The Body › Mouth and Throat › Lip

STEDT #454

*r-ka(ː)m

LIP / MOUTH / EDGE / BANK

Proto-Tibeto-Burman

Reconstruction analysis

handlekwamprefixrinitialk(w)rhymeam/pcoverK · NT

Intermediate reconstructions

Kuki-Chin*kam ‘MOUTH’PKC #301

Central Chin*kam ‘BANK / SIDE / SHORE’PKC #255 ("PCC")

Connections

HPTB*r-ka(ː)m ‘edge / bank / precipice / lip / mouth’pp. 127, 251, 298

Chinese comparandum

𠪚 OC *k’ɑ̂m~*ngi̯əm, GSR #607f-g ‘precipitous; bank along fields’; Schuessler 2007:332 *khâmʔ; B & S 2011: *N-qʰˁəmʔ; Mand. kǎn ~ yín ~ ǎn.
嵁/磡 OC *k’əm ~ *k’ɛm ~ *ngəm, GSR #658r ‘cliff; bank; step’; Schuessler 2007:332 *khə̂ms; B & S 2011: (*kʰˁəm-s); Mand. kàn.

Reflexes & cognates108 reflexes · 21 subgroups

0.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)5

*Tibeto-Burmanr-ka(ː)m ‘edge / bank / precipice / lip / mouth’Matisoff 03 HPTB: 594

*Tibeto-Burmanr-ka(ː)m ‘precipice, bank, edge, lips, mouth’Benedict 72 STC: 329

*Tibeto-Burmanr-ka[ː]m ‘bank / shore’Matisoff 83 TIL: 36

*Tibeto-Burmanr-kam ‘bank, edge’Michailovsky 91 Kr: 122

*Tibeto-Burmanr-kaːm ‘bank, edge’Michailovsky 91 Kr: 122

1.1.1.1Western Tani16

Bengniaprefix-kɯŋmorpheme gam-bɯr#452 PTB *b(i/u)l ⪤ *byal ‘LIP / LOBE / LID’PTani *bel ‘LIP’ ‘lip’Sun J 93 HCST

Bengniaprefix-kɯŋmorpheme gam-bɯr#452 PTB *b(i/u)l ⪤ *byal ‘LIP / LOBE / LID’PTani *bel ‘LIP’ ‘lower lip’Sun J 93 Tani

Bengnigam-bɯr#452 PTB *b(i/u)l ⪤ *byal ‘LIP / LOBE / LID’PTani *bel ‘LIP’ ‘lip’Sun J 93 Tani

Bengnigam-bɯːmorpheme ‘rim, edge’Sun J 93 Tani

Bengnigam-faːmorpheme ‘spit out (food)’Sun J 93 Tani

Bengnigam-gjoːmorpheme ‘talk’Sun J 93 Tani

Bengnigam-hɯrmorpheme ‘gargle’Sun J 93 Tani

Bengnigam-jaːmorpheme ‘tartar’Sun J 93 Tani

Bengnigam-kakmorpheme ‘palate’Sun J 93 Tani

Bengnigam-lin#6426 PTani *len ‘OUT (verbal particle)’ ‘spit out (food)’Sun J 93 Tani

Bengnigam-sɯːmorpheme ‘yawn’Sun J 93 Tani

Bokarɦam paŋ#476 PTB *m-p(r)(w)aŋ ‘MOUTH’PTani *fi-buŋ ‘BEAK’PCN *paŋ ‘MOUTH’ n‘side’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0709.24

Bokarɦam pəŋ#476 PTB *m-p(r)(w)aŋ ‘MOUTH’PTani *fi-buŋ ‘BEAK’PCN *paŋ ‘MOUTH’ n‘edge / rim / margin’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0718.24

Bokar Lhobaham paŋ#476 PTB *m-p(r)(w)aŋ ‘MOUTH’PTani *fi-buŋ ‘BEAK’PCN *paŋ ‘MOUTH’ ‘edge’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 61.51

Tagingam◦burr#452 PTB *b(i/u)l ⪤ *byal ‘LIP / LOBE / LID’PTani *bel ‘LIP’ ‘lip’Das Gupta 83 Tag

Tagingam◦burr#452 PTB *b(i/u)l ⪤ *byal ‘LIP / LOBE / LID’PTani *bel ‘LIP’ ‘lower lip’Das Gupta 83 Tag

1.1.1.2Eastern Tani2

Padam-Mishing [Abor-Miri]gom-mangmorpheme ‘dumb / mute’Abor-Miri gom ‘speech’; -mang NEGATIVE.Matisoff 87 BP

Milangkam-kumorpheme ‘yawn’Tayeng 76 Mil

1.2Kuki-Chin1

*Chinkam ‘MOUTH’VanBik 09 PKC: 301

1.2.1.1Northern Chin13

Kuki-Chinkam ‘mouth’Haokip 98: 3.7

Kuki-Chinkam◦amommorpheme v‘hold in mouth’Haokip 98: 3.7.14

Kuki-Chinkam◦ka#273 PTB *m/s-k(w)a-y ‘MOUTH / OPENING / SPREAD / DOOR / FACE / JAW’PKC *kaa ‘ENTRANCE / MOUTH’PKC *kaa ⪤ *khaa ‘CHIN / JAW (lower)’PCN *ka ‘GAPE, OPEN MOUTH’PTk *ka ‘OPEN (MOUTH)’PTk *kʰa ‘CHIN / JAW’PKar *kaