STEDT #586
*s/r-kawk ⪤ *s/r-kwak
OUTER COVERING / SKIN / BARK / RIND
Reconstruction analysis
handler/s-prefixr/s)initialkrhymeok ⪤ (r/coverK · LT
Intermediate reconstructions
Connections
HPTB (PLB)*ʔ-gukᴸ ‘outer covering / bark (n.) / rind / skin’p. 378
HPTB*kok ‘outer covering / bark (n.) / rind / skin’pp. 378, 514
Notes
See *kok STC #342 and n. 229. The allofam with medial labial is reconstructed on the basis of the Chourasya, Thulung, and rGyalrong forms. The r- prefix is reconstructed based on the rGyalrong forms. The initial reflexes of this etymon vary from k- to h-.
The WB form cannot descend from the variant with medial *-wa-, since that would have given WB -wa-.
Chinese comparanda
革 OC *kɛk, GSR #931a-b ‘hide, skin’; WHB-OC #1325; Li 1971: *krək; Baxter 1992: *krɨk > Mand. gé ‘leather’.
The reconstructed PTB form has a rounded element, reflected either in the main vowel (*o) or in the medial (*w). The Chinese form must be reconstructed without a rounded element. The correspondences of initial consonant, main vowel, and final consonant are regular (including the vowel correspondence PTB *a : OC *ə).
Generally, we expect to see OC medial *-r- corresponding to PTB *-r-. However, there are some proposed cognates in which PTB prefixal *r- before velars appears to correspond to medial *-r- in OC, for example PTB *r-kang ‘shin’: OC 胻 *grangs ‘shinbone’, Mand. héng (for more details, see Handel 2009:188, 190-1). Whether this indicates that metathesis has taken place in one or both languages, or that additional variants of the root existed, is not clear.
鞹 OC *k’wɑ̂k, GSR #774h-i ‘leather’; Coblin 86:134 ST *khwak > OC *khwak; Schuessler 2007:341 *khwâk; B & S 2011: (*kʷʰˁak); Mand. kuò.
Reflexes & cognates201 reflexes · 30 subgroups
0Sino-Tibetan (previously published reconstructions)1
0.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)10
1.1.1Tani1
1.1.1.1Western Tani21
Apatani(aprefix-lo#238 PTB *g-r(w/y)a(ŋ/k) ‘BONE / SKELETON’PTani *loŋ ‘BONE’) jamorpheme-kʰrju ‘skeleton’Sun J 93 Tani
Apatanipàmorpheme-pu#1654 PTB *pu ‘EGG’MesorootsPTani *pɯ ‘EGG’Allofams1 #1168 PTB *pʷu ‘EGG / BIRD / ROUND OBJECT’1a #301 PTB *ʔu ‘EGG / BIRD’1b #1654 PTB *pu ‘EGG’1c #1275 PTB *pu ‘BALL / EGG / ROUND OBJECT’ pamorpheme-xu ‘egg shell’Sun J 93 Tani
Apatanitàprefix-no#6109 PTB *nyu ‘SNAIL’PTani *n(y)o ‘SNAIL’ pàmorpheme-xu ‘snail shell’Sun J 93 Tani
Bengnisiŋ#2658 PTB *si(ŋ/k) ‘TREE / WOOD / FIREWOOD’PTani *sɯŋ ‘WOOD / TREE’PKC *thiŋ ‘TREE / WOOD’PCN *siŋ ‘WOOD’PTk *tʰiŋ ‘WOOD’TGTM *ᴮsiŋ ‘TREE’PKir *siŋ ‘TREE’PLB *sikᴴ ⪤ *siŋ ‘TREE’-pin#591 PTB *pʷ(i/u)(l/n) ‘SKIN’PTani *pɯn ‘SKIN’PKC *wun ‘SKIN (n.) / LEATHER’PTk *hol ‘SKIN / BARK’PNN *s-wun ⪤ *wur ‘SKIN / FLESH’ kuk-linmorpheme ‘peel (e.g. bark)’Sun J 93 Tani
Bengnisiŋ#2658 PTB *si(ŋ/k) ‘TREE / WOOD / FIREWOOD’PTani *sɯŋ ‘WOOD / TREE’PKC *thiŋ ‘TREE / WOOD’PCN *siŋ ‘WOOD’PTk *tʰiŋ ‘WOOD’TGTM *ᴮsiŋ ‘TREE’PKir *siŋ ‘TREE’PLB *sikᴴ ⪤ *siŋ ‘TREE’-pin#591 PTB *pʷ(i/u)(l/n) ‘SKIN’PTani *pɯn ‘SKIN’PKC *wun ‘SKIN (n.) / LEATHER’PTk *hol ‘SKIN / BARK’PNN *s-wun ⪤ *wur ‘SKIN / FLESH’ kuk-luːmorpheme ‘peel and fall off’Sun J 93 Tani
Bengniɯprefix-siŋ#2658 PTB *si(ŋ/k) ‘TREE / WOOD / FIREWOOD’PTani *sɯŋ ‘WOOD / TREE’PKC *thiŋ ‘TREE / WOOD’PCN *siŋ ‘WOOD’PTk *tʰiŋ ‘WOOD’TGTM *ᴮsiŋ ‘TREE’PKir *siŋ ‘TREE’PLB *sikᴴ ⪤ *siŋ ‘TREE’ kamorpheme-kuk ‘bark’Sun J 93 Tani
1.1.1.2Eastern Tani2
1.2.1.1Northern Chin2
1.2.4“Old Kuki”1
1.5Mikir [Karbi]1
1.7.1.1Bodo1
1.7.1.3Koch1
1.7.3.1Jingpho3
