morphememo⁵³morpheme n‘meat (lean)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0444.03
Tibetan (Jirel)ˊsyāq ‘flesh; meat’Matisoff 87 BP
Tibetan (Khams:Dege)xha⁵³ ‘meat / flesh’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 399.3
Tibetan (Lhasa)ɕa⁵³ ‘meat / flesh’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 399.2
Tibetan (Lhasa)ɕa⁵⁵ kam⁵⁵morphemepo⁵⁵suffix n‘meat (lean)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0444.02
Tibetan (Lhasa)ɕa⁵⁵ɕe⁵²morpheme n‘flesh / muscle’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0128.02
Sherpašaq ‘flesh; meat’Matisoff 87 BP
Spitišà ‘flesh / meat’Bodh 91: 1.11
Tibetan (Written)brlamorpheme-s̀a ‘thigh-flesh / muscles of thigh’Matisoff 87 BP
Tibetan (Written)s̀a ‘flesh; meat’Matisoff 87 BP
Tibetan (Written)s̀a ‘flesh / meat / muscle’Matisoff 87 BP: 74
Tibetan (Written)śa ‘flesh, meat, animal’Benedict 72 STC: 181
Tibetan (Written)śa-basuffix ⪤ śwa-basuffix ‘hart, stag’Benedict 72 STC: 181
Tibetan (Written)s̀a-búrmorpheme ‘boil; abscess; ulcer’Matisoff 87 BP
Tibetan (Written)s̀a-h̩dzermorpheme ‘wart’Matisoff 87 BP
Tibetan (Written)s̀a-mamorpheme ‘placenta’Matisoff 87 BP
Tibetan (Written)shwa.basuffix ‘deer’Sun J 85 TbGl: 182
Tibetan (Written)s̀ɑ-bimorpheme-ligmorpheme ‘mouse / rat (W.)’Jäschke 1881
Tibetan (Written)s̀ɑ-bomorpheme ‘sheep / cattle / other animals’Jäschke 1881
Tibetan (Written)s̀ɑ́-bɑmorpheme ‘hart / stag’Jäschke 1881
Tibetan (Written)s̀ɑ́-bɑmorpheme rumorpheme-lébmorpheme ‘reindeer (domesticated)’Jäschke 1881
Tibetan (Written)s̀ɑ́-dimorpheme ‘ape / monkey’Jäschke 1881
Tibetan (Written)s̀ɑ́-momorpheme ‘hind / roe’Jäschke 1881
Tibetan (Written)s̀ɑ́-pʻomorpheme ‘hart / stag (male)’Jäschke 1881
Tibetan (Written)s̀ɑ-pʻrúgmorpheme ‘deer (young) / fawn’Jäschke 1881
Tibetan (Written)s̀ɑ-zɑ́morpheme ‘animal (carnivorous) /’Jäschke 1881
Tibetan (Written)s̀ɑ-zɑ́nmorpheme ‘animal (carnivorous) /’Jäschke 1881
Tibetan (Written)ɕa gnadmorpheme n‘flesh / muscle’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0128.01
Tibetan (Written)ɕa snagmorpheme momorpheme n‘meat (lean)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0444.01
Tibetan (Written)ʃa◦bamorpheme ‘deer (generic)’Marrison 67 Naga
Tibetan (Xiahe)xha naχmorpheme n‘meat (lean)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0444.04

2.1.4Tamangish33

*TGTMᴬsja ‘meat / flesh’Mazaudon 94 These: 968
Chantyalsya ‘flesh / meat’Noonan 92: 1.11
Chantyalsya ‘muscle / meat’Noonan 92: 8.8
Tamang (Sahu)ramorpheme sya ‘goat meat’Taylor 72 TmVo: 7.16
Tamang (Sahu)syā ‘flesh; meat’Matisoff 87 BP
Tamang (Sahu)sya seppalamorpheme ‘skeleton’Taylor 72 TmVo: 2.2
Thakali (Syang)⁵⁵ʃjʌ ⁵⁵kʰumorpheme ‘meat’Mazaudon 94 These: 983
Thakali (Tukche)sjɔ prahmorpheme-lɔmorpheme ‘grind (meat)’Hari 71a ThVo: 7.B.1.11.2
Thakali (Tukche)sya ‘flesh; meat’Matisoff 87 BP

2.3.1Eastern Kiranti18

Athpare (Rai)makmorpheme◦sa ‘bear (black animal)’Ebert 97 Athpare
Athpare (Rai)sa ‘fruit; flesh, muscles’Ebert 97 Athpare
Athpare (Rai)umorpheme-sa ‘his flesh, his muscles’Ebert 97 Athpare
Belharesa◦lammamorpheme ‘appetite for meat’Bickel 95
LimbunEkprefix◦sa ‘flesh, meat’Michailovsky 89 Lm
Limbunekprefix◦sā ‘flesh; meat’Matisoff 87 BP
Limbusā ‘flesh; meat’Matisoff 87 BP
Limbushā ‘flesh; meat’Matisoff 87 BP
Yakhasaː ‘flesh / meat’Kohn 90: 1.11
Yamphusa n‘meat, flesh’Rutgers 98: 573.1

2.3.4Western Kiranti8

Bahingsye ‘meat, flesh’LaPolla 87: 127
Sunwarsye ‘flesh; meat’Matisoff 87 BP
Thulungseo ‘meat, flesh’Allen 75
Thulungsyo ‘flesh; meat’Matisoff 87 BP

2.4Kham-Magar-Chepang59

Chepang-syaʔ nb.‘game or domestic animal (gen.), used for meat’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangchetmorpheme.raŋmorpheme.syaʔ n.‘animal (sp.), Goral (ch.)’Caughley 00 Chepang
ChepanggayNepali loanword.(syaʔ) n.‘cow (<N gai)’Caughley 00 Chepang
ChepanggayNepali loanword.syaʔ n.‘cow’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepanggoʔmorpheme.syaʔ n.‘animal (sp.), Civet with a grey striped body’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepanggoʔmorpheme.syaʔ n.‘Large Indian Civet’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepanggoʔmorpheme.syaʔ.tomorpheme nn.‘ancestor (sp.), of the ʔugərʔ clan, son of Brokbaŋto’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepanghohmorpheme.raŋmorpheme.syaʔ n.‘Barking Deer (ch.)’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepanghuŋo.huŋo.syaʔ n.‘animal (sp.), Langur (ch.)’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangkamorpheme.syāʔ n‘deer (barking)’Hale 73 CSD: 03a.057
Chepangkanhmorpheme.timorpheme syak.ʔomorpheme mayʔmorpheme n.‘proud flesh’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangkhikmorpheme.raŋmorpheme.syaʔ n.‘animal (sp.), Serow (ch.)’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangkəʔmorpheme.syaʔ n.‘Barking Deer’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangkəʔmorpheme.syaʔ n.‘Barking Deer’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangkəʔmorpheme.syaʔ bhamhmorpheme.ʔamorpheme.remorpheme n.‘insect (sp.), type of Solitary Bee’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangkəʔmorpheme.syaʔ.winʔmorpheme n.‘bat (sp.), small (25cm. wingspan), russet-coloured’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangkəʔmorpheme.syaʔ.winʔmorpheme n.‘bat, very small russet-coloured’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangkəprefix◦syaʔ ‘animal / meat(1) / cattle(1) / deer(1)’Weidert 87 TBTo: 41
Chepangkəprefix◦syaʔ ‘barking deer’Caughley 72 CVoc: 3.A.57
Chepangkəmorpheme◦syaʔ ‘hunt’Caughley 72 CVoc: 3.B.26
Chepangnukmorpheme-sa ‘hide’Caughley 72 CVoc: 6.B.1. 15
Chepangruyŋmorpheme-syaʔ ‘sambhur deer’Caughley 72 CVoc: 3.A.57
Chepangruyŋmorpheme.syaʔ n.‘animal (sp.), Sambar Deer’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangruyŋmorpheme.syaʔ n.‘Sambar Deer’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangrəmorpheme.raŋmorpheme.syaʔ n.‘animal (sp.), civet (ch.)’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangsya n.‘meat (B)’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangsyā? n‘cattle’Hale 73 CSD: 03a.031
Chepangsyarmorpheme-syaʔ ‘antelope (goral)’Caughley 72 CVoc: 3.A.58
Chepangsyaʔ ‘animal / meat(1) / cattle(1) / deer(1)’Weidert 87 TBTo: 41
Chepangsyaʔ n.‘animal (sp.), cow or bull’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangsyaʔ.ripmorpheme n.‘plant (sp.), shrub or small tree, large leaves, woody stems eaten by cattle’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangsyaʔ.romorpheme n.‘tree (sp.), with purple flower like lupin, edible, meat-like flavour - used for diarrhoea’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangsyaʔ.ryaŋmorpheme.kamorpheme n.‘wasp (sp.), large’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangsyaʔ.ryaŋmorpheme.kamorpheme n.‘insect (sp.) large wasp’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangsyaʔ.winʔmorpheme n.‘bat (sp.), short-nosed fruit bat, large, whitish’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangtahmorpheme.syaʔ n.‘animal (sp.), Himalayan Palm Civet’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangtahmorpheme.syaʔ n.‘Himalayan Palm Civet’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangtutmorpheme.raŋmorpheme.syaʔ n.‘animal (sp.), Sambar deer (ch.)’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangyawmorpheme.syaʔ n.‘bullock, ox’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangyawmorpheme.syaʔ n.‘bull, bullock’Caughley 00 Chepang
Khamsya'◦lomorpheme ‘hide’Watters 89 KhQ
Khamsya'◦lomorpheme n.‘hide’Watters 89 KhQ
Khamsyā◦soymorpheme ‘fat / oil / grease’Matisoff 87 BP
Khamˊsyāː ‘flesh; meat’Matisoff 87 BP
Magarsyā ‘flesh; meat’Matisoff 87 BP

3.1Tangut6

Tangut [Xixia]tšhi ‘meat / flesh’Nishida 64 Tan: 39-093
Tangut [Xixia]tshi̯e ‘flesh / meat’Dai 89 Xixi: 1.11
Tangut [Xixia]tśhi̯e¹ ‘flesh’Sofronov 97

3.2Qiangic51

Ersuʂɿ⁵⁵ ‘flesh / meat’Sun H 91 ErsQ
Ersuʂɿ⁵⁵ ‘muscle’Sun H 91 ErsQ
Ersuʂɿ⁵⁵ ‘meat / flesh’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 399.18
Guiqiong(ɕi⁵⁵) mi³⁵morphemetsə⁵⁵morpheme v.‘chop / cut (meat)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1296.16
Guiqiongɕi⁵³ ‘flesh / meat’Sun H 91 GuiQ
Guiqiongɕi⁵³ ‘muscle’Sun H 91 GuiQ
Guiqiongɕi⁵³ ‘meat / flesh’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 399.17
Guiqiongɕi⁵⁵ n‘flesh / muscle’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0128.16
Guiqiongɕi⁵⁵kuɔ⁵⁵morphemepu̵⁵⁵morphemepu̵⁵⁵morpheme ‘want to eat (meat) badly’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1180.16
Guiqiongɕi⁵⁵ma³¹morphemedʑa³¹morphemewu⁵⁵morpheme n‘meat (lean)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0444.16
Guiqiongɕø⁵⁵mø⁵⁵morpheme ‘lean (meat)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 851.17
Lyuzuʂɿ⁵³ n‘flesh / muscle’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0128.18
Lyuzuʂɿ⁵³kua⁵³morpheme n‘meat (lean)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0444.18
Muyarə³³morphemetɕhə⁵³ n‘flesh / muscle’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0128.15
Namuyiʂɿ³³ ‘flesh / meat’Sun H 91 NamQ: 1.11
Namuyiʂɿ³³ ‘muscle’Sun H 91 NamQ: 8.8
Namuyiʂɿ³³ ‘meat / flesh’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 399.19
Namuyiəʴ⁵⁵morphemeʂɿ³¹ n‘flesh / muscle’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0128.46
Namuyiʂɿ³³gæ³¹morphemegæ⁵³morpheme n‘meat (lean)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0444.46
Pumi (Lanping)ʃɤ⁵⁵ n‘flesh / muscle’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0128.09
Pumi (Lanping)ʃɤ⁵⁵kã⁵⁵morpheme n‘meat (lean)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0444.09
Pumi (Qinghua)ʃɤ⁵⁵ ‘meat, flesh’Lu 83 Pumi
Pumi (Qinghua)ʃɤ⁵⁵ ‘meat / flesh’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 399.11
Pumi (Taoba)ʂə⁵³ ‘meat, flesh’Lu 83 Pumi
Pumi (Taoba)ʂə⁵³ ‘meat / flesh’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 399.10
Qiang (Mianchi)mɛ́morpheme tshɛ̀ ‘flesh’Evans 99 Qiang: 159
Qiang (Taoping)tʃhɿ⁵⁵ ‘meat / flesh’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 399.9
Qiang (Taoping)tʃʰɿ⁵⁵ ‘meat, flesh’Sun H 81 Qia
Qiang (Yadu)pəʴmorpheme ʂən ‘body’Dai 89 Qian: 97

3.3.1rGyalrong69

rGyalrong (Eastern)pʰətmorpheme◦pasuffix ʃa ‘sinew / tendon (muscle to bone????’Sun H 91 rEQ: 8.5
rGyalrong (Northern)təprefix◦rmemorpheme ɕʰa ‘muscle’Sun H 91 rNQ: 8.8
rGyalrong (Eastern)təprefix◦skrumorpheme◦ʃa ‘muscle’Sun H 91 rEQ: 8.8
rGyalrong (NW)təprefix◦ɕe ‘flesh / meat’Sun H 91 rNW: 1.11
rGyalrong (Northern)təprefix◦ɕʰa ‘flesh / meat’Sun H 91 rNQ: 1.11
rGyalrong (Eastern)təprefix◦ʃa ‘flesh / meat’Sun H 91 rEQ: 1.11
rGyalrong (Eastern)təprefix◦ʃa ‘muscle’Sun H 91 rEQ: 8.8
rGyalrong (NW)vəmorpheme ɕe kəmorpheme rɟjasmorpheme ‘muscle’Sun H 91 rNW: 8.8
rGyalrongɕa ‘flesh / meat’Dai 89 Jiar: 1.11
rGyalrong (Northern)ɕa◦ʁlənmorpheme ‘sinew / tendon (muscle to bone????’Sun H 91 rNQ: 8.5
rGyalrong (NW)ɕɛ snakmorpheme ‘sinew / tendon (muscle to bone????’Sun H 91 rNW: 8.5
rGyalrongʃa ‘meat / flesh’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 399.12
Caodengʃɐ́-jamorpheme ‘foreleg meat’Sun J 97 Cao
Caodengʃɐ-lpeʔmorpheme ‘chunk of meat’Sun J 97 Cao
Caodengʃɐ́-memorpheme ‘hindleg meat’Sun J 97 Cao
Caodengʃɐ-nkʰjɐmorpheme ‘raw meat’Sun J 97 Cao
rGyalrong (Maerkang)ʃɑ kəmorpheme nəmorpheme khimorpheme n‘meat (lean)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0444.11
rGyalrongsha skemmorpheme ‘flesh’Nagano 97 GyQ: 1.11
rGBenzhenʃa ‘flesh’Sun J 97 rGB
rGBenzhenʃa ‘meat (lean)’Sun J 97 rGB

4Nungic32

Rawang(ʃɑ³³) dəgɑŋ⁵³morpheme ‘bake, broil (meat)’LaPolla 03: 1356
Anongśa ‘meat, flesh’LaPolla 87: 127
Anongśa ‘flesh, meat, animal’Benedict 72 STC: 181
Anong (dialect)śia ‘flesh, meat, animal’Benedict 72 STC: 181
Anongɕɑ⁵⁵ ‘meat’Sun J 88 Ano
Nungɕɑ⁵⁵ n‘meat’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0443.21
Anongɕɑ⁵⁵ ‘meat / flesh’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 399.44
Rawangʃɑ³³ ‘meat’LaPolla 03: 522
Rawangʃɑ³³ phɔr³¹morpheme ‘flesh, skin’LaPolla 03: 135
Anongˌŋ³¹morphemeɕɑ³¹ȵɛ⁵⁵morpheme ‘lean (meat)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 851.44
Trung [Dulong]šia⁴² ‘flesh; meat’Matisoff 87 BP
Dulongɕɑ⁵⁵ n‘flesh / muscle’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0128.20
Trung [Dulong]ɕɑ⁵⁵ ‘meat / flesh’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 399.46
Trung [Dulong]ɕɑ⁵⁵nĭʔ⁵⁵morpheme ‘lean (meat)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 851.46
Dulongɕɑ⁵⁵nɑʔ⁵⁵morpheme n‘meat (lean)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0444.20
Trung [Dulong] (Dulonghe)śa⁵⁵ ‘meat, flesh’LaPolla 87: 127
Trung [Dulong] (Dulonghe)ɕɑ⁵⁵ ‘meat, flesh, wild animal’Sun H 82 Dul
Trung [Dulong] (Nujiang)śa⁵³ ‘meat, flesh’LaPolla 87: 127
Trung [Dulong] (Nujiang)ɕɑ⁵³ ‘meat, flesh’Sun H 82 Dul

5Tujia37

Tujia (Northern)ha4morphemelie3morphemesi3 n.‘dog meat’Brassett 04 Tujia
Tujia (Northern)mo3Chinese loanwordsi3 n.‘cat meat’Brassett 04 Tujia
Tujia (Northern)mo³Chinese loanwordsi³ ‘cat meat’Brassett 06 Tujia: 4.4
Tujia (Northern)pu2morphemetu1morphemesi3 n.‘turtledove meat’Brassett 04 Tujia
Tujia (Northern)pu²morphemetu¹morphemesi³ ‘turtledove meat’Brassett 06 Tujia: 4.4
Tujia (Northern)sa4morphemesi3 n.‘duck meat’Brassett 04 Tujia
Tujia (Northern)sa⁴morphemesi³ ‘duck meat’Brassett 06 Tujia: 4.4
Tujia (Northern)si3mei2morpheme n.‘lean meat’Brassett 04 Tujia
Tujiasi²¹ ‘flesh / meat’Chen 86 TuBQ: 1.11
Tujiasi²¹ ‘muscle’Chen 86 TuBQ: 8.8
Tujia (Northern)si²¹ ‘meat, flesh’Tian 86
Tujiasi²¹ n‘flesh / muscle’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0128.49
Tujiasi²¹ ‘meat / flesh’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 399.38
Tujia (Northern)si²¹ mei³⁵morpheme ‘lean (meat)’Tian 86
Tujiasi²¹mɯe²¹morpheme ‘lean (meat)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 851.38
Tujiasi²¹mɯi²¹morpheme n‘meat (lean)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0444.49
Tujia (Northern)si³mei²morpheme ‘lean meat’Brassett 06 Tujia: 4.4
Tujia (Northern)si³pi²morphemesi³pai²morpheme v‘have a little meat in a meal’Brassett 06 Tujia: 4.5
Tujiasi³⁵ ‘flesh / meat’Chen 86 TuMQ: 1.11
Tujiasi³⁵ ‘muscle’Chen 86 TuMQ: 8.8
Tujia (Southern)si³⁵ ‘meat, flesh’Tian 86
Tujia (Northern)song²morphemesi³ ‘fish (meat)’Brassett 06 Tujia: 3.1
Tujia (Northern)zi4morphemesi3 n.‘pork’Brassett 04 Tujia
Tujia (Northern)zi⁴morphemesi³ ‘pork’Brassett 06 Tujia: 4.4

