STEDT #2658
*si(ŋ/k)
TREE / WOOD / FIREWOOD
Reconstruction analysis
handlesiŋinitialsrhymeiŋcoverS · N
Intermediate reconstructions
Connections
HPTB (PLB)*sikᴴ ‘tree’p. 315
Notes
This etymon is a prime example of the alternation between homorganic stop and nasal. Most subgroups reflect the *nasal, while Lolo-Burmese attests to the *stop.
Galo seems to have an interesting doublet sɯ ⪤ `hɨɨ. Note also the Trung [Dulong] doublet śiŋ ⪤ śik.
LTSR 118(a-b) also reconstructs two allofams, with the nasal-final variant attested in Bisu tsɯ̀ŋ.
As suggested in DL p. 1221, the poetic Lahu form šɔ̂ might be from the nasal-final variant, although it is tonally aberrant.
The Chepang forms with final -ŋʔ suggest a stage intermediate between a final nasal and a final stop.
Chinese comparandum
新 OC *si̯ĕn, GSR #382k-m ‘new’; Schuessler 2007:538 *sin; B & S 2011: *C.sin {C.si[n]}; Mand. xīn.
薪 OC *si̯ĕn, GSR #382n ‘firewood’; Coblin 86:161 ST *sying > PC *sjing > OC *sjin; Schuessler 2007:538-9 *sin; B & S 2011: *sin {si[n]}; Mand. xīn.
Reflexes & cognates1,254 reflexes · 41 subgroups
0Sino-Tibetan (previously published reconstructions)2
0.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)7
1.1.1Tani1
1.1.1.1Western Tani152
Apataniaprefix-ji#1019 PTB *sey ‘FRUIT / ROSE / ROUND OBJECT’PTani *ze ‘FRUIT’PKC *thay ‘FRUIT’PKC *ʔaar-θii ⪤ *-sii ‘STAR’PCN *a-sej ‘FRUIT / SEED’PTk *tʰej ‘FRUIT’PKar *saᴮ ‘FRUIT’ (aprefix-mɯrmorpheme) san ‘fruit tree’Sun J 93 Tani
Apataniaprefix-ji#1019 PTB *sey ‘FRUIT / ROSE / ROUND OBJECT’PTani *ze ‘FRUIT’PKC *thay ‘FRUIT’PKC *ʔaar-θii ⪤ *-sii ‘STAR’PCN *a-sej ‘FRUIT / SEED’PTk *tʰej ‘FRUIT’PKar *saᴮ ‘FRUIT’ bomorpheme-sa-nɯmorpheme ‘fruit tree’Sun J 93 Tani
Apatanisà-nɯmorpheme àprefix-hà#1278 PTB *s-ka(ː)k ‘FORK / BRANCH / CROTCH’PTani *ɦak ‘BRANCH’PLB *ʔ-gakᴸ ‘BRANCH’ ‘branch’Sun J 93 Tani
Apatanisà-nɯmorpheme há#1278 PTB *s-ka(ː)k ‘FORK / BRANCH / CROTCH’PTani *ɦak ‘BRANCH’PLB *ʔ-gakᴸ ‘BRANCH’-lomorpheme ‘branch’Sun J 93 Tani
Apatanisan aprefix-ha#1278 PTB *s-ka(ː)k ‘FORK / BRANCH / CROTCH’PTani *ɦak ‘BRANCH’PLB *ʔ-gakᴸ ‘BRANCH’ ‘branch’Sun J 93 HCST
Apatanisan aprefix-ha#1278 PTB *s-ka(ː)k ‘FORK / BRANCH / CROTCH’PTani *ɦak ‘BRANCH’PLB *ʔ-gakᴸ ‘BRANCH’ ‘branch’Sun J 93 Tani
Apatanisan-ǰe#2432 PTB *lyap ‘THIN / FLAT / FLAT OBJECT’PTani *ǰep ~ *rjap? ‘FLAT’ ‘timber’Sun J 93 Tani
Apatanisàn-ǰe#2432 PTB *lyap ‘THIN / FLAT / FLAT OBJECT’PTani *ǰep ~ *rjap? ‘FLAT’ ‘wood’Sun J 93 Tani
Bengnisiŋ-lak#695 PTB *lak ‘HAND/LIMB’MesorootsPTani *lak ‘HAND / ARM’PNN *glək ‘HAND’PLB *lakᴸ ‘HAND’PL *lakᴸ ‘HAND’Allofams1 #377 PTB *lak ⪤ *C-yak ‘ARM / HAND / WING’1a #695 PTB *lak ‘HAND/LIMB’1b #696 PTB *yak ‘ARM / HAND / ARMPIT / TICKLE’1c #699 PTB *d-yak ‘HAND / ARM / LEAF’1d #700 PTB *dak ‘ARM / HAND’1e #702 PTB *g-yak ‘ARM / HAND / CUBIT’1f #705 PTB *p-yak ‘ARM’1g #350 PTB *la ‘LEG / FOOT’1h #375 PTB *ya ‘LEG / FOOT’1i #888 PTB *d-ya OR *g-ya ‘FOOT’ ‘branch’Sun J 93 Tani
Bengnisiŋ-pin#591 PTB *pʷ(i/u)(l/n) ‘SKIN’PTani *pɯn ‘SKIN’PKC *wun ‘SKIN (n.) / LEATHER’PTk *hol ‘SKIN / BARK’PNN *s-wun ⪤ *wur ‘SKIN / FLESH’ ‘bark’Sun J 93 Tani
Bengnisiŋ-pin#591 PTB *pʷ(i/u)(l/n) ‘SKIN’PTani *pɯn ‘SKIN’PKC *wun ‘SKIN (n.) / LEATHER’PTk *hol ‘SKIN / BARK’PNN *s-wun ⪤ *wur ‘SKIN / FLESH’ kuk#586 PTB *s/r-kawk ⪤ *s/r-kwak ‘OUTER COVERING / SKIN / BARK / RIND’PTani *kruk ‘OUTER COVERING’-linmorpheme ‘peel (e.g. bark)’Sun J 93 Tani
Bengnisiŋ-pin#591 PTB *pʷ(i/u)(l/n) ‘SKIN’PTani *pɯn ‘SKIN’PKC *wun ‘SKIN (n.) / LEATHER’PTk *hol ‘SKIN / BARK’PNN *s-wun ⪤ *wur ‘SKIN / FLESH’ kuk#586 PTB *s/r-kawk ⪤ *s/r-kwak ‘OUTER COVERING / SKIN / BARK / RIND’PTani *kruk ‘OUTER COVERING’-luːmorpheme ‘peel and fall off’Sun J 93 Tani
Bengnišiŋ-šiː#1019 PTB *sey ‘FRUIT / ROSE / ROUND OBJECT’PTani *ze ‘FRUIT’PKC *thay ‘FRUIT’PKC *ʔaar-θii ⪤ *-sii ‘STAR’PCN *a-sej ‘FRUIT / SEED’PTk *tʰej ‘FRUIT’PKar *saᴮ ‘FRUIT’ ‘fruit’Sun J 93 HCST
Bengnisiŋ-siː#1019 PTB *sey ‘FRUIT / ROSE / ROUND OBJECT’PTani *ze ‘FRUIT’PKC *thay ‘FRUIT’PKC *ʔaar-θii ⪤ *-sii ‘STAR’PCN *a-sej ‘FRUIT / SEED’PTk *tʰej ‘FRUIT’PKar *saᴮ ‘FRUIT’ ‘fruit’Sun J 93 Tani
Bengnisiŋ-siː#1019 PTB *sey ‘FRUIT / ROSE / ROUND OBJECT’PTani *ze ‘FRUIT’PKC *thay ‘FRUIT’PKC *ʔaar-θii ⪤ *-sii ‘STAR’PCN *a-sej ‘FRUIT / SEED’PTk *tʰej ‘FRUIT’PKar *saᴮ ‘FRUIT’ ramorpheme-jiŋmorpheme ‘kernel’Sun J 93 Tani
Bengniɯprefix-siŋ aprefix-pin#591 PTB *pʷ(i/u)(l/n) ‘SKIN’PTani *pɯn ‘SKIN’PKC *wun ‘SKIN (n.) / LEATHER’PTk *hol ‘SKIN / BARK’PNN *s-wun ⪤ *wur ‘SKIN / FLESH’ ‘bark’Sun J 93 Tani
Bengniɯprefix-siŋ kamorpheme-kuk#586 PTB *s/r-kawk ⪤ *s/r-kwak ‘OUTER COVERING / SKIN / BARK / RIND’PTani *kruk ‘OUTER COVERING’ ‘bark’Sun J 93 Tani
Bokar(ɯprefix-šɯŋ) aprefix-nə#402 PTB *s-nas ‘LEAF’PTani *nə ‘LEAF’PKC *hnaʔ-tsaŋ ‘BANANA LEAF / PLANTAIN’PKC *hnaʔ ‘LEAF / FOLIAGE’PTk *na ‘LEAF’ ‘leaf’Sun J 93 HCST
Bokartaprefix-ru#2620 PTB *m/s-r(a/o)w ‘PINE / FIR’PTani *ru ‘FIR / PITCH PINE’ sɯŋ-nəmorpheme ‘pine tree’Sun J 93 Tani