Jingphomjiʔ³¹#681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’MesorootsPCN *mjak ⪤ *hmik ‘EYE’PLB *s-myak ‘EYE’Allofams1 #33 PTB *s-myak ⪤ *s-mik ‘EYE’1a #682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’1b #681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’ ko̱³³ mun³³#363 PTB *s/r-mul ⪤ *s-mil ⪤ *s-myal ‘HAIR / FUR / FEATHER’MesorootsPKC *mul ⪤ *hmul ‘HAIR (body) / FUR / WOOL’Allofams1 #363 PTB *s/r-mul ⪤ *s-mil ⪤ *s-myal ‘HAIR / FUR / FEATHER’1a #1429 PTB *s-mu-t ‘BEARD / FACIAL HAIR / HAIR’1b #2058 PTB *mum ‘CHIN / BEARD’ ‘eyebrow’Liu 84
Jingphomyìʔ#682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’MesorootsPTani *mik ‘EYE’PKC *mik ‘EYE’PKC *mik-kuu-I, -kuk-II ‘SLEEPY’PCN *mjak ⪤ *hmik ‘EYE’PTk *mik ‘EYE’PTk *mit ‘EYE’TGTM *ᴮʰmiː(ŋ) ‘EYE’Allofams1 #33 PTB *s-myak ⪤ *s-mik ‘EYE’1a #682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’1b #681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’ kaw ‘brow ridge; supraorbital ridge’Matisoff 87 BP
Jingphomyìʔ#682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’MesorootsPTani *mik ‘EYE’PKC *mik ‘EYE’PKC *mik-kuu-I, -kuk-II ‘SLEEPY’PCN *mjak ⪤ *hmik ‘EYE’PTk *mik ‘EYE’PTk *mit ‘EYE’TGTM *ᴮʰmiː(ŋ) ‘EYE’Allofams1 #33 PTB *s-myak ⪤ *s-mik ‘EYE’1a #682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’1b #681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’ kaw-mun#363 PTB *s/r-mul ⪤ *s-mil ⪤ *s-myal ‘HAIR / FUR / FEATHER’MesorootsPKC *mul ⪤ *hmul ‘HAIR (body) / FUR / WOOL’Allofams1 #363 PTB *s/r-mul ⪤ *s-mil ⪤ *s-myal ‘HAIR / FUR / FEATHER’1a #1429 PTB *s-mu-t ‘BEARD / FACIAL HAIR / HAIR’1b #2058 PTB *mum ‘CHIN / BEARD’ ‘eyebrow’Matisoff 87 BP
2Himalayish3
2.1.2.1Tibetan7
2.3Kiranti3
Kharmilesa#34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’MesorootsPKC *sʰaa ‘ANIMAL / FLESH / MEAT’PCN *a-ʃaʔ ‘ANIMAL / MEAT, FLESH’PTk *sa ‘FLESH / MEAT / ANIMAL’Allofams1 #5711 PTB *sya-n ⪤ *sin ‘FLESH / ANIMAL / BODY / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’1a #34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’1b #318 PTB *sin ‘BODY / OWNER / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’◦ko ‘skin’Weidert 87 TBTo: 170
2.3.1Eastern Kiranti10
2.3.2Southern Kiranti11
Bantawasa#34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’MesorootsPKC *sʰaa ‘ANIMAL / FLESH / MEAT’PCN *a-ʃaʔ ‘ANIMAL / MEAT, FLESH’PTk *sa ‘FLESH / MEAT / ANIMAL’Allofams1 #5711 PTB *sya-n ⪤ *sin ‘FLESH / ANIMAL / BODY / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’1a #34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’1b #318 PTB *sin ‘BODY / OWNER / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’-hok◦wasuffix ‘leather’Rai 84 BnDc: 62
2.3.4Western Kiranti18
Bahingsiŋ#2658 PTB *si(ŋ/k) ‘TREE / WOOD / FIREWOOD’PTani *sɯŋ ‘WOOD / TREE’PKC *thiŋ ‘TREE / WOOD’PCN *siŋ ‘WOOD’PTk *tʰiŋ ‘WOOD’TGTM *ᴮsiŋ ‘TREE’PKir *siŋ ‘TREE’PLB *sikᴴ ⪤ *siŋ ‘TREE’-kok-tesuffix n‘bark’Matisoff 87 BP
Bahingsiŋ#2658 PTB *si(ŋ/k) ‘TREE / WOOD / FIREWOOD’PTani *sɯŋ ‘WOOD / TREE’PKC *thiŋ ‘TREE / WOOD’PCN *siŋ ‘WOOD’PTk *tʰiŋ ‘WOOD’TGTM *ᴮsiŋ ‘TREE’PKir *siŋ ‘TREE’PLB *sikᴴ ⪤ *siŋ ‘TREE’-kok-tesuffix ‘bark’Benedict 72 STC: 74n229
Thulungsī#686 PTB *si(ŋ/k) ‘MOUTH / LIP’◦ko◦kaʔmorpheme◦te#448 PTB *d(y)al ‘LIP / SKIN’ ‘lip’Matisoff 87 BP
3.2Qiangic5
Namuyimpʰ#476 PTB *m-p(r)(w)aŋ ‘MOUTH’PTani *fi-buŋ ‘BEAK’PCN *paŋ ‘MOUTH’◦sɿ⁵#686 PTB *si(ŋ/k) ‘MOUTH / LIP’◦⁵ɦəʴ³³morpheme◦qu⁵⁵ ‘lip’Sun H 91 NamQ: 3.9
Qiang (Longxi)ɹà#596 PTB *m/s-k-rəy ‘SKIN’TGTM *ᴬɖi ‘SKIN’PLB *m-k-rəy¹ ‘SKIN / OUTER COVERING’ qá v.‘skin’Evans 99 Qiang: 1648
Qiang (Mianchi)ʐá#596 PTB *m/s-k-rəy ‘SKIN’TGTM *ᴬɖi ‘SKIN’PLB *m-k-rəy¹ ‘SKIN / OUTER COVERING’ qà v.‘skin’Evans 99 Qiang: 1648
3.3.1rGyalrong5
rGyalrong (Eastern)tʃimorpheme◦wjo#5673 PQ *r-dzwa ‘FISH’ wu#589 PTB *kwa ‘SKIN’◦r̥kʰo ‘scales (of fish)’Sun H 91 rEQ: 8.2.5
6.1Lolo-Burmese4
6.1.1Burmish32
Bola (Luxi)nɔ̱t⁵⁵#471 PTB *s-nwat ⪤ *s-nut ‘MOUTH / VESSEL / WOMB’ka̱uʔ⁵⁵ n‘lip’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0085.32
Bolaʃă³⁵#34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’MesorootsPKC *sʰaa ‘ANIMAL / FLESH / MEAT’PCN *a-ʃaʔ ‘ANIMAL / MEAT, FLESH’PTk *sa ‘FLESH / MEAT / ANIMAL’Allofams1 #5711 PTB *sya-n ⪤ *sin ‘FLESH / ANIMAL / BODY / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’1a #34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’1b #318 PTB *sin ‘BODY / OWNER / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’ ka̱uʔ⁵⁵ ‘skin’Dai 89 Bola: 147
Bolaʃă³⁵#34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’MesorootsPKC *sʰaa ‘ANIMAL / FLESH / MEAT’PCN *a-ʃaʔ ‘ANIMAL / MEAT, FLESH’PTk *sa ‘FLESH / MEAT / ANIMAL’Allofams1 #5711 PTB *sya-n ⪤ *sin ‘FLESH / ANIMAL / BODY / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’1a #34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’1b #318 PTB *sin ‘BODY / OWNER / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’ ka̱uʔ⁵⁵ ‘skin (human or animal)’Dai 89 Bola: 315
Bola (Luxi)ʃă³⁵#34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’MesorootsPKC *sʰaa ‘ANIMAL / FLESH / MEAT’PCN *a-ʃaʔ ‘ANIMAL / MEAT, FLESH’PTk *sa ‘FLESH / MEAT / ANIMAL’Allofams1 #5711 PTB *sya-n ⪤ *sin ‘FLESH / ANIMAL / BODY / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’1a #34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’1b #318 PTB *sin ‘BODY / OWNER / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’ka̱uʔ⁵⁵ n‘skin’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0265.32
Burmese (Rangoon)n̥oʔ⁴#471 PTB *s-nwat ⪤ *s-nut ‘MOUTH / VESSEL / WOMB’khɑ̃⁵⁵ n‘lip’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0085.27
Burmese (Spoken Rangoon)n̥oʔ⁴⁴#471 PTB *s-nwat ⪤ *s-nut ‘MOUTH / VESSEL / WOMB’khɑ̃⁵⁵ ‘lip’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 243.40
Langsu (Luxi)na̱t⁵⁵#471 PTB *s-nwat ⪤ *s-nut ‘MOUTH / VESSEL / WOMB’ka̱uk⁵⁵ n‘lip’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0085.31
Langsu (Luxi)ʃɔ̆³⁵#34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’MesorootsPKC *sʰaa ‘ANIMAL / FLESH / MEAT’PCN *a-ʃaʔ ‘ANIMAL / MEAT, FLESH’PTk *sa ‘FLESH / MEAT / ANIMAL’Allofams1 #5711 PTB *sya-n ⪤ *sin ‘FLESH / ANIMAL / BODY / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’1a #34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’1b #318 PTB *sin ‘BODY / OWNER / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’ka̱uk⁵⁵ n‘skin’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0265.31
Lashimjɔʔ³¹#681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’MesorootsPCN *mjak ⪤ *hmik ‘EYE’PLB *s-myak ‘EYE’Allofams1 #33 PTB *s-myak ⪤ *s-mik ‘EYE’1a #682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’1b #681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’ ku̱k⁵⁵ ‘eyelid’Dai 89 Lash: 3.4.1
Lashiʃǒ⁵⁵#34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’MesorootsPKC *sʰaa ‘ANIMAL / FLESH / MEAT’PCN *a-ʃaʔ ‘ANIMAL / MEAT, FLESH’PTk *sa ‘FLESH / MEAT / ANIMAL’Allofams1 #5711 PTB *sya-n ⪤ *sin ‘FLESH / ANIMAL / BODY / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’1a #34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’1b #318 PTB *sin ‘BODY / OWNER / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’ ku̱k⁵⁵ ‘skin’Dai 89 Lash: 8.2
Lashiʃə̌⁵⁵#34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’MesorootsPKC *sʰaa ‘ANIMAL / FLESH / MEAT’PCN *a-ʃaʔ ‘ANIMAL / MEAT, FLESH’PTk *sa ‘FLESH / MEAT / ANIMAL’Allofams1 #5711 PTB *sya-n ⪤ *sin ‘FLESH / ANIMAL / BODY / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’1a #34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’1b #318 PTB *sin ‘BODY / OWNER / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’ ku̱k⁵⁵ ‘hide / leather’Dai 89 Lash: 8.2.6
Leqi (Luxi)nua̱t⁵⁵#471 PTB *s-nwat ⪤ *s-nut ‘MOUTH / VESSEL / WOMB’ku̱k⁵⁵ n‘lip’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0085.33
Leqi (Luxi)sə̆⁵⁵#34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’MesorootsPKC *sʰaa ‘ANIMAL / FLESH / MEAT’PCN *a-ʃaʔ ‘ANIMAL / MEAT, FLESH’PTk *sa ‘FLESH / MEAT / ANIMAL’Allofams1 #5711 PTB *sya-n ⪤ *sin ‘FLESH / ANIMAL / BODY / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’1a #34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’1b #318 PTB *sin ‘BODY / OWNER / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’kuk⁵⁵ n‘skin’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0265.33
Leqi (Luxi)ʃŏ⁵⁵#34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’MesorootsPKC *sʰaa ‘ANIMAL / FLESH / MEAT’PCN *a-ʃaʔ ‘ANIMAL / MEAT, FLESH’PTk *sa ‘FLESH / MEAT / ANIMAL’Allofams1 #5711 PTB *sya-n ⪤ *sin ‘FLESH / ANIMAL / BODY / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’1a #34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’1b #318 PTB *sin ‘BODY / OWNER / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’ku̱k⁵⁵ n‘skin’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0120.33
Maru [Langsu]na̱t⁵⁵#471 PTB *s-nwat ⪤ *s-nut ‘MOUTH / VESSEL / WOMB’ka̱uk⁵⁵ ‘lip’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 243.43
Maru [Langsu]thɔʔ⁵⁵morpheme na̱t⁵⁵#471 PTB *s-nwat ⪤ *s-nut ‘MOUTH / VESSEL / WOMB’ ka̱uk⁵⁵ ‘upper lip’Dai 89 Lang: 3.9.1
Maru [Langsu]ɔ³¹prefix na̱t⁵⁵#471 PTB *s-nwat ⪤ *s-nut ‘MOUTH / VESSEL / WOMB’ ka̱uk⁵⁵ ‘lower lip’Dai 89 Lang: 3.9.2
Maru [Langsu]ʃɔ̆³⁵#34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’MesorootsPKC *sʰaa ‘ANIMAL / FLESH / MEAT’PCN *a-ʃaʔ ‘ANIMAL / MEAT, FLESH’PTk *sa ‘FLESH / MEAT / ANIMAL’Allofams1 #5711 PTB *sya-n ⪤ *sin ‘FLESH / ANIMAL / BODY / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’1a #34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’1b #318 PTB *sin ‘BODY / OWNER / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’ ka̱uk⁵⁵ ‘hide / leather’Dai 89 Lang: 8.2.6
Atsi [Zaiwa]nu̱t⁵⁵#471 PTB *s-nwat ⪤ *s-nut ‘MOUTH / VESSEL / WOMB’ku̱ʔ⁵⁵ n‘lip’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0085.30
Atsi [Zaiwa]nu̱t⁵⁵#471 PTB *s-nwat ⪤ *s-nut ‘MOUTH / VESSEL / WOMB’ku̱ʔ⁵⁵ ‘lip’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 243.42
Atsi [Zaiwa]ʃŏ²¹#34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’MesorootsPKC *sʰaa ‘ANIMAL / FLESH / MEAT’PCN *a-ʃaʔ ‘ANIMAL / MEAT, FLESH’PTk *sa ‘FLESH / MEAT / ANIMAL’Allofams1 #5711 PTB *sya-n ⪤ *sin ‘FLESH / ANIMAL / BODY / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’1a #34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’1b #318 PTB *sin ‘BODY / OWNER / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’ ku̱ʔ⁵⁵ ‘skin’Xu 84 Zaiwa
Atsi [Zaiwa]ʃŏ²¹#34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’MesorootsPKC *sʰaa ‘ANIMAL / FLESH / MEAT’PCN *a-ʃaʔ ‘ANIMAL / MEAT, FLESH’PTk *sa ‘FLESH / MEAT / ANIMAL’Allofams1 #5711 PTB *sya-n ⪤ *sin ‘FLESH / ANIMAL / BODY / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’1a #34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’1b #318 PTB *sin ‘BODY / OWNER / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’ku̱ʔ⁵⁵ n‘skin’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0265.30