6.1.1Burmish121

Achang (Lianghe)ʂa³¹ ‘meat, flesh’LaPolla 87: 127
Achang (Lianghe)ʂɑ³¹ ‘meat, flesh’Dai 85 AcJZ
Achang (Longchuan)sua³¹muan⁵⁵morpheme n‘meat (lean)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0444.28
Achang (Longchuan)ʂua³¹ ‘meat, flesh’LaPolla 87: 127
Achang (Longchuan)ʂua³¹ ‘meat / flesh’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 399.41
Achang (Longchuan)ʐua³¹ ‘meat, flesh’Dai 85 AcJZ
Achang (Luxi)sa⁵⁵ ‘meat, flesh’Dai 85 AcJZ
Achang (Luxi)sa⁵⁵ ‘meat, flesh’LaPolla 87: 127
Achang (Xiandao)a³¹prefix ʂɔ³¹ ‘lean meat’Dai 89 Xian: 559
Achang (Xiandao)a³¹morphemeʂɔ³¹ n‘meat (lean)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0444.29
Bolaʃa³⁵ ‘flesh’Dai 89 Bola: 154
Bolaʃa³⁵ ‘meat’Dai 89 Bola: 554
Bola (Luxi)ʃa³⁵ n‘flesh / muscle’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0128.32
Bolaʃă³⁵ mau³⁵morpheme ‘hair (animal)’Dai 89 Bola: 316
Bolaʃă³⁵ mi³¹#1288 PTB *r-may ⪤ *m-ray ‘TAIL / PENIS’MesorootsPTani *me ~ *mjo ‘TAIL’PKC *C-may ‘TAIL’PLB *ʔ-m(r)ay² ‘TAIL’PL *ʔmri² ‘TAIL’Allofams1 #1288 PTB *r-may ⪤ *m-ray ‘TAIL / PENIS’1a #5545 PTB *r-mey ‘TAIL’ ‘tail’Bola ʃă³⁵ seems to have become a generalized body-part prefix.Dai 89 Bola: 317
Bola (Luxi)ʃă³⁵mau³⁵morpheme n‘hair / down’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0266.32
Burmese (Modern)aprefix◦sāː ‘flesh’Luce 85: T.11
Burmese (Rangoon)tɕwɛʔ⁴morphemetθɑ⁵⁵ n‘flesh / muscle’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0128.27
Burmese (Rangoon)ɑ⁵³morphemetθɑ⁵⁵ n‘meat’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0443.27
Burmese (Rangoon)ɑ⁵³morphemetθɑ⁵⁵ n‘meat (lean)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0444.27
Burmese (Spoken)ăprefix◦θa⁴ ‘flesh’Luce 85: T.11
Burmese (Spoken Rangoon)ɑprefix tθɑ⁵⁵ ‘meat / flesh’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 399.40
Burmese (Written)aprefix◦sā ‘flesh’Luce 85: T.11
Burmese (Written)ăprefix◦sà ‘flesh’Matisoff 87 BP
Burmese (Written)aprefix◦sā: ‘flesh’Marrison 67 Naga
Burmese (Written)aprefix◦sā: ‘meat’Marrison 67 Naga
Burmese (Written)aprefix◦sā⁴ ‘flesh’Luce 85: X.14
Burmese (Written)sâ ‘flesh / meat / animal’Matisoff 74 TJLB: 216
Burmese (Written)sà~ aprefix◦sà ‘meat, flesh’LaPolla 87: 127
Burmese (Written)sa◦maṅmorpheme ‘deer (sambhur)’Marrison 67 Naga
Burmese (Written)sà⪤ăprefix◦sà ‘flesh’Benedict 72 STC: 181
Burmese (Written)ɑ¹prefixthɑ³ ‘meat / flesh’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 399.39
Burmese (Written)ɑ¹morphemetθɑ³ n‘meat’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0443.26
Burmese (Written)ɑ¹morphemetθɑ³ n‘meat (lean)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0444.26
Burmese (Written)əprefix-sâ ‘flesh’Benedict 76 WBur
Danuăprefix◦θɑ² ‘flesh’Luce 85: T.11
Hpun (Northern)ăprefix◦ʃà ‘flesh’Henderson 86 Hpun
Hpun (Metjo)ăprefix◦ʃɑ⁴ ‘flesh’Luce 85: T.11
Langsu (Luxi)ʃɔ³⁵ n‘flesh / muscle’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0128.31
Langsu (Luxi)ʃɔ̆³⁵na̱k⁵⁵morpheme n‘meat (lean)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0444.31
Langsu (Luxi)ʃɔ̆³⁵tʃhik⁵⁵morpheme n‘muntjac / deer (barking)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0314.31
Lashiʃo⁵⁵ ‘flesh / meat’Dai 89 Lash: 1.11
Lashi (Lachhe')ʃɔ◦cheɪ⁴morpheme ‘barking deer’Luce 85: S.10
Leqi (Luxi)ʃo⁵⁵ n‘flesh / muscle’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0128.33
Leqi (Luxi)ʃə̆⁵⁵nə̱k⁵⁵morpheme n‘meat (lean)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0444.33
Marmaəprefix◦θá ‘flesh’Huziwara 08 Sak: 55
Marmaəprefix◦θá ‘meat’Huziwara 08 Sak: 73
Maru [Langsu]sa³⁵ khjɔ³¹morpheme ‘pulse’Dai 89 Lang: 9.3.2
Maru [Langsu]šō ‘meat / flesh’Weidert 87 TBTo: 289
Maru [Langsu]ʃo³⁵ ‘flesh / meat’Dai 89 Lang: 1.11
Maru [Langsu]ʃɔ³⁵ ‘meat / flesh’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 399.43
Taung-Yoăprefix◦θɑ⁴ ‘flesh’Luce 85: T.11
Atsi [Zaiwa]šò ‘meat / flesh’Weidert 87 TBTo: 289
Atsi [Zaiwa]ʃo²¹ ‘meat, flesh’Xu 84 Zaiwa
Atsi [Zaiwa]ʃo²¹ n‘flesh / muscle’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0128.30
Atsi [Zaiwa]ʃo²¹ ‘meat / flesh’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 399.42
Atsi [Zaiwa]ʃŏ²¹ni̱k⁵⁵morpheme n‘meat (lean)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0444.30
Atsi [Zaiwa]ʃɔ⁴ ‘flesh’Luce 85: T.11

