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STEDT #596

*m/s-k-rəy

SKIN
Proto-Tibeto-Burman

Reconstruction analysis

handlerayinitialk-rrhymeəy-k/tcoverK · VWT

Intermediate reconstructions

Tamangish*ᴬɖi ‘SKIN’
Lolo-Burmese*m-k-rəy¹ ‘SKIN / OUTER COVERING’

Connections

HPTB (PLB)*m-k-rəy¹ ‘skin / outer covering’p. 189

Notes

The nasal prefix is well-attested in Loloish and Qiangic. It appears overtly in many Northern Loloish languages, and indirectly in e.g. the Lahu voiced initial.

Reflexes & cognates310 reflexes · 22 subgroups

1.1.2Deng1

Idutia³⁵morphemendze⁵⁵ ‘lip’Idu tia³⁵ occurs also in tia³⁵pɹa³⁵ ‘tooth’.Sun H 91 IduQ: 3.9

1.2.1.1Northern Chin2

Tiddimˊciː n‘skin’Henderson 65 TidC
Tiddimˊciː ‘skin’Matisoff 87 BP

1.3.2Angami-Pochuri Group5

Angami (Kohima)uprefix◦zhü ‘skin’Marrison 67 Naga
Chokri(u)prefix yi³¹ ‘skin’Nienu 90 ChoQ: 8.2
Khezhaʼèprefix◦ži ‘skin’Yabu 94 Khö: 8.2

1.3.3Zeme Group5

Khoiraotaprefix◦ghi ‘skin’Khoirao gh is a voiced velar fricative.Marrison 67 Naga
Liangmeipamorpheme◦gih ‘skin’Marrison 67 Naga
Maramtuprefix◦gi ‘skin’Marrison 67 Naga
Rongmei / Nruanghmeikaprefix◦gi ‘skin’Marrison 67 Naga

1.3.4Tangkhulic2

Tangkhulāprefix-hui ‘skin’Matisoff 87 BP
Tangkhul¹əprefix³hui ‘skin’The development posited here is *kr > *hr > h.Weidert 87 TBTo: 170

2.1.2.1Tibetan3

Tibetan (Written)skyi ‘scales / outer skin’Luce 85: X.41
Tibetan (Written)skyi-momorpheme ‘skin’Zhang Liansheng 88: 49

2.1.4Tamangish27

*TGTMᴬɖi / (ᴬɖwi) ‘skin’Chantyal (Tamangic) chala is a borrowng from Indo-Aryan. See also kəpal-ye chala, lit. “head-skin”.Mazaudon 78 Tam: 42
Gurung (Ghachok)māmorpheme◦diq ‘lip’Matisoff 87 BP
Gurung (Ghachok)mamorpheme◦diq ‘lip’Glover 72 GuVo: 2.A.25
Manang (Ngawal)³ʈi ‘skin’We are assuming a Tamangic development of *kr > retroflex stop.Mazaudon 78 Tam: 42

2.3.4Western Kiranti1

3.1Tangut4

Tangut [Xixia]nprefix◦dzɪ¹ ‘skin’Sofronov 97
Tangut [Xixia]nprefix◦dɪ̯wạ¹ ‘skin’Sofronov 97
Tangut [Xixia]ʔu#385 PTB *d-bu-s ‘HEAD / CENTER / SENIOR MALE RELATIVE / UNCLE’MesorootsPKC *ʔuu ‘ELDER SIBLING’Allofams1 #385 PTB *d-bu-s ‘HEAD / CENTER / SENIOR MALE RELATIVE / UNCLE’1a #1223 PTB *du ‘HEAD’ ndzɪ ‘scalp’Dai 89 Xixi: 2.8