Bokarɯprefix ɕɯŋ aprefix nə#402 PTB *s-nas ‘LEAF’PTani *nə ‘LEAF’PKC *hnaʔ-tsaŋ ‘BANANA LEAF / PLANTAIN’PKC *hnaʔ ‘LEAF / FOLIAGE’PTk *na ‘LEAF’ akomorpheme clf‘classifier for leaves’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0860.24
Bokarɯprefix-sɯŋ əprefix-pin#591 PTB *pʷ(i/u)(l/n) ‘SKIN’PTani *pɯn ‘SKIN’PKC *wun ‘SKIN (n.) / LEATHER’PTk *hol ‘SKIN / BARK’PNN *s-wun ⪤ *wur ‘SKIN / FLESH’ n‘bark’Sun J 93 Tani
Galo`hɨɨ◦bomorpheme-`ɲo#2618 PTB *m/s-rwaŋ ‘CAT / WILDCAT / TIGER’PTani *mjo ‘TIGER’TGTM *ᴮmaŋ ‘TIGER’PLB *k-roŋ¹ ‘CAT / WILDCAT’PL *k-roŋ¹ ‘CAT, LEOPARD’◦reemorpheme n.‘clouded leopard’GLDC 09 Galo
Galo`hɨɨ◦bomorpheme-`ɲo#2618 PTB *m/s-rwaŋ ‘CAT / WILDCAT / TIGER’PTani *mjo ‘TIGER’TGTM *ᴮmaŋ ‘TIGER’PLB *k-roŋ¹ ‘CAT / WILDCAT’PL *k-roŋ¹ ‘CAT, LEOPARD’◦reemorpheme n.‘leopard (clouded)’GLDC 09 Galo
Galo`hɨɨ◦bomorpheme-`ɲo#2618 PTB *m/s-rwaŋ ‘CAT / WILDCAT / TIGER’PTani *mjo ‘TIGER’TGTM *ᴮmaŋ ‘TIGER’PLB *k-roŋ¹ ‘CAT / WILDCAT’PL *k-roŋ¹ ‘CAT, LEOPARD’◦reemorpheme n.‘Neofelis nebulosa’GLDC 09 Galo
Galo`hɨɨ◦kuk#586 PTB *s/r-kawk ⪤ *s/r-kwak ‘OUTER COVERING / SKIN / BARK / RIND’PTani *kruk ‘OUTER COVERING’ n.‘bark’GLDC 09 Galo
Galo`hɨɨ◦tuumorpheme-taprefix◦in#3328 PTB *g-r(u/i)n ‘MUSHROOM / FUNGUS’PTani *jin ‘MUSHROOM’ n.‘mushroom (variety)’GLDC 09 Galo
Galoɯprefix◦sɯ ak#1278 PTB *s-ka(ː)k ‘FORK / BRANCH / CROTCH’PTani *ɦak ‘BRANCH’PLB *ʔ-gakᴸ ‘BRANCH’◦semorpheme ‘branch’Das Gupta 63 Gal
Miri, Hillsɤn-eprefix◦pin#591 PTB *pʷ(i/u)(l/n) ‘SKIN’PTani *pɯn ‘SKIN’PKC *wun ‘SKIN (n.) / LEATHER’PTk *hol ‘SKIN / BARK’PNN *s-wun ⪤ *wur ‘SKIN / FLESH’ ‘bark’Simon 76 Miri
Tagineprefix◦siŋ◦ɤmorpheme iprefix◦si#189 PTB *si ‘WATER’PTani *si ‘WATER’ sulomorpheme ɟamorpheme-kirrmorpheme-domorpheme ‘Wood floats on water’Das Gupta 83 Tag
1.1.1.2Eastern Tani17
1.1.2Deng58
Darang [Taraon]ku⁵⁵morphemeɕu⁵³morphememɑ³¹morphemesɯŋ⁵³ nveg‘fir (China)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0384.22
Darang [Taraon]ma:morpheme◦sa:ng-a:#549 PTB *ya ‘DIMINUTIVE’PL *s-yakᴸ ‘BABY’ ‘tree (small)’Anonymous xx Tar
Darang [Taraon]mɑ³¹morphemesɯŋ⁵³bɑ⁵³morphemejɑ³¹morphememe³⁵morpheme n‘carpenter’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0185.22
Darang [Taraon]mɑ³¹morphemesɯŋ⁵³kɯ³¹morphemele⁵⁵morpheme n‘tray (wooden)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0562.22
Darang [Taraon]mɑ³¹morphemesɯŋ⁵³xɑ³¹morphemeȵɯŋ³⁵morpheme n‘plane (tool)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0611.22
Darang [Taraon]mɑ³¹morphemesɯŋ⁵⁵bɑ⁵³morphemejɑ³⁵morphememe³⁵morpheme ‘carpenter’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 305.49
1.2Kuki-Chin1
1.2.1.1Northern Chin10
1.2.1.2Southern Plains Chin12
1.2.2Central Chin13
1.2.3Maraic1
1.3“Naga” Areal Group4
1.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)68
Ao (Chungli)song◦jang#3590 PTB *tsyaŋ ‘ROUND OBJECT / SEED / NUT / TESTICLE’PCN *tsaŋ ‘SEED, NUT’◦lijangmorpheme ‘bush’Cf. Clark (1911:660): “SCONGZANG-LIZANG, all kinds of seeds, fruits, grains, nuts or berries. All kinds of little trees, brush, sprouts, shrubs, etc.”Marrison 67 Naga
Ao (Chungli)süng◦dong#6073 PTB *duːŋ ‘POST / COLUMN’PKC *tuŋ-I, tun-II ‘ERECT / POST / VERTICAL’PCN *tuŋ ‘STEM, TRUNK / POST / TREE’ ‘tree’Marrison 67 Naga
Ao (Chungli)səŋ¹tuŋ²#6073 PTB *duːŋ ‘POST / COLUMN’PKC *tuŋ-I, tun-II ‘ERECT / POST / VERTICAL’PCN *tuŋ ‘STEM, TRUNK / POST / TREE’ n.‘tree’Bruhn 14 SuppCN
Ao (Chungli)¹sɯŋ²tuŋ#6073 PTB *duːŋ ‘POST / COLUMN’PKC *tuŋ-I, tun-II ‘ERECT / POST / VERTICAL’PCN *tuŋ ‘STEM, TRUNK / POST / TREE’ ‘tree’Weidert 87 TBTo: 826
Ao (Mongsen: Longchang)sung◦kap#783 PTB *kwap ‘SKIN / LIP / SCALES (fish) / SHELL’MesorootsPCN *kəp ‘SKIN / COVER (n.)’Allofams7a #783 PTB *kwap ‘SKIN / LIP / SCALES (fish) / SHELL’7b #5516 PTB *krap ‘SHELL / SHIELD’ ‘bark (of tree)’Marrison 67 Naga
Ao (Mongsen: Longchang)sung◦tung#6073 PTB *duːŋ ‘POST / COLUMN’PKC *tuŋ-I, tun-II ‘ERECT / POST / VERTICAL’PCN *tuŋ ‘STEM, TRUNK / POST / TREE’ ‘tree’Marrison 67 Naga
Ao (Mongsen: Mangmetong)səŋ-kəp#783 PTB *kwap ‘SKIN / LIP / SCALES (fish) / SHELL’MesorootsPCN *kəp ‘SKIN / COVER (n.)’Allofams7a #783 PTB *kwap ‘SKIN / LIP / SCALES (fish) / SHELL’7b #5516 PTB *krap ‘SHELL / SHIELD’ n.‘bark ('wood' + 'skin')’Coupe 07 Ao
Ao (Mongsen: Mangmetong)səŋ-nik#682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’MesorootsPTani *mik ‘EYE’PKC *mik ‘EYE’PKC *mik-kuu-I, -kuk-II ‘SLEEPY’PCN *mjak ⪤ *hmik ‘EYE’PTk *mik ‘EYE’PTk *mit ‘EYE’TGTM *ᴮʰmiː(ŋ) ‘EYE’Allofams1 #33 PTB *s-myak ⪤ *s-mik ‘EYE’1a #682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’1b #681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’ n.‘knot in wood ('wood' + 'eye')’Coupe 07 Ao
Ao (Mongsen: Mangmetong)səŋ-pak#821 PTB *r-pak ‘LEAF / LEAFLIKE PART / FLAT OBJECT’PCN *a-pjak ‘FLAT’PCN *a-phak ‘MAT’ n.‘plank ('wood' + 'be flat')’Coupe 07 Ao
Ao (Mongsen: Mangmetong)sə̀ŋ-tsə̀#1631 PTB *tsyu ‘WATER / LIQUID / BODY FLUID’PCN *a-tʃə ‘WATER’TGTM * ᴮkjui ‘WATER’ n.‘sap ('wood' + 'water')’Coupe 07 Ao