Atsi [Zaiwa]ʃŏ²¹#34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’MesorootsPKC *sʰaa ‘ANIMAL / FLESH / MEAT’PCN *a-ʃaʔ ‘ANIMAL / MEAT, FLESH’PTk *sa ‘FLESH / MEAT / ANIMAL’Allofams1 #5711 PTB *sya-n ⪤ *sin ‘FLESH / ANIMAL / BODY / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’1a #34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’1b #318 PTB *sin ‘BODY / OWNER / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’ku̱ʔ⁵⁵ ‘skin’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 266.42
6.1.2Loloish2
Lolophome̱⁴⁴#681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’MesorootsPCN *mjak ⪤ *hmik ‘EYE’PLB *s-myak ‘EYE’Allofams1 #33 PTB *s-myak ⪤ *s-mik ‘EYE’1a #682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’1b #681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’ kɯ⁵⁵ phæ³³morpheme ‘eyebrow’See the similar Newar form mi◦khā phu◦si.Dai 89 Lolo: 3.4.3
6.1.2.1Northern Loloish21
Gazhuoji³¹morpheme tsɿ³³morpheme sa³¹#34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’MesorootsPKC *sʰaa ‘ANIMAL / FLESH / MEAT’PCN *a-ʃaʔ ‘ANIMAL / MEAT, FLESH’PTk *sa ‘FLESH / MEAT / ANIMAL’Allofams1 #5711 PTB *sya-n ⪤ *sin ‘FLESH / ANIMAL / BODY / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’1a #34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’1b #318 PTB *sin ‘BODY / OWNER / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’ khɯ⁵⁵ ‘scalp’Gazhuo ji³¹ tsɿ³³ ‘head’.Dai 89 Gazh: 2.8
Gazhuosa²¹#34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’MesorootsPKC *sʰaa ‘ANIMAL / FLESH / MEAT’PCN *a-ʃaʔ ‘ANIMAL / MEAT, FLESH’PTk *sa ‘FLESH / MEAT / ANIMAL’Allofams1 #5711 PTB *sya-n ⪤ *sin ‘FLESH / ANIMAL / BODY / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’1a #34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’1b #318 PTB *sin ‘BODY / OWNER / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’ khɯ⁵⁵ ‘skin’Dai 89 Gazh: 8.2
Gazhuosa³¹#34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’MesorootsPKC *sʰaa ‘ANIMAL / FLESH / MEAT’PCN *a-ʃaʔ ‘ANIMAL / MEAT, FLESH’PTk *sa ‘FLESH / MEAT / ANIMAL’Allofams1 #5711 PTB *sya-n ⪤ *sin ‘FLESH / ANIMAL / BODY / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’1a #34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’1b #318 PTB *sin ‘BODY / OWNER / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’khɯ⁵⁵ n‘skin’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0120.47
Gazhuoŋa²¹#1455 PTB *s-ŋya ‘FISH’PTani *ŋo ‘FISH’PKC *ŋaa ⪤ *hŋaa ‘FISH’PCN *a-hŋaʔ ‘FISH’PTk *ŋa ‘FISH’ khɯ⁵⁵ ‘scales (of fish)’Dai 89 Gazh: 8.2.5
Gazhuoŋa³¹#1455 PTB *s-ŋya ‘FISH’PTani *ŋo ‘FISH’PKC *ŋaa ⪤ *hŋaa ‘FISH’PCN *a-hŋaʔ ‘FISH’PTk *ŋa ‘FISH’khɯ⁵⁵ Nbp‘scale’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0352.47
Nasuna̱²¹#681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’MesorootsPCN *mjak ⪤ *hmik ‘EYE’PLB *s-myak ‘EYE’Allofams1 #33 PTB *s-myak ⪤ *s-mik ‘EYE’1a #682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’1b #681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’ ko̱²¹ ‘eyelid’Chen 86 Yi: 3.4.1
Nesuȵɪ̱³³#681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’MesorootsPCN *mjak ⪤ *hmik ‘EYE’PLB *s-myak ‘EYE’Allofams1 #33 PTB *s-myak ⪤ *s-mik ‘EYE’1a #682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’1b #681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’ kɤ̱³³ ‘eyelid’Chen 86 Yi: 3.4.1
Nusu (Central)khu̱⁵³ɣɹi³³#596 PTB *m/s-k-rəy ‘SKIN’TGTM *ᴬɖi ‘SKIN’PLB *m-k-rəy¹ ‘SKIN / OUTER COVERING’ n‘skin’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0265.34
Nusu (Central/Zhizhiluo)kʰu̱³¹ sɿ³¹#1454 PTB *syap ‘SCALE (OF FISH OR REPTILE)’ ‘scales’Dai 89 NusA: 409.
Nusu (Central)kʰu̱³¹ ɣʴi³³#596 PTB *m/s-k-rəy ‘SKIN’TGTM *ᴬɖi ‘SKIN’PLB *m-k-rəy¹ ‘SKIN / OUTER COVERING’ ‘skin (animal)’Dai 89 NusB: 315.
Nusu (Central/Zhizhiluo)kʰu̱³¹ ɣʴi³⁵#596 PTB *m/s-k-rəy ‘SKIN’TGTM *ᴬɖi ‘SKIN’PLB *m-k-rəy¹ ‘SKIN / OUTER COVERING’ ‘skin’Dai 89 NusA: 147.