3.2Qiangic56

Guiqiongɕi⁵³ ‘skin’Sun H 91 GuiQ
Lyuzun-gəʴ³⁵ n‘skin’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0265.18
Lyuzungaʴ³³pi⁵³morpheme n‘skin’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0120.18
Muyarə³³mbɐ⁵³morpheme n‘skin’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0120.15
Muya [Minyak]ʐɯ³⁵mbɐ⁵³morpheme ‘skin’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 266.15
Namuyiəʴ⁵⁵morphemeʂɿ³³ ‘skin’Sun H 91 NamQ: 8.2
Namuyiəʴ⁵⁵morphemeʂɿ³³ ‘skin’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 266.19
Namuyiəʴ⁵⁵morphemeʂɿ³¹ n‘skin’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0120.46
Pumi (Jiulong)khɯ¹¹morpheme ʐɿ⁵⁵n̥ỹ⁵⁵morpheme v‘skin (cattle)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1144.10
Pumi (Qinghua)ʐɤ¹³ ‘skin’Lu 83 Pumi
Pumi (Taoba)rə⁵³ ‘skin’Lu 83 Pumi
Qiang (Longxi)(ɹà) qhúmorpheme ‘shed (skin)’Evans 99 Qiang: 2429
Qiang (Longxi)də̀morpheme piámorpheme-ɹà piámorpheme ‘pod [bean-skin]’Evans 99 Qiang: 559
Qiang (Longxi)zuàmorpheme-ɹà ‘bran (wheat) [wheat-skin]’Evans 99 Qiang: 615
Qiang (Mawo)ɹɛ qɛmorpheme v‘skin (cattle)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1144.08
Qiang (Mianchi)duɛ́morpheme-ʐà ‘lip [mouth-skin]’Evans 99 Qiang: 111
Qiang (Mianchi)ʐà piá#590 PTB *p(y)ik ‘SKIN / PEEL’PKar *pheɁᴰ ‘BARK (n.), LEATHER, SKIN’-phàmorpheme dʐàmorpheme ‘leather jacket (Qiang vest) [skin-vest]’Evans 99 Qiang: 647
Qiang (Taoping)tʃhɿ³¹pa³³suffix ‘skin’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 266.9
Qiang (Taoping)tʃʰɿ³¹ pa³³suffix ‘skin’Sun H 81 Qia
Qiang (Taoping)ʐa⁵⁵ pa⁵⁵suffix ‘hide / skin / leather’Sun H 81 Qia
Queyu (Xinlong)ri¹³morphemeriɛ³³ n‘skin’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0265.13
Xumihĩ⁵³morphemequa³³morphemetʂɿ³³ n‘skin’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0120.17
Xumiɣɐ³⁵ ‘skin’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 266.20
Xumiβɛ³³morpheme rɿ⁵⁵ ‘hide / leather’Sun H 91 ShiQ

3.3.1rGyalrong22

rGyalrongtəprefix ndʐi ‘skin’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 266.12
rGyalrongtəprefix ndʑi ‘skin’Dai 89 Jiar: 8.2
rGyalrongtəprefix nprefix◦dʑi ‘hide / leather’Dai 89 Jiar: 8.2.6
Caodengtə́prefix-ndʒi n‘skin’Sun J 97 Cao
rGyalrong (Eastern)təprefix◦ndʐi ‘hide / leather (dried animal skin)’Sun H 91 rEQ: 8.2.6
rGyalrong (Northern)təprefix◦ndʐi ‘skin’Sun H 91 rNQ: 8.2
rGyalrong (Northern)təprefix◦ndʐi ‘hide / leather (dried animal skin)’Sun H 91 rNQ: 8.2.6
rGyalrong (NW)təprefix◦ndʒə ‘hide / leather (dried animal skin)’Sun H 91 rNW: 8.2.6
rGyalrong (NW)təprefix◦ɕemorpheme ndʒə ‘skin’Sun H 91 rNW: 8.2
rGyalrongtAprefix Ndru ‘skin’Nagano 97 GyQ: 8.2
Shilitəprefix-ndʒə n‘skin’Sun J 97 Shi

6.1Lolo-Burmese1

*Lolo-Burmesem-k-rəy¹ ‘skin / outer covering’Matisoff 03 HPTB: 610

6.1.1Burmish47

Achang (Lianghe)ɑ³¹prefix ɯ⁵⁵ ‘skin’Dai 85 AcJZ
Achang (Longchuan)a³¹prefix ʐɿ⁵⁵ ‘skin’Dai 85 AcJZ
Achang (Longchuan)a³¹prefixʐɿ⁵⁵ n‘skin’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0265.28
Achang (Longchuan)a³¹prefixʐɿ⁵⁵ ‘skin’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 266.41
Achang (Luxi)a³¹prefix ɯ³¹ ‘skin’Dai 85 AcJZ
Achang (Xiandao)a³¹prefix ʐʅ⁵⁵ ‘skin’Dai 89 Xian: 147
Achang (Xiandao)a³¹prefix ʐʅ⁵⁵ ‘skin (animal)’Dai 89 Xian: 315
Achang (Xiandao)a³¹prefixʐɿ⁵⁵ n‘skin’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0265.29
Arakanese-krì ‘scale’Okell 71
Burmese (Modern)aprefix◦re³ ‘skin’Luce 85: S.16
Burmese (Rangoon)ɑ⁵³prefixje²² n‘skin’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0265.27
Burmese (Rangoon)ɑ⁵³prefixtɕe⁵⁵ Nbp‘scale’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0352.27
Burmese (Rangoon)ɑ⁵³prefixtθɑ⁵⁵morphemeɑ⁵³prefixje²² n‘skin’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0120.27
Burmese (Spoken)ăprefix◦ye³ ‘skin’Luce 85: S.16
Burmese (Spoken Rangoon)ɑprefix tθɑ⁵⁵morpheme◦ɑprefix je²² ‘skin’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 266.40
Burmese (Written)(pûnmorpheme-)liŋloanword-ʔəre-prâ#792 PTB *p(r/y)a ‘SKIN’ ‘foreskin’WB pûn ‘hide (v.)’; -liŋ- is a borrowing from Sanskrit lingam ‘private parts, penis’.Matisoff 87 BP
Burmese (Written)-kre: ‘scale’Okell 71
Burmese (Written)aprefix◦re ‘skin’Marrison 67 Naga
Burmese (Written)aprefix◦riy ‘skin’Luce 85: S.16
Burmese (Written)ɑ¹prefixthɑ³morphemeɑ¹prefixre² ‘skin’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 266.39
Burmese (Written)ɑ¹prefixtθɑ³morphemeɑ¹prefixre² n‘skin’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0120.26
Burmese (Written)əprefix-krê ‘scales of fish’Benedict 76 WBur
Burmese (Written)əprefix-re ‘skin ( cf. ə-krê )’Benedict 76 WBur
Burmese (Written)ʔəprefix-krê ‘scales (of fish)’Matisoff 87 BP
Burmese (Written)ʔəprefix-pawmorpheme-sâmorpheme-re ‘epidermis, cuticle, scarfskin’Matisoff 87 BP
Burmese (Written)ʔəprefix-re ‘skin’Matisoff 87 BP
Danuăprefix◦ye⁴ ‘skin’Luce 85: S.16
Hpun (Metjo)ăprefix◦ʀih¹ ‘skin’Luce 85: S.16
Hpun (Northern)ăprefix◦ʀìʼ, ăprefix◦ʀíʼ ‘skin’Henderson 86 Hpun
Intha-cì ‘scale’Okell 71
Marmaəprefix◦krí ‘scale (of fish)’Huziwara 08 Sak: 317-2
Taung-Yoăprefix◦ye⁴ ‘skin’Luce 85: S.16
Tavoyan-ceì ‘scale’Okell 71

6.1.2Loloish2

Lolophodʑi³³ ‘skin’Dai 89 Lolo: 8.2

6.1.2.1Northern Loloish46

Lalogɯ⁵⁵ ‘skin’Chen 86 CS: 48.
Lalogɯ⁵⁵ ‘skin’Chen 86 Yi: 8.2
Lalogɯ⁵⁵ ‘hide / leather (dried animal skin)’Chen 86 Yi: 8.2.6
Liphodzi³³ ‘skin’Chen 86 CS: 48.
Nasundʑi²¹ ‘skin’Chen 86 CS: 48.
Nasunprefix◦dʑʰi²¹ ‘skin’Chen 86 Yi: 8.2
Nasunprefix◦dʑʰi²¹ ‘hide / leather’Chen 86 Yi: 8.2.6
Neisundʑi²¹ ‘skin’Chen 86 CS: 48.
Nesudzɿ⁵⁵ ‘skin’Chen 86 Yi: 8.2
Nesudzɿ⁵⁵ ‘hide / leather (dried animal skin)’Chen 86 Yi: 8.2.6
Nesudʑi²¹ ‘skin’Chen 86 CS: 48.
Noesundʑi²¹ ‘skin’Chen 86 Yi: 8.2
Nosundʑi³³ ‘skin’Chen 86 CS: 48.
Yi (Dafang)nprefix◦dʑi²¹ ‘skin’Chen 85 YiJZ
Yi (Nanjian)gɯ⁵⁵ tʂu̱²¹morpheme ‘skin’Chen 85 YiJZ