Ao (Mongsen: Mangmetong)səŋ-tʃàŋ#3590 PTB *tsyaŋ ‘ROUND OBJECT / SEED / NUT / TESTICLE’PCN *tsaŋ ‘SEED, NUT’ n.‘fruit ('wood' + 'seed')’Coupe 07 Ao
Ao (Mongsen: Mangmetong)səŋ◦khə̀m#454 PTB *r-ka(ː)m ‘LIP / MOUTH / EDGE / BANK’PKC *kam ‘MOUTH’PCC *kam ‘BANK / SIDE / SHORE’ n.‘village gate (probably 'wood' + 'precipice')’Coupe 07 Ao
Ao (Mongsen: Mangmetong)sə̀ŋ◦tuŋ#6073 PTB *duːŋ ‘POST / COLUMN’PKC *tuŋ-I, tun-II ‘ERECT / POST / VERTICAL’PCN *tuŋ ‘STEM, TRUNK / POST / TREE’ n.‘tree ('wood' + 'stem, trunk')’Coupe 07 Ao
Lotha Nagatshəŋ³-thiʔ³#1019 PTB *sey ‘FRUIT / ROSE / ROUND OBJECT’PTani *ze ‘FRUIT’PKC *thay ‘FRUIT’PKC *ʔaar-θii ⪤ *-sii ‘STAR’PCN *a-sej ‘FRUIT / SEED’PTk *tʰej ‘FRUIT’PKar *saᴮ ‘FRUIT’ n.‘fruit (edible)’[Source note] wood-fruitBruhn 14 SuppCN
Lotha Nagatsang◦thi#1019 PTB *sey ‘FRUIT / ROSE / ROUND OBJECT’PTani *ze ‘FRUIT’PKC *thay ‘FRUIT’PKC *ʔaar-θii ⪤ *-sii ‘STAR’PCN *a-sej ‘FRUIT / SEED’PTk *tʰej ‘FRUIT’PKar *saᴮ ‘FRUIT’ n‘seed’Marrison 67 Naga
Lotha Nagatshüng◦thi#1019 PTB *sey ‘FRUIT / ROSE / ROUND OBJECT’PTani *ze ‘FRUIT’PKC *thay ‘FRUIT’PKC *ʔaar-θii ⪤ *-sii ‘STAR’PCN *a-sej ‘FRUIT / SEED’PTk *tʰej ‘FRUIT’PKar *saᴮ ‘FRUIT’◦tsüng#3590 PTB *tsyaŋ ‘ROUND OBJECT / SEED / NUT / TESTICLE’PCN *tsaŋ ‘SEED, NUT’ ‘nut’Murry 78: 79
Lotha Nagatsüng◦thi#1019 PTB *sey ‘FRUIT / ROSE / ROUND OBJECT’PTani *ze ‘FRUIT’PKC *thay ‘FRUIT’PKC *ʔaar-θii ⪤ *-sii ‘STAR’PCN *a-sej ‘FRUIT / SEED’PTk *tʰej ‘FRUIT’PKar *saᴮ ‘FRUIT’ ‘fruit’Murry 78: 48
Sangtamsing◦dong#6073 PTB *duːŋ ‘POST / COLUMN’PKC *tuŋ-I, tun-II ‘ERECT / POST / VERTICAL’PCN *tuŋ ‘STEM, TRUNK / POST / TREE’ ‘tree’Marrison 67 Naga
Sangtamsing◦si#1019 PTB *sey ‘FRUIT / ROSE / ROUND OBJECT’PTani *ze ‘FRUIT’PKC *thay ‘FRUIT’PKC *ʔaar-θii ⪤ *-sii ‘STAR’PCN *a-sej ‘FRUIT / SEED’PTk *tʰej ‘FRUIT’PKar *saᴮ ‘FRUIT’ ‘fruit’Marrison 67 Naga
Sangtam²siŋ¹duŋ#6073 PTB *duːŋ ‘POST / COLUMN’PKC *tuŋ-I, tun-II ‘ERECT / POST / VERTICAL’PCN *tuŋ ‘STEM, TRUNK / POST / TREE’ ‘tree’Weidert 87 TBTo: 826
Yacham-Tengsasang◦tung#6073 PTB *duːŋ ‘POST / COLUMN’PKC *tuŋ-I, tun-II ‘ERECT / POST / VERTICAL’PCN *tuŋ ‘STEM, TRUNK / POST / TREE’ ‘tree’Marrison 67 Naga
Yimchungrüsang-lüh#2386 PTB *g/b/m-la-y ‘BOW / ARROW’PCN *laʔ ‘BOW (n.)’PTk *la ‘BOW / ARROW’PL *C-mla² ‘ARROW’PKar *blaᴮ ‘ARROW, DART’ ‘bow’Kumar 73 Yim: 62
Yimchungrüsang◦aprefix◦so#1019 PTB *sey ‘FRUIT / ROSE / ROUND OBJECT’PTani *ze ‘FRUIT’PKC *thay ‘FRUIT’PKC *ʔaar-θii ⪤ *-sii ‘STAR’PCN *a-sej ‘FRUIT / SEED’PTk *tʰej ‘FRUIT’PKar *saᴮ ‘FRUIT’ ‘fruit’Kumar 73 Yim: 71
Yimchungrüsang◦kong#4319 PTB *kwaŋ ‘TROUGH / BOAT / BOX / TRAY’PKC *kuaŋ ‘TROUGH / BOX / TRAY’ ‘boat’Marrison 67 Naga
Yimchungrüsang◦tung#6073 PTB *duːŋ ‘POST / COLUMN’PKC *tuŋ-I, tun-II ‘ERECT / POST / VERTICAL’PCN *tuŋ ‘STEM, TRUNK / POST / TREE’ ‘tree’Marrison 67 Naga
Yimchungrü¹saŋ¹lɯʔ#2386 PTB *g/b/m-la-y ‘BOW / ARROW’PCN *laʔ ‘BOW (n.)’PTk *la ‘BOW / ARROW’PL *C-mla² ‘ARROW’PKar *blaᴮ ‘ARROW, DART’ n‘bow (for arrows)’Weidert 87 TBTo: 256
1.3.2Angami-Pochuri Group8
1.3.3Zeme Group31
1.3.4Tangkhulic24
Huishuʔamorpheme-tʰɐŋ-ku#593 PTB *kur ⪤ *kwar ‘SKIN’PTk *kor ‘BARK’PNN *C̬-kʰuar ‘SKIN’ ‘bark (of tree)’Mortensen 12 Tk: Plants.025
Tangkhulaprefix◦kor#593 PTB *kur ⪤ *kwar ‘SKIN’PTk *kor ‘BARK’PNN *C̬-kʰuar ‘SKIN’, thing◦kor#593 PTB *kur ⪤ *kwar ‘SKIN’PTk *kor ‘BARK’PNN *C̬-kʰuar ‘SKIN’ ‘bark (of tree)’Marrison 67 Naga
Tangkhulmamorpheme◦taŋ#2690 PTB *taŋ ‘PINE / FIR’PTk *taŋ ‘PINE (TREE)’PLB *taŋ² ‘FIREWOOD / PINE’ thiŋ◦roŋmorpheme ‘fir, pine’LaPolla 87: 39
1.5Mikir [Karbi]6
2.1.1Western Himalayish3
2.1.2Bodic42
Tsangla (Tilang)len#6091 PTB *lyan ‘STICK / BRANCH / TORCH’-chongmorpheme shing ‘Chinese pine’Zhang Jichuan 86
2.1.2.1Tibetan102
Tibetan (Amdo:Bla-brang)thaŋ#2690 PTB *taŋ ‘PINE / FIR’PTk *taŋ ‘PINE (TREE)’PLB *taŋ² ‘FIREWOOD / PINE’ xhaŋ ‘fir’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 181.4
Tibetan (Amdo:Zeku)thaŋ#2690 PTB *taŋ ‘PINE / FIR’PTk *taŋ ‘PINE (TREE)’PLB *taŋ² ‘FIREWOOD / PINE’ xhəŋ ‘pine’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 179.5
Tibetan (Batang)xhĩ⁵⁵ta⁵³morphemeko⁵⁵morphemetɑuʔ⁵³morpheme n‘woodpecker’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0343.03
Tibetan (Batang)xhĩ⁵⁵thoʔ⁵³morphemeʔa⁵⁵morphemema⁵³morpheme n‘persimmon’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0395.03
Tibetan (Khams:Dege)thoŋ⁵⁵#2690 PTB *taŋ ‘PINE / FIR’PTk *taŋ ‘PINE (TREE)’PLB *taŋ² ‘FIREWOOD / PINE’ɕhin⁵⁵ ‘pine’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 179.3
Tibetan (Lhasa)mi¹³morpheme (phy¹³morpheme) ɕiŋ⁵⁵ thu³⁵morpheme v.‘gather (firewood)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1239.02
Tibetan (Lhasa)thaŋ⁵⁵#2690 PTB *taŋ ‘PINE / FIR’PTk *taŋ ‘PINE (TREE)’PLB *taŋ² ‘FIREWOOD / PINE’ɕiŋ⁵⁵ nveg‘fir (China)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0384.02
Tibetan (Lhasa)thaŋ⁵⁵#2690 PTB *taŋ ‘PINE / FIR’PTk *taŋ ‘PINE (TREE)’PLB *taŋ² ‘FIREWOOD / PINE’ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ‘pine’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 179.2
Tibetan (Lhasa)thəŋ⁵⁵#2690 PTB *taŋ ‘PINE / FIR’PTk *taŋ ‘PINE (TREE)’PLB *taŋ² ‘FIREWOOD / PINE’ɕiŋ⁵⁵ nveg‘pine’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0385.02
Tibetan (Written)(ɕiŋ phrugmorpheme) ɦdzugs#2218 PTB *m-(d)z(y)u(ː)k ‘PIERCE / THORN / PLANT (v.) / ERECT’MesorootsPLB *(N/ʔ)tsuk ‘PIERCE / STAB’Allofams2a #2218 PTB *m-(d)z(y)u(ː)k ‘PIERCE / THORN / PLANT (v.) / ERECT’2b #5453 PTB *dz(y)ut ‘PIERCE / THORN / PLANT (v.) / ERECT’ v.‘plant (trees)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1774.01
Tibetan (Written)(ɕiŋ sdoŋmorpheme) ɦdugmorpheme v.‘there are (trees on the mountain)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1766.01
Tibetan (Written)(ɕiŋ) ɦkhur bu(gaŋ) clf‘load (of firewood) on the back’also contains *p-kur OR *k-purmorpheme · morphemeHuang and Dai 92 TBL: 0876.01
Tibetan (Written)thaŋ#2690 PTB *taŋ ‘PINE / FIR’PTk *taŋ ‘PINE (TREE)’PLB *taŋ² ‘FIREWOOD / PINE’ ɕiŋ nveg‘fir (China)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0384.01
Tibetan (Written)thaŋ#2690 PTB *taŋ ‘PINE / FIR’PTk *taŋ ‘PINE (TREE)’PLB *taŋ² ‘FIREWOOD / PINE’ ɕiŋ ‘pine’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 179.1
Tibetan (Written)thaŋ#2690 PTB *taŋ ‘PINE / FIR’PTk *taŋ ‘PINE (TREE)’PLB *taŋ² ‘FIREWOOD / PINE’-śiŋ ‘fir, pine’Matisoff 83 TIL: 50
Tibetan (Written)thaŋ#2690 PTB *taŋ ‘PINE / FIR’PTk *taŋ ‘PINE (TREE)’PLB *taŋ² ‘FIREWOOD / PINE’-śiŋ ‘fir, pine’LaPolla 87: 39
2.1.4Tamangish23
2.2Newar2
2.3Kiranti1
2.3.1Eastern Kiranti26
2.3.2Southern Kiranti1
2.3.3Central Kiranti2
2.3.4Western Kiranti7
2.4Kham-Magar-Chepang94
Chepangbopmorpheme.raykmorpheme.siŋʔ n.‘tree (sp.), with yellow seed pods, leaves used for ripening bananas, Albizia juilbrissu?’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangbrinmorpheme.duŋmorpheme.siŋʔ n.‘tree (sp.), with yellow flowers and small sweet yellow fruit (in April)’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangbəwmorpheme.dhammorpheme.siŋʔ n.‘tree (sp.), large circular leaves, used as timber’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangdiŋmorpheme hləyʔmorpheme.siŋʔ n.‘(spirit) ladder between world and the underworld’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangdomorpheme.limorpheme.siŋʔ n.‘wood projecting out over spirit world - a dead person's spirit walks on it and is tipped off by shaman’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangdoŋmorpheme.gəlʔmorpheme.siŋʔ n.‘stick (sp.) for carrying by persons at each end, horizontal stick’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepanggləymorpheme.thummorpheme.siŋʔ n.‘tree (sp.), Acacia with small feathery leaves, used as fodder’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepanghləyʔ#3582 PTB *s-l(a/e)y ‘BRIDGE / LADDER’MesorootsPKC *lay ⪤ *hlay ‘BRIDGE’Allofams2a #3582 PTB *s-l(a/e)y ‘BRIDGE / LADDER’2b #5780 PTB *s-lak ⪤ *s-laŋ ‘BRIDGE / LADDER / STAIRS’.siŋʔ n.‘ladder (notched tree trunk)’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepanghləyʔ#3582 PTB *s-l(a/e)y ‘BRIDGE / LADDER’MesorootsPKC *lay ⪤ *hlay ‘BRIDGE’Allofams2a #3582 PTB *s-l(a/e)y ‘BRIDGE / LADDER’2b #5780 PTB *s-lak ⪤ *s-laŋ ‘BRIDGE / LADDER / STAIRS’.siŋʔ n.‘notched pole, ladder’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepanghumorpheme.dyumorpheme.ryuʔmorpheme.siŋʔ n.‘tree (sp.), large, with small yellow flowers, fine leaves used as fodder’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepanghŋolʔmorpheme.siŋʔ n.‘trap part (sp.), horizontal stick of deer trap trigger (taking the pull of the sprung noose)’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangjamorpheme.dammorpheme.siŋʔ n.‘tree (sp.), hardwood, with thorns, small leaves, fine yellow flowers’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangjəymorpheme.teʔmorpheme.teʔmorpheme.siŋʔ n.‘tree (sp.), sweet smelling (Cinnamon?)’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangkalʔmorpheme.siŋʔ.(raŋ)morpheme n.‘forest; uncut, virgin jungle; clearing in jungle’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangkhəymorpheme.ʔərmorpheme.siŋʔ n.‘tree (sp.), from which gum is extracted, Acacia catechu (<N)’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangklaʔmorpheme.bhərʔmorpheme.siŋʔ n.‘tree (sp.), small yellow flowers, red fruit, bark used to make netbags’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangkolhmorpheme.siŋʔ n.‘split log (esp. one used by an evil spirit as a chopping block)’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangkoŋmorpheme.kamorpheme.siŋʔ n.‘trap part - upright hooked sticks of trigger’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangkumʔ#692 PTB *m-k(u/i)m ‘PILLOW / BLOCK / BENCH / BEDSTEAD’PKC *kham ⪤ *khum ‘PILLOW’PKC *khu(m/n) ‘BED / COUCH’PCN *m-kham ‘BENCH, BLOCK / PILLOW’PLB *m-kum² ‘BLOCK / PILLOW’.siŋʔ n.‘pillow block (wooden), headrest’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepanglhəy#3582 PTB *s-l(a/e)y ‘BRIDGE / LADDER’MesorootsPKC *lay ⪤ *hlay ‘BRIDGE’Allofams2a #3582 PTB *s-l(a/e)y ‘BRIDGE / LADDER’2b #5780 PTB *s-lak ⪤ *s-laŋ ‘BRIDGE / LADDER / STAIRS’.siŋ n.‘ladder (B)’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangmamorpheme.dhammorpheme.(siŋʔ) n.‘tree (sp.), thorny with very long (3-4cm.) spines - used to pierce nose, ears’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangmumorpheme.khunmorpheme.dəmorpheme.siŋʔ n.‘tree (sp.), lowland, bark used for hair rinse’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangnəlmorpheme.galmorpheme.siŋʔ n.‘tree (sp.), large, with blue flowers, bark used for rope’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangphəmorpheme.rimmorpheme.siŋʔ n.‘tree (sp.), large, edible seed - used for intestinal problems (<N)’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangramorpheme.nimorpheme.siŋ.kamorpheme n.‘plant (sp.), fine leaves, small white flowers Dunstaedtia appendiculata?’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangrammorpheme.ghakmorpheme.siŋʔ n.‘tree (sp.), large, with yellow flowers - leaves used as tobacco or medicine for cattle sores, Wrightia tormentosa’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangri.thaNepali loanword.siŋʔ n.‘tree (sp.) - bark used as hair rinse, seeds for shaman's beads, Sapindus mukorossi (<N rittha)’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangsiŋʔ.dorhmorpheme.waʔ#1603 PTB *w(a/u) ‘BIRD / EGG / WING / FOWL’PKC *waa ‘BIRD’PTk *wa ‘BIRD’ n.‘bird (sp.), a woodpecker’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangsiŋʔ.pasmorpheme.romorpheme n.‘plant (sp.), orchid (gen.), (flowering varieties)’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangsiŋʔ.syulʔmorpheme.waʔ#1603 PTB *w(a/u) ‘BIRD / EGG / WING / FOWL’PKC *waa ‘BIRD’PTk *wa ‘BIRD’ n.‘bird (sp.), Fulvous-Breasted Woodpecker’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangsiŋʔ.tommorpheme.pərʔmorpheme.ʔimorpheme n.‘untouched fruits of jungle, first-fruits’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangsiŋʔ.tyamhmorpheme.yom#2777 PTB *d-wam ‘BEAR (animal)’PTani *tum ‘BEAR (animal)’PKC *wom ‘BEAR (animal)’PTk *him ‘BEAR’PTk *ŋom ‘BEAR’PLB *d-wam¹/² ‘BEAR’PL *k-d-wam¹ ‘BEAR’PKar *thamᴬ ‘BEAR (animal)’ n.‘Sloth bear’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangsiŋʔ.tyamhmorpheme.yom#2777 PTB *d-wam ‘BEAR (animal)’PTani *tum ‘BEAR (animal)’PKC *wom ‘BEAR (animal)’PTk *him ‘BEAR’PTk *ŋom ‘BEAR’PLB *d-wam¹/² ‘BEAR’PL *k-d-wam¹ ‘BEAR’PKar *thamᴬ ‘BEAR (animal)’ n.‘Sloth-bear’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangsomorpheme.gaŋmorpheme.siŋʔ n.‘pole for hoisting burning leaves (to burn out wasp nest)’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangteʔmorpheme.rəwʔmorpheme.siŋʔ n.‘tree (sp.), medium-sized, bark used as fish poison, also for hair rinse’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangtokmorpheme.comorpheme.rokmorpheme.(siŋʔ) n.‘tree (sp.), fruit eaten by pigeons’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangtu.niNepali loanword.siŋʔ n.‘tree (sp.), very large, Cedrela toona (<N tuni)’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangwaʔmorpheme.toymorpheme.rumorpheme.(siŋʔ) n.‘tree (sp.), medium-sized, blue flowers’Caughley 00 Chepang
3.2Qiangic102
Ersusi⁵⁵sɛ⁵⁵#1019 PTB *sey ‘FRUIT / ROSE / ROUND OBJECT’PTani *ze ‘FRUIT’PKC *thay ‘FRUIT’PKC *ʔaar-θii ⪤ *-sii ‘STAR’PCN *a-sej ‘FRUIT / SEED’PTk *tʰej ‘FRUIT’PKar *saᴮ ‘FRUIT’ ‘fruit’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 213.18
Lyuzuse³³kæ⁵³#1278 PTB *s-ka(ː)k ‘FORK / BRANCH / CROTCH’PTani *ɦak ‘BRANCH’PLB *ʔ-gakᴸ ‘BRANCH’li³¹morpheme n‘branch / twig’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0374.18
Lyuzuse³³sɿ⁵³#1019 PTB *sey ‘FRUIT / ROSE / ROUND OBJECT’PTani *ze ‘FRUIT’PKC *thay ‘FRUIT’PKC *ʔaar-θii ⪤ *-sii ‘STAR’PCN *a-sej ‘FRUIT / SEED’PTk *tʰej ‘FRUIT’PKar *saᴮ ‘FRUIT’ nveg‘fruit’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0378.18
Namuyisɿ³³po⁵⁵morpheme kæ³¹#1278 PTB *s-ka(ː)k ‘FORK / BRANCH / CROTCH’PTani *ɦak ‘BRANCH’PLB *ʔ-gakᴸ ‘BRANCH’læ⁵⁵morpheme n‘branch / twig’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0374.46
Namuyisɿ³⁵læ³¹morphemeku⁵⁵morphememu⁵⁵morphemesu̵⁵³morpheme n‘carpenter’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0185.46
Pumi (Jiulong)sẽ¹¹sy⁵⁵#1019 PTB *sey ‘FRUIT / ROSE / ROUND OBJECT’PTani *ze ‘FRUIT’PKC *thay ‘FRUIT’PKC *ʔaar-θii ⪤ *-sii ‘STAR’PCN *a-sej ‘FRUIT / SEED’PTk *tʰej ‘FRUIT’PKar *saᴮ ‘FRUIT’ nveg‘fruit’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0378.10
Pumi (Taoba)sẽ³⁵su̵⁵³#1019 PTB *sey ‘FRUIT / ROSE / ROUND OBJECT’PTani *ze ‘FRUIT’PKC *thay ‘FRUIT’PKC *ʔaar-θii ⪤ *-sii ‘STAR’PCN *a-sej ‘FRUIT / SEED’PTk *tʰej ‘FRUIT’PKar *saᴮ ‘FRUIT’ ‘fruit’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 213.10
Qiang (Longxi)ɕì kə̀#1278 PTB *s-ka(ː)k ‘FORK / BRANCH / CROTCH’PTani *ɦak ‘BRANCH’PLB *ʔ-gakᴸ ‘BRANCH’ màmorpheme ‘branch’Evans 99 Qiang: 467
Queyu (Xinlong)(se⁵⁵ɣa³³morpheme) mdʑar¹³morpheme v.‘climb up (a tree)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1539.13
3.3rGyalrongic9
3.3.1rGyalrong5
4Nungic70
Anongśiŋ śi#1019 PTB *sey ‘FRUIT / ROSE / ROUND OBJECT’PTani *ze ‘FRUIT’PKC *thay ‘FRUIT’PKC *ʔaar-θii ⪤ *-sii ‘STAR’PCN *a-sej ‘FRUIT / SEED’PTk *tʰej ‘FRUIT’PKar *saᴮ ‘FRUIT’ ‘fruit’LaPolla 87: 102
Anongśiŋ śi#1019 PTB *sey ‘FRUIT / ROSE / ROUND OBJECT’PTani *ze ‘FRUIT’PKC *thay ‘FRUIT’PKC *ʔaar-θii ⪤ *-sii ‘STAR’PCN *a-sej ‘FRUIT / SEED’PTk *tʰej ‘FRUIT’PKar *saᴮ ‘FRUIT’ ‘fruit’Benedict 72 STC: 57
*Nungishśiŋ-wat#2185 PTB *b/s-wat ‘FLOWER’PLB *s-watᴴ ‘BLOOM / FLOWER’ ‘bud / flower’Benedict 72 STC: 24n78
Rawangɕəru³³#2620 PTB *m/s-r(a/o)w ‘PINE / FIR’PTani *ru ‘FIR / PITCH PINE’ ɕɯŋ⁵³ ‘pine’LaPolla 03: 435
Rawangɕɯŋ⁵³ ɕi⁵³#1019 PTB *sey ‘FRUIT / ROSE / ROUND OBJECT’PTani *ze ‘FRUIT’PKC *thay ‘FRUIT’PKC *ʔaar-θii ⪤ *-sii ‘STAR’PCN *a-sej ‘FRUIT / SEED’PTk *tʰej ‘FRUIT’PKar *saᴮ ‘FRUIT’ ‘fruit’LaPolla 03: 431
Nungɕɯŋ⁵⁵ʂɿ³¹#1019 PTB *sey ‘FRUIT / ROSE / ROUND OBJECT’PTani *ze ‘FRUIT’PKC *thay ‘FRUIT’PKC *ʔaar-θii ⪤ *-sii ‘STAR’PCN *a-sej ‘FRUIT / SEED’PTk *tʰej ‘FRUIT’PKar *saᴮ ‘FRUIT’ nveg‘fruit’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0378.21
Trung [Dulong]śiŋ-uat#2185 PTB *b/s-wat ‘FLOWER’PLB *s-watᴴ ‘BLOOM / FLOWER’ ‘flower’Matisoff 85 GSTC: 020
Trung [Dulong]śiŋ-wat#2185 PTB *b/s-wat ‘FLOWER’PLB *s-watᴴ ‘BLOOM / FLOWER’ ‘flower’LaPolla 87: 161
Trung [Dulong]śiŋ-wat#2185 PTB *b/s-wat ‘FLOWER’PLB *s-watᴴ ‘BLOOM / FLOWER’ ‘flower’Benedict 72 STC: 79n242
Trung [Dulong]sɯ³¹ɹu⁵⁵#2620 PTB *m/s-r(a/o)w ‘PINE / FIR’PTani *ru ‘FIR / PITCH PINE’ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ‘pine’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 179.46
Dulongtɑŋ⁵³#2690 PTB *taŋ ‘PINE / FIR’PTk *taŋ ‘PINE (TREE)’PLB *taŋ² ‘FIREWOOD / PINE’ɕiŋ⁵⁵ nveg‘fir (China)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0384.20
Trung [Dulong]ɕiŋ⁵⁵dzu⁵⁵morphemewɑ⁵³morphemeɑ³¹morphemetsɑ̆ŋ⁵³morpheme ‘carpenter’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 305.46
Dulongɕiŋ⁵⁵wɑt⁵⁵#2185 PTB *b/s-wat ‘FLOWER’PLB *s-watᴴ ‘BLOOM / FLOWER’ nveg‘flower’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0377.20
Trung [Dulong]ɕiŋ⁵⁵wɑ̆t⁵⁵#2185 PTB *b/s-wat ‘FLOWER’PLB *s-watᴴ ‘BLOOM / FLOWER’ ‘flower’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 228.46
Dulongɕiŋ⁵⁵wɑt⁵⁵morphemejɔʔ⁵⁵morpheme ‘multicolored / patterned (cloth)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1098.20
Dulongɕɯ⁵⁵ɹu⁵⁵#2620 PTB *m/s-r(a/o)w ‘PINE / FIR’PTani *ru ‘FIR / PITCH PINE’ɕiŋ⁵⁵ nveg‘pine’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0385.20
Trung [Dulong] (Dulonghe)śiŋ⁵⁵ wat⁵⁵#2185 PTB *b/s-wat ‘FLOWER’PLB *s-watᴴ ‘BLOOM / FLOWER’ ‘flower’LaPolla 87: 161
Trung [Dulong] (Dulonghe)śiŋ⁵⁵ wat⁵⁵#2185 PTB *b/s-wat ‘FLOWER’PLB *s-watᴴ ‘BLOOM / FLOWER’ wat⁵⁵#2185 PTB *b/s-wat ‘FLOWER’PLB *s-watᴴ ‘BLOOM / FLOWER’ ‘bloom’LaPolla 87: 161
Trung [Dulong] (Dulonghe)sɯ³¹ ru⁵⁵#2620 PTB *m/s-r(a/o)w ‘PINE / FIR’PTani *ru ‘FIR / PITCH PINE’ śiŋ⁵⁵ ‘pine, fir’LaPolla 87: 158
Trung [Dulong] (Nujiang)sɯ³¹ ru⁵⁵#2620 PTB *m/s-r(a/o)w ‘PINE / FIR’PTani *ru ‘FIR / PITCH PINE’ śɯŋ⁵⁵ ‘pine, fir’LaPolla 87: 158
Trung [Dulong] (Nujiang)sɯ³¹ɹu⁵⁵#2620 PTB *m/s-r(a/o)w ‘PINE / FIR’PTani *ru ‘FIR / PITCH PINE’ɕɯŋ⁵⁵ ‘pine’Sun H 82 Dul
6.1Lolo-Burmese3
6.1.1Burmish51
Achang (Luxi)sək⁵⁵kaʔ⁵⁵#1278 PTB *s-ka(ː)k ‘FORK / BRANCH / CROTCH’PTani *ɦak ‘BRANCH’PLB *ʔ-gakᴸ ‘BRANCH’ ‘branch’Dai 85 AcJZ
Achang (Xiandao)ʂɯk⁵⁵xɔʔ⁵⁵#1278 PTB *s-ka(ː)k ‘FORK / BRANCH / CROTCH’PTani *ɦak ‘BRANCH’PLB *ʔ-gakᴸ ‘BRANCH’ n‘branch / twig’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0374.29
Bola (Luxi)sak⁵⁵ka̱ʔ⁵⁵#1278 PTB *s-ka(ː)k ‘FORK / BRANCH / CROTCH’PTani *ɦak ‘BRANCH’PLB *ʔ-gakᴸ ‘BRANCH’ n‘branch / twig’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0374.32
Burmese (Rangoon)tθiʔ⁴tõ⁵⁵#5779 PTB *tum ⪤ *dum ‘LOG / HUNK OF WOOD / SECTION OF SOMETHING LONG’PKC *tum ‘BLOCK (n.)’ n‘wood / log’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0511.27
Burmese (Written)tθɑs⁴ tuṁ³#5779 PTB *tum ⪤ *dum ‘LOG / HUNK OF WOOD / SECTION OF SOMETHING LONG’PKC *tum ‘BLOCK (n.)’ n‘wood / log’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0511.26
Langsu (Luxi)sa̱k⁵⁵kɔ̱ʔ⁵⁵#1278 PTB *s-ka(ː)k ‘FORK / BRANCH / CROTCH’PTani *ɦak ‘BRANCH’PLB *ʔ-gakᴸ ‘BRANCH’ n‘branch / twig’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0374.31
Leqi (Luxi)sə̱k⁵⁵kɔ̱ʔ⁵⁵#1278 PTB *s-ka(ː)k ‘FORK / BRANCH / CROTCH’PTani *ɦak ‘BRANCH’PLB *ʔ-gakᴸ ‘BRANCH’ n‘branch / twig’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0374.33
Leqi (Luxi)sə̱k⁵⁵tɔ̱m⁵³#5779 PTB *tum ⪤ *dum ‘LOG / HUNK OF WOOD / SECTION OF SOMETHING LONG’PKC *tum ‘BLOCK (n.)’ n‘wood / log’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0511.33
Maru [Langsu]sa̱k⁵⁵kɔ̱ʔ⁵⁵#1278 PTB *s-ka(ː)k ‘FORK / BRANCH / CROTCH’PTani *ɦak ‘BRANCH’PLB *ʔ-gakᴸ ‘BRANCH’ ‘branch’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 225.43
6.1.2Loloish3
6.1.2.1Northern Loloish83
Nusu (Central)si̱⁵³ka̱⁵³#1278 PTB *s-ka(ː)k ‘FORK / BRANCH / CROTCH’PTani *ɦak ‘BRANCH’PLB *ʔ-gakᴸ ‘BRANCH’ n‘branch / twig’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0374.34
Nusu (Bijiang)si⁵³kɑ̱⁵³#1278 PTB *s-ka(ː)k ‘FORK / BRANCH / CROTCH’PTani *ɦak ‘BRANCH’PLB *ʔ-gakᴸ ‘BRANCH’lɑ⁵³morphemeɑ³¹morpheme ‘branch’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 225.45
Nusu (Northern)sɿ⁵⁵ka⁵⁵#1278 PTB *s-ka(ː)k ‘FORK / BRANCH / CROTCH’PTani *ɦak ‘BRANCH’PLB *ʔ-gakᴸ ‘BRANCH’ ‘branch’Sun J 86 Nusu
Yi (Dafang)se³³ka¹³#1278 PTB *s-ka(ː)k ‘FORK / BRANCH / CROTCH’PTani *ɦak ‘BRANCH’PLB *ʔ-gakᴸ ‘BRANCH’ ‘branch’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 225.22
Yi (Liangshan)sɿ̱³³ko⁵⁵#1278 PTB *s-ka(ː)k ‘FORK / BRANCH / CROTCH’PTani *ɦak ‘BRANCH’PLB *ʔ-gakᴸ ‘BRANCH’ ‘branch (tree)’Ma 08 Yi: index
Yi (Mojiang)ɕi̱³³ko̱²¹#1278 PTB *s-ka(ː)k ‘FORK / BRANCH / CROTCH’PTani *ɦak ‘BRANCH’PLB *ʔ-gakᴸ ‘BRANCH’le̱²¹morpheme ‘branch’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 225.26
Yi (Nanhua)ɕi̱³³də²¹#5779 PTB *tum ⪤ *dum ‘LOG / HUNK OF WOOD / SECTION OF SOMETHING LONG’PKC *tum ‘BLOCK (n.)’lə²¹morphememo³³morpheme nveg‘trunk’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0373.37
Yi (Nanhua)ɕi̱³³kɑ⁵⁵#1278 PTB *s-ka(ː)k ‘FORK / BRANCH / CROTCH’PTani *ɦak ‘BRANCH’PLB *ʔ-gakᴸ ‘BRANCH’le̱²¹morpheme n‘branch / twig’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0374.37
Yi (Nanhua)ɕi̱³³kᴀ̱⁵⁵#1278 PTB *s-ka(ː)k ‘FORK / BRANCH / CROTCH’PTani *ɦak ‘BRANCH’PLB *ʔ-gakᴸ ‘BRANCH’le̱²¹morpheme ‘branch’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 225.24
Yi (Nanhua)ɕɿ̄³³do³³#5779 PTB *tum ⪤ *dum ‘LOG / HUNK OF WOOD / SECTION OF SOMETHING LONG’PKC *tum ‘BLOCK (n.)’lo³³morpheme n‘wood / log’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0511.37
6.1.2.2Central Loloish101
Kucongsɤ33 la31morpheme ka55#1278 PTB *s-ka(ː)k ‘FORK / BRANCH / CROTCH’PTani *ɦak ‘BRANCH’PLB *ʔ-gakᴸ ‘BRANCH’ ‘tree branch’Dai 09 Kucong
Lahu (Lancang)si⁵⁴qɑ³⁵#1278 PTB *s-ka(ː)k ‘FORK / BRANCH / CROTCH’PTani *ɦak ‘BRANCH’PLB *ʔ-gakᴸ ‘BRANCH’ n‘branch / twig’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0374.43
Lahu (Lancang)si⁵⁴tɛ⁵³#5779 PTB *tum ⪤ *dum ‘LOG / HUNK OF WOOD / SECTION OF SOMETHING LONG’PKC *tum ‘BLOCK (n.)’ n‘wood / log’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0511.43
Lahu (Black)šɨ̂ʔ-thɛ#5779 PTB *tum ⪤ *dum ‘LOG / HUNK OF WOOD / SECTION OF SOMETHING LONG’PKC *tum ‘BLOCK (n.)’(-qumorpheme) n.‘log of wood’Matisoff 88 DL: 687
Lahu (Black)šɨ̂ʔ-tɛ́#5779 PTB *tum ⪤ *dum ‘LOG / HUNK OF WOOD / SECTION OF SOMETHING LONG’PKC *tum ‘BLOCK (n.)’-qumorpheme ⪤ šɨ̂ʔ-tɛ̂#5779 PTB *tum ⪤ *dum ‘LOG / HUNK OF WOOD / SECTION OF SOMETHING LONG’PKC *tum ‘BLOCK (n.)’-qumorpheme n.‘fallen tree trunk; big log’Matisoff 88 DL: 1243
Lahu (Black)sɿ⁵⁴qᴀ³⁵#1278 PTB *s-ka(ː)k ‘FORK / BRANCH / CROTCH’PTani *ɦak ‘BRANCH’PLB *ʔ-gakᴸ ‘BRANCH’ ‘branch’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 225.33
Lahu (Yellow)sɿ⁶qa⁴#1278 PTB *s-ka(ː)k ‘FORK / BRANCH / CROTCH’PTani *ɦak ‘BRANCH’PLB *ʔ-gakᴸ ‘BRANCH’ ‘branch’Chang 86
Lisusi2-lá6morpheme-ka3#1278 PTB *s-ka(ː)k ‘FORK / BRANCH / CROTCH’PTani *ɦak ‘BRANCH’PLB *ʔ-gakᴸ ‘BRANCH’ ‘branch’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 43
Lisu (Central)si²-lá⁶morpheme-ka³#1278 PTB *s-ka(ː)k ‘FORK / BRANCH / CROTCH’PTani *ɦak ‘BRANCH’PLB *ʔ-gakᴸ ‘BRANCH’ ‘branch’Fraser 22
Lisu (Central)si²¹dʑø³³morphemedzi³³#6123 PTB *dziŋ ‘PLANT (n.) / TREE’ N‘evergreen dogwood, Cornus capitata (tree with fruit like lychee)’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)si²¹dʑɤ³³morphemedzi³³#6123 PTB *dziŋ ‘PLANT (n.) / TREE’ N‘evergreen dogwood, Cornus capitata (tree with fruit like lychee)’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)si²¹le²¹morpheme tshɯ²¹morphemehɤ̃²¹morpheme ‘peach glue (oozes from peach tree branches)’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)si²¹le²¹morpheme zɔʔ²¹morphemelɔʔ²¹morpheme ‘parasitic plant on peach tree’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)si²¹tʃhɿ³³morphemedzi³³#6123 PTB *dziŋ ‘PLANT (n.) / TREE’ ‘pear tree’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)si³⁵da⁴⁴#1468 PL *da¹ ‘STICK / ELONGATED OBJECT’ ‘wooden stick; wooden pole’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)si³⁵dzi³³#6123 PTB *dziŋ ‘PLANT (n.) / TREE’ ku³³morphemesi³³morpheme ‘under the tree’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)si³⁵khwa⁵⁵morphemebɤ²¹morpheme ‘pieces of firewood; split bamboo or chopped wood’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)si³⁵kɯʔ²¹morphemetɯʔ²¹morpheme ‘(species of Japanese eurya, hard