Nusu (Central/Zhizhiluo)kʰu̱³¹ ɣʴi³⁵#596 PTB *m/s-k-rəy ‘SKIN’TGTM *ᴬɖi ‘SKIN’PLB *m-k-rəy¹ ‘SKIN / OUTER COVERING’ ‘skin (animal)’Dai 89 NusA: 315.
Nusu (Southern)kʰu³¹ ɹi³⁵#596 PTB *m/s-k-rəy ‘SKIN’TGTM *ᴬɖi ‘SKIN’PLB *m-k-rəy¹ ‘SKIN / OUTER COVERING’ ‘skin’Sun J 86 Nusu
Nusu (Central)kʰu³¹ ɹi³⁵#596 PTB *m/s-k-rəy ‘SKIN’TGTM *ᴬɖi ‘SKIN’PLB *m-k-rəy¹ ‘SKIN / OUTER COVERING’ ‘skin’Sun J 86 Nusu
Nusu (Central)kʰu̱⁵³ ɣʴi³³#596 PTB *m/s-k-rəy ‘SKIN’TGTM *ᴬɖi ‘SKIN’PLB *m-k-rəy¹ ‘SKIN / OUTER COVERING’ ‘skin’Dai 89 NusB: 147.
6.1.2.2Central Loloish23
Jinuo (Buyuan)mi⁴⁴#467 PTB *s-muːr ‘MOUTH / LIP / HOLD IN MOUTH / CHEW / FACE / GILLS’PKC *hmuur ‘LIP / BEAK / MOUTH / TIP’PCN *mən ‘MOUTH’PTk *mor ‘MOUTH’ kʰu⁴⁴ ‘lip’Gai 86
Jinuo (Baya/Banai)mø⁴⁴#467 PTB *s-muːr ‘MOUTH / LIP / HOLD IN MOUTH / CHEW / FACE / GILLS’PKC *hmuur ‘LIP / BEAK / MOUTH / TIP’PCN *mən ‘MOUTH’PTk *mor ‘MOUTH’ kʰo³¹ ‘lip’Dai 89 JinA: 111
Jinuo (Youle)m̥ø⁴⁴#467 PTB *s-muːr ‘MOUTH / LIP / HOLD IN MOUTH / CHEW / FACE / GILLS’PKC *hmuur ‘LIP / BEAK / MOUTH / TIP’PCN *mən ‘MOUTH’PTk *mor ‘MOUTH’ kʰo⁴² ‘lip’Gai 86
Jinuo (Baka)m̥ø⁴⁴#467 PTB *s-muːr ‘MOUTH / LIP / HOLD IN MOUTH / CHEW / FACE / GILLS’PKC *hmuur ‘LIP / BEAK / MOUTH / TIP’PCN *mən ‘MOUTH’PTk *mor ‘MOUTH’ kʰu³¹ ‘lip’Dai 89 JinB: 111
Lahu (Nyi)aw˯prefix◦gui˯#596 PTB *m/s-k-rəy ‘SKIN’TGTM *ᴬɖi ‘SKIN’PLB *m-k-rəy¹ ‘SKIN / OUTER COVERING’◦k'uˉ ‘skin’Bradley 79 Lahu: 134
Lahu (Black)làʔ#695 PTB *lak ‘HAND/LIMB’MesorootsPTani *lak ‘HAND / ARM’PNN *glək ‘HAND’PLB *lakᴸ ‘HAND’PL *lakᴸ ‘HAND’Allofams1 #377 PTB *lak ⪤ *C-yak ‘ARM / HAND / WING’1a #695 PTB *lak ‘HAND/LIMB’1b #696 PTB *yak ‘ARM / HAND / ARMPIT / TICKLE’1c #699 PTB *d-yak ‘HAND / ARM / LEAF’1d #700 PTB *dak ‘ARM / HAND’1e #702 PTB *g-yak ‘ARM / HAND / CUBIT’1f #705 PTB *p-yak ‘ARM’1g #350 PTB *la ‘LEG / FOOT’1h #375 PTB *ya ‘LEG / FOOT’1i #888 PTB *d-ya OR *g-ya ‘FOOT’-šɛ̄#512 PTB *m-(t)syen ‘NAIL / CLAW’MesorootsPKC *tin ‘NAIL / CLAW / HOOF’TGTM *ᴬtsʰin ‘NAIL’Allofams1 #511 PTB *m-(t)sin ‘NAIL / CLAW’1a #514 PTB *m-tsyal ‘NAIL / CLAW’1b #515 PTB *m-tsyey ‘NAIL / CLAW’1c #512 PTB *m-(t)syen ‘NAIL / CLAW’1d #513 PTB *m-(y/r)in ‘NAIL / CLAW’-qú ‘fingernail’Matisoff 87 BP
Lahu (Black)mɛ̂ʔ#681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’MesorootsPCN *mjak ⪤ *hmik ‘EYE’PLB *s-myak ‘EYE’Allofams1 #33 PTB *s-myak ⪤ *s-mik ‘EYE’1a #682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’1b #681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’-qú-mu#363 PTB *s/r-mul ⪤ *s-mil ⪤ *s-myal ‘HAIR / FUR / FEATHER’MesorootsPKC *mul ⪤ *hmul ‘HAIR (body) / FUR / WOOL’Allofams1 #363 PTB *s/r-mul ⪤ *s-mil ⪤ *s-myal ‘HAIR / FUR / FEATHER’1a #1429 PTB *s-mu-t ‘BEARD / FACIAL HAIR / HAIR’1b #2058 PTB *mum ‘CHIN / BEARD’ ‘eyebrow’Matisoff 87 BP