6.1.2.1Northern Loloish79

Gazhuooa⁵³morphemesa³¹ n‘flesh / muscle’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0128.47
Gazhuosa²¹ ‘muscle’Dai 89 Gazh: 8.8
Gazhuosa²¹ pɤ²¹morpheme ‘hide / leather’Dai 89 Gazh: 8.2.6
Gazhuosa³¹ ‘meat’Dai 91 TB15
Gazhuosa³¹ ‘meat’Dai 87 Gazh
Gazhuosɑ³¹ ‘flesh, muscle’Mu 03 Gazhuo
Gazhuowa⁵³morphemesa³¹ŋ²⁴morpheme n‘meat (lean)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0444.47
Gazhuoxo³³ ‘flesh / meat’Dai 89 Gazh: 1.11
Laloxà ‘meat’Björverud 94
Laloxà-nìqmorpheme ‘lean meat’Björverud 94
Laloxa²¹ ‘meat’Chen 86 CS: 3.
Laloxɑ²¹ ‘flesh / meat’Chen 86 Yi: 1.11
Liphoxo²¹ ‘meat’Chen 86 CS: 3.
Liphoxo²¹ ‘flesh / meat’Chen 86 Yi: 1.11
Nasuxo³³ ‘meat’Chen 86 CS: 3.
Nasuxo³³ ‘flesh / meat’Chen 86 Yi: 1.11
Neisuxu³³ ‘meat’Chen 86 CS: 3.
Nesuxo³³ ‘meat’Chen 86 CS: 3.
Nesuxo³³ ‘flesh / meat’Chen 86 Yi: 1.11
Noesuxu³³ba³³morpheme ‘flesh / meat’Chen 86 Yi: 1.11
Nosuʂɯ³³ ‘meat’Chen 86 CS: 3.
Nusu (Central)ɕɑ⁵⁵ ‘meat, flesh’Sun J 86 Nusu
Nusu (Bijiang)ɕɑ⁵⁵ ‘meat / flesh’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 399.45
Nusu (Southern)ɕɔ⁵⁵ ‘meat, flesh’Sun J 86 Nusu
Nusu (Central)ʂa⁵⁵ ‘flesh’Dai 89 NusB: 154.
Nusu (Central)ʂa⁵⁵ n‘flesh / muscle’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0128.34
Nusu (Northern)ʂʰɑ⁵⁵ ‘meat, flesh’Sun J 86 Nusu
Yi (Dafang)fu³³ ‘meat, flesh’Chen 85 YiJZ
Yi (Dafang)fu³³ ‘meat / flesh’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 399.22
Yi (Liangshan)ʂɯ²¹ndi²¹morphemehi⁵⁵morphemeʦhɿ³³morpheme ‘meat, internal organs’Ma 08 Yi: index
Yi (Liangshan)ʂɯ²¹ti²¹morpheme ‘meat dishes’Ma 08 Yi: index
Yi (Liangshan)ʂɯ²¹ʑɿ³³morpheme ‘meat broth’Ma 08 Yi: index
Yi (Liangshan)ʂɯ³³dʐɯ⁵⁵morpheme ‘meat, bits of’Ma 08 Yi: index
Yi (Liangshan)ʂɯ³³fu³³morpheme ‘meat, roasted; roast (meat)’Ma 08 Yi: index
Yi (Liangshan)ʦhu³⁴morphemeʂɯ³³ ‘meat, fatty’Ma 08 Yi: index
Yi (Mile)pᴀ³³morphemexo²¹ ‘meat / flesh’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 399.25
Yi (Mojiang)xo³³ ‘meat / flesh’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 399.26
Yi (Nanhua)xo²¹ n‘flesh / muscle’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0128.37
Yi (Nanhua)xo²¹ ‘meat / flesh’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 399.24
Yi (Nanhua)xo²¹ȵi³³morpheme n‘meat (lean)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0444.37
Yi (Nanjian)xɑ²¹ ‘meat, flesh’Chen 85 YiJZ
Yi (Nanjian)xɑ²¹ ‘meat / flesh’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 399.23
Yi (Weishan)xɑ²¹ n‘flesh / muscle’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0128.36
Yi (Weishan)xɑ²¹nɪ̱²¹morpheme n‘meat (lean)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0444.36
Yi (Xide)ʂɯ²¹-sɿ²¹morpheme ‘muscle’Chen 79 YiCh
Yi (Xide)ʂɯ²¹-sɿ²¹morpheme ‘muscles’Chen 79 YiCh
Yi (Xide)ʂɯ³³ ‘meat’Chen 79 YiCh
Yi (Xide)ʂɯ³³ ‘meat, flesh’Chen 85 YiJZ
Yi (Xide)ʂɯ³³ n‘flesh / muscle’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0128.35
Yi (Xide)ʂɯ³³ ‘meat / flesh’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 399.21