wood)’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)si³⁵læ²¹morphemeka⁵⁵morpheme thi³³morpheme ka⁵⁵morpheme n‘tree branch’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)si³⁵læʔ²¹morphemeka⁵⁵#1278 PTB *s-ka(ː)k ‘FORK / BRANCH / CROTCH’PTani *ɦak ‘BRANCH’PLB *ʔ-gakᴸ ‘BRANCH’ ‘tree branch’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)si³⁵mɔ²¹#2440 PTB *maŋ ‘BIG / ELDER (BROTHER, UNCLE) / OLD’PLB *maŋ² ‘OLD (of people)’dzi³³#6123 PTB *dziŋ ‘PLANT (n.) / TREE’ ‘old tree; ancient tree’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)si³⁵phu²¹morphemelæ³³morpheme ‘kind of tree, Rhus chinensis (with edible fruit)’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisusi³⁵sɯ³¹#1019 PTB *sey ‘FRUIT / ROSE / ROUND OBJECT’PTani *ze ‘FRUIT’PKC *thay ‘FRUIT’PKC *ʔaar-θii ⪤ *-sii ‘STAR’PCN *a-sej ‘FRUIT / SEED’PTk *tʰej ‘FRUIT’PKar *saᴮ ‘FRUIT’ nveg‘fruit’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0378.40
Lisu (Northern)si³⁵thɔ⁵⁵#5779 PTB *tum ⪤ *dum ‘LOG / HUNK OF WOOD / SECTION OF SOMETHING LONG’PKC *tum ‘BLOCK (n.)’ ‘log (chopped up)’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)si³⁵tʃhɿ²¹morpheme bɤ²¹morphemedi³³morpheme ‘insect that eats books, clothes or wood’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisusi³⁵ve̱³³#2185 PTB *b/s-wat ‘FLOWER’PLB *s-watᴴ ‘BLOOM / FLOWER’ nveg‘flower’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0377.40
Lisu (Northern)si³⁵væʔ²¹morphemedzi³³#6123 PTB *dziŋ ‘PLANT (n.) / TREE’ ‘tree of caryotaurens’Bradley 94 Lisu
6.1.2.3Southern Loloish6
6.1.2.4Southeastern Loloish41
Azhatʰu³³#2690 PTB *taŋ ‘PINE / FIR’PTk *taŋ ‘PINE (TREE)’PLB *taŋ² ‘FIREWOOD / PINE’si⁴⁴ ‘pine tree’Pelkey 11 Phula: 168
Southern Mujiɕi³³do²¹#5779 PTB *tum ⪤ *dum ‘LOG / HUNK OF WOOD / SECTION OF SOMETHING LONG’PKC *tum ‘BLOCK (n.)’ma²¹morpheme ‘tree trunk’Pelkey 11 Phula: 227
Southern Mujiɕi³³ka²¹#1278 PTB *s-ka(ː)k ‘FORK / BRANCH / CROTCH’PTani *ɦak ‘BRANCH’PLB *ʔ-gakᴸ ‘BRANCH’lɛ³³morpheme ‘branch’Pelkey 11 Phula: 219
Pholasi̠³¹kɑ̠³³#1278 PTB *s-ka(ː)k ‘FORK / BRANCH / CROTCH’PTani *ɦak ‘BRANCH’PLB *ʔ-gakᴸ ‘BRANCH’ ‘fork (of tree branch)’Pelkey 11 Phula: 229
Pholasi̠³¹lɑ³³#1278 PTB *s-ka(ː)k ‘FORK / BRANCH / CROTCH’PTani *ɦak ‘BRANCH’PLB *ʔ-gakᴸ ‘BRANCH’kɑ̠³¹ ‘branch’Pelkey 11 Phula: 219
Pholasi̠³¹tɑ̠³¹#5779 PTB *tum ⪤ *dum ‘LOG / HUNK OF WOOD / SECTION OF SOMETHING LONG’PKC *tum ‘BLOCK (n.)’ ‘tree trunk’Pelkey 11 Phula: 227
Hlepho Phowasɿ²¹ka³³#1278 PTB *s-ka(ː)k ‘FORK / BRANCH / CROTCH’PTani *ɦak ‘BRANCH’PLB *ʔ-gakᴸ ‘BRANCH’ ‘branch’Pelkey 11 Phula: 219
Hlepho Phowasɿ²¹ka³³#1278 PTB *s-ka(ː)k ‘FORK / BRANCH / CROTCH’PTani *ɦak ‘BRANCH’PLB *ʔ-gakᴸ ‘BRANCH’ ‘fork (of tree branch)’Pelkey 11 Phula: 229
Phuzasi⁵⁵mʌ³³morphemea⁵⁵prefixka¹³#1278 PTB *s-ka(ː)k ‘FORK / BRANCH / CROTCH’PTani *ɦak ‘BRANCH’PLB *ʔ-gakᴸ ‘BRANCH’ ‘fork (of tree branch)’Pelkey 11 Phula: 229
6.2Naxi39
Laze (Xiangjiao)si˥qɑ˥#1278 PTB *s-ka(ː)k ‘FORK / BRANCH / CROTCH’PTani *ɦak ‘BRANCH’PLB *ʔ-gakᴸ ‘BRANCH’lɑ˧morpheme ‘branch’Michaud 06 NaLaze: 4239
Laze (Xiangjiao)tʰu˧#2690 PTB *taŋ ‘PINE / FIR’PTk *taŋ ‘PINE (TREE)’PLB *taŋ² ‘FIREWOOD / PINE’si˧ ‘pine tree’Michaud 06 NaLaze: 4084
Na (Yongning)si˧kɤ˧˥#1278 PTB *s-ka(ː)k ‘FORK / BRANCH / CROTCH’PTani *ɦak ‘BRANCH’PLB *ʔ-gakᴸ ‘BRANCH’ ‘branch’Michaud 06 NaLaze
Na (Yongning)si˧nɑ˥#6130 PTB *s-ma(ŋ/k) ‘BLACK / INK / DEEP’PCN *a-ma(ŋ) ‘DARK’ ‘deep forest’Michaud 06 NaLaze
Naxi (Yongning)sɿ³³dzɿ³³morphemekə³¹#1278 PTB *s-ka(ː)k ‘FORK / BRANCH / CROTCH’PTani *ɦak ‘BRANCH’PLB *ʔ-gakᴸ ‘BRANCH’lo³¹morpheme ‘branch’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 225.29
7Karenic45
Gebaθi¹ pʻi²#590 PTB *p(y)ik ‘SKIN / PEEL’PKar *pheɁᴰ ‘BARK (n.), LEATHER, SKIN’ ‘skin, bark’Luce 85: J.242
Kayan (Pekon)θə̂n◦klâmorpheme N‘kind of tree that grows in the lowlands [lit. tree-forest]’Manson 10 Kayan
Kayan (Pekon)θə̂n◦kʰə́morpheme N‘log, tree trunk of a fallen tree [lit. tree-corpse]’Manson 10 Kayan
Kayan (Pekon)θə̂n◦tá̤morpheme N‘kind of tree whose shoots are used as offerings [lit. tree-?]’Manson 10 Kayan
Kayan (Pekon)θə̂n◦tṳ̀morpheme N‘tree base, usually used for trees with striated trunks [lit. tree-?]’Manson 10 Kayan
Kayan (Pekon)θə̂n◦tʰwânmorpheme N‘post, especially those used in house construction [lit. tree-?]’Manson 10 Kayan
Kayan (Pekon)θə̂n◦tʰə́nmorpheme N‘kind of tree with leaves used for thatching [lit. tree-?]’Manson 10 Kayan
Kayan (Pekon)θə̂n◦θə́morpheme N‘kind of tree with sap used to seal baskets and boats [lit. tree-?]’Manson 10 Kayan
Cite this entry
STEDT etymon #2658,
*si(ŋ/k) ‘TREE / WOOD / FIREWOOD’.Stable link:
https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/2658Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].
References: STC#233
BibTeX
@misc{stedt-2658,
title = {{*si(ŋ/k) 'TREE / WOOD / FIREWOOD'}},
author = {STEDT},
year = {2017},
note = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #2658},
url = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/2658}
}