Lahu (Black)mɛʔ⁵⁴#681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’MesorootsPCN *mjak ⪤ *hmik ‘EYE’PLB *s-myak ‘EYE’Allofams1 #33 PTB *s-myak ⪤ *s-mik ‘EYE’1a #682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’1b #681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’ qv̩³⁵ mv̩³³#363 PTB *s/r-mul ⪤ *s-mil ⪤ *s-myal ‘HAIR / FUR / FEATHER’MesorootsPKC *mul ⪤ *hmul ‘HAIR (body) / FUR / WOOL’Allofams1 #363 PTB *s/r-mul ⪤ *s-mil ⪤ *s-myal ‘HAIR / FUR / FEATHER’1a #1429 PTB *s-mu-t ‘BEARD / FACIAL HAIR / HAIR’1b #2058 PTB *mum ‘CHIN / BEARD’ ‘eyebrow’Chang 86
Lahu (Black)tō#711 PTB *dwaŋ ‘WING / HAND’Allofams16 #711 PTB *dwaŋ ‘WING / HAND’16a #710 PTB *dwaŋ ‘CUBIT’-làʔ#695 PTB *lak ‘HAND/LIMB’MesorootsPTani *lak ‘HAND / ARM’PNN *glək ‘HAND’PLB *lakᴸ ‘HAND’PL *lakᴸ ‘HAND’Allofams1 #377 PTB *lak ⪤ *C-yak ‘ARM / HAND / WING’1a #695 PTB *lak ‘HAND/LIMB’1b #696 PTB *yak ‘ARM / HAND / ARMPIT / TICKLE’1c #699 PTB *d-yak ‘HAND / ARM / LEAF’1d #700 PTB *dak ‘ARM / HAND’1e #702 PTB *g-yak ‘ARM / HAND / CUBIT’1f #705 PTB *p-yak ‘ARM’1g #350 PTB *la ‘LEG / FOOT’1h #375 PTB *ya ‘LEG / FOOT’1i #888 PTB *d-ya OR *g-ya ‘FOOT’-qú ~ tɔ̄#711 PTB *dwaŋ ‘WING / HAND’Allofams16 #711 PTB *dwaŋ ‘WING / HAND’16a #710 PTB *dwaŋ ‘CUBIT’-làʔ#695 PTB *lak ‘HAND/LIMB’MesorootsPTani *lak ‘HAND / ARM’PNN *glək ‘HAND’PLB *lakᴸ ‘HAND’PL *lakᴸ ‘HAND’Allofams1 #377 PTB *lak ⪤ *C-yak ‘ARM / HAND / WING’1a #695 PTB *lak ‘HAND/LIMB’1b #696 PTB *yak ‘ARM / HAND / ARMPIT / TICKLE’1c #699 PTB *d-yak ‘HAND / ARM / LEAF’1d #700 PTB *dak ‘ARM / HAND’1e #702 PTB *g-yak ‘ARM / HAND / CUBIT’1f #705 PTB *p-yak ‘ARM’1g #350 PTB *la ‘LEG / FOOT’1h #375 PTB *ya ‘LEG / FOOT’1i #888 PTB *d-ya OR *g-ya ‘FOOT’-qú ‘wing’Matisoff 88 DL: 640
Lahu (Black)ɔ̀#5450 PTB *ʔa(ŋ/k)- ‘NOUN PREFIX’-gɨ̀#596 PTB *m/s-k-rəy ‘SKIN’TGTM *ᴬɖi ‘SKIN’PLB *m-k-rəy¹ ‘SKIN / OUTER COVERING’(-qú) ‘skin’Matisoff 87 BP
Lahu (Bakeo)aw˯prefix◦geu˯#596 PTB *m/s-k-rəy ‘SKIN’TGTM *ᴬɖi ‘SKIN’PLB *m-k-rəy¹ ‘SKIN / OUTER COVERING’◦k'uˉ ‘skin’Bradley 79 Lahu: 134
Lahu (Banlan)aw˯prefix◦gi˯#596 PTB *m/s-k-rəy ‘SKIN’TGTM *ᴬɖi ‘SKIN’PLB *m-k-rəy¹ ‘SKIN / OUTER COVERING’◦kuˉ ‘skin’Bradley 79 Lahu: 134
Lisukaw³ji⁴#596 PTB *m/s-k-rəy ‘SKIN’TGTM *ᴬɖi ‘SKIN’PLB *m-k-rəy¹ ‘SKIN / OUTER COVERING’ ‘lip’Bradley 79 PLo: 95
Lisumrgh⁵#467 PTB *s-muːr ‘MOUTH / LIP / HOLD IN MOUTH / CHEW / FACE / GILLS’PKC *hmuur ‘LIP / BEAK / MOUTH / TIP’PCN *mən ‘MOUTH’PTk *mor ‘MOUTH’-lrghe²#456 PTB *b-lu ‘LIP’PKar *phlỳ' ‘LIP’ kaw³ji⁴#596 PTB *m/s-k-rəy ‘SKIN’TGTM *ᴬɖi ‘SKIN’PLB *m-k-rəy¹ ‘SKIN / OUTER COVERING’ ‘lip’Matisoff 87 BP
Lisu (Nujiang)mɯ³¹#467 PTB *s-muːr ‘MOUTH / LIP / HOLD IN MOUTH / CHEW / FACE / GILLS’PKC *hmuur ‘LIP / BEAK / MOUTH / TIP’PCN *mən ‘MOUTH’PTk *mor ‘MOUTH’ lɯ³⁵#456 PTB *b-lu ‘LIP’PKar *phlỳ' ‘LIP’ ku³⁵ dʒi³³#596 PTB *m/s-k-rəy ‘SKIN’TGTM *ᴬɖi ‘SKIN’PLB *m-k-rəy¹ ‘SKIN / OUTER COVERING’ ‘lip’Xu 86 Lisu
Sani [Nyi]ne³³#681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’MesorootsPCN *mjak ⪤ *hmik ‘EYE’PLB *s-myak ‘EYE’Allofams1 #33 PTB *s-myak ⪤ *s-mik ‘EYE’1a #682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’1b #681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’ qɤ⁵⁵ ‘eyelid’Wu 84: 95.1