6.1.2.2Central Loloish67

Ahii³³morpheme tɕi²² ‘skin’Luo 90: 8.2
Ahii³³morpheme tɕi²² ‘hide / leather (dried animal skin)’Luo 90: 8.2.6
Ahio⁵⁵#385 PTB *d-bu-s ‘HEAD / CENTER / SENIOR MALE RELATIVE / UNCLE’MesorootsPKC *ʔuu ‘ELDER SIBLING’Allofams1 #385 PTB *d-bu-s ‘HEAD / CENTER / SENIOR MALE RELATIVE / UNCLE’1a #1223 PTB *du ‘HEAD’ tɕi²² ‘scalp’Lit. “head-skin”.Luo 90: 2.8
Lolo (Ni)tchè ‘skin’Luce 85: S.16
Ahitɕi² ‘skin’Chen 86 CS: 48.
Ahixo²¹morphemetɕi²² ‘skin’Chen 86 Yi: 8.2
Jinuo (Youle)ɑ⁴⁴prefix ki⁴⁴ ‘scales’Gai 86
Lahu (Black)aw˯prefix gui˯ ‘skin’Luce 85: S.16
Lahu (Black)ɔ̀#5450 PTB *ʔa(ŋ/k)- ‘NOUN PREFIX’-gɨ̀-mə̂morpheme ‘foreskin’Lahu mə̂ ‘tip’.Matisoff 87 BP
Lahu (Black)ɔ³¹prefix gɯ³¹ ‘hide’Chang 86
Lahu (Black)ɔ³¹prefix gɯ³¹ ‘skin’Chang 86
Lahu (Yellow)ɔ³¹prefix gɯ³¹ ‘hide’Chang 86
Lahu (Yellow)ɔ³¹prefix gɯ³¹ ‘skin’Chang 86
Lisu (Northern)hwa²¹#589 PTB *kwa ‘SKIN’dʑi⁴⁴ N‘fur; leather; skin of an animal’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)hwa²¹#589 PTB *kwa ‘SKIN’dʑi⁴⁴ ɔ⁵⁵prefixtʃhu²¹morpheme ‘fur hat’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)hwa²¹#589 PTB *kwa ‘SKIN’kɔ³⁵morphemedʑi⁴⁴ ‘skin of an animal’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)hɔ²¹morphemebi⁴⁴morphemedʑi⁴⁴ ‘skin of flying squirrel’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisuji⁴ ‘skin’Bradley 79 PLo: 134
Lisuji⁴ ‘skin’Matisoff 87 BP
Lisu (Central)ji⁴ n.‘hide (skin of animal)’Fraser 22
Lisu (Central)ji⁴ ‘skin’Fraser 22
Lisu (Northern)tʃhɿʔ²¹morphemena⁵⁵morphemedʑi⁴⁴ ‘skin of wether’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Putao)yi¹morphemedje⁴ ‘skin’Luce 85: S.16
Sani [Nyi]tsɥ³³ ‘skin’Ma 89 SanQ: 348.5
Sani [Nyi]tʂi³³ ‘skin’Chen 86 CS: 48.
Sani [Nyi]tʂi³³ ‘skin’Chen 86 Yi: 8.2
Sani [Nyi]tʂi³³ ‘hide, skin’Wu 84
Sani [Nyi]ɪ²¹morpheme pɪ³³#792 PTB *p(r/y)a ‘SKIN’ qɤ⁵⁵morpheme tʂʅ³³ ‘skin of belly’Wu 84: 313.4

6.1.2.3Southern Loloish9

Hani (Caiyuan)ɔ³¹prefix tɕi⁵⁵ ‘skin’Li Yongsui 86 Hani
Hani (Caiyuan)ɔ³¹prefixtsi⁵⁵ ‘skin’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 266.30

8Bai2

Bai (Bijiang)tɕui³³ qɑ̱⁴⁴suffix ‘skin’Xu 84 Bai
Bai (Bijiang)tɕui³³qɑ⁵⁵morpheme ‘skin’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 266.37

Cite this entry

STEDT etymon #596, *m/s-k-rəy ‘SKIN’.
Stable link: https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/596
Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].
BibTeX
@misc{stedt-596,
  title  = {{*m/s-k-rəy 'SKIN'}},
  author = {STEDT},
  year   = {2017},
  note   = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #596},
  url    = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/596}
}