6.1.2.2Central Loloish85

Ahipɑ³³morpheme xo²¹ ‘flesh / meat’Luo 90: 1.11
Ahixo²¹ ‘meat’Chen 86 CS: 3.
Ahixo²¹ ‘flesh / meat’Chen 86 Yi: 1.11
Ahixo²¹ tɕi²²morpheme ‘muscle’Luo 90: 8.8
Jinuo (Baya/Banai)a⁴⁴prefix ʃɔ⁴⁴ ‘flesh’Dai 89 JinA: 159
Jinuoa⁴⁴prefixʃɔ⁴⁴ n‘flesh / muscle’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0128.44
Jinuo (Youle)ɑ⁴⁴morpheme ʃɔ⁴⁴ ‘muscle’Gai 86
Jinuo (Baka)ʃo⁴⁴ ‘flesh’Dai 89 JinB: 159
Kucongsa35 ‘meat’Dai 09 Kucong
Kucongsa35 tɕi33morpheme nɔ31morpheme ‘lean meat’Dai 09 Kucong
Lahusà ‘meat / flesh’Weidert 87 TBTo: 289
Lahu (Lancang)ɔ³¹prefixɕɑ¹¹ n‘flesh / muscle’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0128.43
Lahu (Lancang)ɔ³¹prefixɕɑ¹¹ n‘meat’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0443.43
Lahu (Lancang)ɔ³¹prefixɕɑ¹¹ n‘meat (lean)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0444.43
Lahu (Black)aw˯prefix shɑ ‘flesh’Luce 85: T.11
Lahu (Black)šā ‘flesh / meat / animal’Matisoff 74 TJLB: 216
Lahu (Black)sa¹¹ ‘meat, flesh’Chang 86
Lahu (Black)sᴀ¹¹ ‘meat / flesh’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 399.33
Lahu (Black)ɔ̀prefix-šā-dìmorpheme ‘muscle’Matisoff 87 BP
Lahu (Black)ɔ̀prefix-šā-dɔ̂morpheme ‘muscle’Matisoff 87 BP
Lahu (Yellow)saʔ²¹ ‘meat, flesh’Chang 86
Lahu (Yellow)ɔ³¹prefix saʔ²¹ ‘meat, flesh’Chang 86
Lahu (Banlan)shaˍ ‘muscle / meat’Bradley 79 Lahu: 135
Lisu (Northern)dɔʔ²¹morphemehwa²¹ ‘poisoned flesh (flesh around poisoned arrow wound)’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)dɔʔ²¹morphemehwa²¹ tʃhɿ²¹morpheme ‘cut off flesh (take out poisoned flesh with a knife)’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)hwa²¹ N‘meat; animal; prey; muscle, body’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)hwa²¹ tsi³⁵morpheme ‘hold meat in the mouth’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)hwa²¹bɤ³³morphemeɤ²¹morpheme n‘portion of meat (the share for each)’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)hwa²¹dʒu³³morpheme ‘dried meat’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)hwa²¹fy⁵⁵morpheme dza²¹morpheme ‘eat only meat (no rice)’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)hwa²¹hɤ²¹morpheme ‘dried meat floss’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)hwa²¹hɤ²¹morpheme hwa²¹bæ³³morpheme ‘bits of meat (odds and ends left after cutting)’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)hwa²¹kɔ⁵⁵morphemekɔ²¹morpheme ‘stewed meat’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)hwa²¹kɯ⁵⁵morpheme ‘minced meat’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)hwa²¹næʔ²¹morpheme ‘lean meat; muscle’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)hwa²¹thɔ³⁵morphemethi³³morpheme ‘wood stump for chopping meat; chopping board’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)hwa²¹tʃhu³³morpheme ‘roast meat; barbecued meat’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)hwa²¹tʃhɿ²¹morpheme ‘rotten meat’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)hwa²¹ɕɯ³³morpheme ‘meat (meat used at wedding party)’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisuhwa⁵ ‘meat’Bradley 79 PLo: 135
Lisu (Central)hwa⁵ ‘flesh’Fraser 22
Lisu (Central)hwa⁵ ‘meat’Fraser 22
Lisu (Putao)hwɑ⁵ ‘flesh’Luce 85: T.11
Lisu (Northern)ji⁵⁵morphemehwa²¹ V‘made of flesh’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)ji⁵⁵morphemehwa²¹ næʔ²¹morpheme N‘lean meat’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Nujiang)xuɑ³¹ ‘meat, flesh, animal’Xu 86 Lisu
Lisuxuɑ³¹ ‘meat / flesh’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 399.27
Lisuxuɑ³¹nɛ̱³¹ n‘meat (lean)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0444.40
Lisuxuɑ³¹tshɯ³³ n‘animal oil’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0447.40
Lisuxwà ‘meat / flesh’Weidert 87 TBTo: 289
Lisu (Northern)ŋwa³³morpheme hwa²¹ bɯ⁴⁴morphemeɤ²¹morpheme ‘my share of meat’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)ɔ³³morphememɤ²¹morphemehwa²¹ ‘fatty pork’Bradley 94 Lisu
Yi (Sani)sz̩⁵⁵morphemexɒ³³ n‘flesh / muscle’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0128.39
Sani [Nyi]xa²¹ ‘meat’Chen 86 CS: 3.
Sani [Nyi]xɑ²¹ ‘flesh / meat’Chen 86 Yi: 1.11
Sani [Nyi]xɑ²¹si²¹morpheme ‘muscle’Chen 86 Yi: 8.8
Sani [Nyi]xɑ¹¹ ‘meat’Ma 89 SanQ: 329.2
Sani [Nyi]xɒ²¹ ‘flesh, meat’Wu 84
Sani [Nyi]xɒ²¹si²¹morpheme ‘muscle’Wu 84
Yi (Sani)xɒ¹¹bæ³³morpheme n‘meat (lean)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0444.39

6.1.2.3Southern Loloish65

Akhašà◦jímorpheme ‘meat / flesh’Weidert 87 TBTo: 289
Akhashà-pɔ̀ʔmorpheme ‘lung’Matisoff 78 VSTB: 1c
Akhasha˯ zawˆmorpheme ‘lymph gland / gland in groin’Matisoff 87 BP
Akhasha˯◦paw˰morpheme ‘lung’Matisoff 87 BP
Akhasjhà ‘meat’Hansson 89 AHKP: 81
Akha (Yunnan)sjhà djímorpheme ‘meat’Hansson 89 AHKP: 81
Akha (Thai)sjhà-djímorpheme ‘meat’Hansson 89 AHKP: 81
Hani (Dazhai)sa³¹ ‘meat, flesh’Li Yongsui 86 Hani
Hani (Dazhai)sa³¹ ‘meat / flesh’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 399.31
Hani (Lüchun)sa³¹ȵi⁵⁵morpheme n‘meat (lean)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0444.41
Hani (Lüchun)ȵi⁵⁵morphemedzu³³morphemesa³¹ n‘flesh / muscle’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0128.41
Hani (Caiyuan)sɔ³¹ ‘meat, flesh’Li Yongsui 86 Hani
Hani (Caiyuan)sɔ³¹ ‘meat / flesh’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 399.30
Hani (Gelanghe)ɕa³¹ dʑi⁵⁵morpheme ‘meat, flesh’Li Yongsui 86 Hani
Hani (Gelanghe)ɕa³¹ pɔ̱³¹morpheme ‘lung’Li Yongsui 86 Hani
Hani (Shuikui)ʃɔ³¹ ‘meat, flesh’Li Yongsui 86 Hani
Hani (Shuikui)ʃɔ³¹; ja³¹morphemeʃɔ³¹ ‘meat / flesh’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 399.32
Hani (Khatu)àprefix◦tsá ‘meat’Hansson 89 AHKP: 81
Hani (Mojiang)tʃɛ³¹zɔ³¹morpheme n‘livestock / animal (domestic)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0253.42
Hani (Mojiang)ʃɔ³¹tshɿ⁵⁵morpheme n‘flesh / muscle’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0128.42
Mpisɑ²pɑʔ²morpheme ‘meat’Srinuan 76
Mpisɑ⁶kɯ⁴morpheme ‘cracklings (fried pig skin)’Srinuan 76
Mpiʔɑ²prefixso² ‘meat’Bradley 79 PLo
Mpiʔɑ²prefixso² ‘flesh’Srinuan 76
Mpiʔɑ²prefix◦so² ‘meat’Hansson 89 AHKP: 81
Pyenʔaŋ33morpheme sa31 ‘flesh’Shintani 09 Pyen: 131009

6.2Naxi24

Laze (Xiangjiao)ʂɯ˥ dʑy˧dʑy˧ hĩ ‘raw meat’also contains *dz(y)imsuffixMichaud 06 NaLaze: 793
Laze (Xiangjiao)ʂɯ˥dy˥morpheme ‘fat (person)’Michaud 06 NaLaze: 3374
Laze (Xiangjiao)ʂɯ˥nɑ˥#44 PTB *s-na ‘LEAN (MEAT)’ ‘muscle, lean meat, lean (meat)’[Source note] “meat”+”black”.Michaud 06 NaLaze: 356
Laze (Xiangjiao)ʂɯ˥pʰv˥morpheme ‘fat meat; fat (meat)’[Source note] “meat”+”white” (with tone change)Michaud 06 NaLaze: 795
Laze (Xiangjiao)ʂɯ˥sɑ˥morphemepʰv˥morphememie˥morpheme ‘meat of the posterior limbs of cattle’Michaud 06 NaLaze: 798
Laze (Xiangjiao)ʂɯ˧lɑ˥morphememi˩morpheme ‘cooked meat’Michaud 06 NaLaze: 792
Na (Yongning)æ˩morphemeʂe˩ ‘muscle’Michaud 06 NaLaze
Na (Yongning)ʂe˥ ‘meat, flesh’Michaud 06 NaLaze
Na (Yongning)ʂe˧ sɯ˧morphemesɯ˥morpheme ‘raw meat’Michaud 06 NaLaze
Na (Yongning)ʂe˧di˩morpheme ‘fat (person)’Michaud 06 NaLaze
Na (Yongning)ʂe˧pv˩morpheme ‘cured meat; bacon’Michaud 06 NaLaze
Na (Yongning)ʂe˧sɑ˩morpheme ‘meat of the posterior limbs of cattle’Michaud 06 NaLaze
Naxi (Eastern)ʂe³³ ‘meat, flesh’He 85
Naxi (Yongning)ʂe³³ ‘meat / flesh’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 399.29
Naxi (Western)ʂɯ³³ ‘meat, flesh’He 85
Naxi (Lijiang)ʂɯ³³ ‘meat / flesh’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 399.28
Naxiʂɿ³³ n‘flesh / muscle’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0128.45

9.0.1Old Chinese2

Cite this entry

STEDT etymon #34, *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’.
Stable link: https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/34
Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].
References: STC#181, GSR 386a-c, HPTB p.448
BibTeX
@misc{stedt-34,
  title  = {{*sya-n 'FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL'}},
  author = {STEDT},
  year   = {2017},
  note   = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #34},
  url    = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/34}
}