Sani [Nyi]ne³³#681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’MesorootsPCN *mjak ⪤ *hmik ‘EYE’PLB *s-myak ‘EYE’Allofams1 #33 PTB *s-myak ⪤ *s-mik ‘EYE’1a #682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’1b #681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’qɤ⁵⁵ ‘eyelid’Wu 84
6.1.2.3Southern Loloish17
Hani (Dazhai)(mja̱³³#681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’MesorootsPCN *mjak ⪤ *hmik ‘EYE’PLB *s-myak ‘EYE’Allofams1 #33 PTB *s-myak ⪤ *s-mik ‘EYE’1a #682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’1b #681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’) mja̱³³#681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’MesorootsPCN *mjak ⪤ *hmik ‘EYE’PLB *s-myak ‘EYE’Allofams1 #33 PTB *s-myak ⪤ *s-mik ‘EYE’1a #682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’1b #681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’ xo̱³³ ‘eyelid’Li Yongsui 86 Hani
Hani (Caiyuan)me³¹#467 PTB *s-muːr ‘MOUTH / LIP / HOLD IN MOUTH / CHEW / FACE / GILLS’PKC *hmuur ‘LIP / BEAK / MOUTH / TIP’PCN *mən ‘MOUTH’PTk *mor ‘MOUTH’ kʰv̩̄³³ ‘lip’Li Yongsui 86 Hani
Hani (Gelanghe)ɕa³¹#34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’MesorootsPKC *sʰaa ‘ANIMAL / FLESH / MEAT’PCN *a-ʃaʔ ‘ANIMAL / MEAT, FLESH’PTk *sa ‘FLESH / MEAT / ANIMAL’Allofams1 #5711 PTB *sya-n ⪤ *sin ‘FLESH / ANIMAL / BODY / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’1a #34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’1b #318 PTB *sin ‘BODY / OWNER / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’ xo³³ ‘skin’Li Yongsui 86 Hani
Hani (Shuikui)ʃɔ³¹ tsʰɿ⁵⁵#596 PTB *m/s-k-rəy ‘SKIN’TGTM *ᴬɖi ‘SKIN’PLB *m-k-rəy¹ ‘SKIN / OUTER COVERING’ ‘skin’Li Yongsui 86 Hani
6.1.2.4Southeastern Loloish1
7Karenic4
Bwe-phe#590 PTB *p(y)ik ‘SKIN / PEEL’PKar *pheɁᴰ ‘BARK (n.), LEATHER, SKIN’-kó n‘skin, outer covering’Henderson 97 Kar
Bwe-phe#590 PTB *p(y)ik ‘SKIN / PEEL’PKar *pheɁᴰ ‘BARK (n.), LEATHER, SKIN’-kú n‘skin, outer covering’Henderson 97 Kar
Pa-Othɔ́ʔ#1006 PTB *pʷak ‘PIG’PKC *wok ‘PIG’PTk *hwok ‘PIG’PNN *wak ‘PIG’TGTM *ᴮɖwa ‘PIG’PLB *wakᴸ ‘PIG’PKar *thɔʔ / tháuʔ ‘PIG’PKar *thɔɁᴰ ‘PIG’PKar *thɔɁᴰmiᴬ ‘BOAR (WILD~)’PBai *te ‘PIG’ khɔ̀k ‘skin of pig, pig hide’Pa-O khɔ̀k likely a borrowing from Burmese khauk ‘skin’. Pa-O has glottal stop as the regular reflex of all proto-Karen final stops. Pa-O final oral stops occur largely (though not entirely) in loans from Shan and Burmese.Solnit 89 PaO
9.0.1Old Chinese7
9.0.2Middle Chinese1
9.0.3Modern Chinese1
Cite this entry
STEDT etymon #586,
*s/r-kawk ⪤ *s/r-kwak ‘OUTER COVERING / SKIN / BARK / RIND’.Stable link:
https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/586Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].
References: STC#342
BibTeX
@misc{stedt-586,
title = {{*s/r-kawk ⪤ *s/r-kwak 'OUTER COVERING / SKIN / BARK / RIND'}},
author = {STEDT},
year = {2017},
note = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #586},
url = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/586}
}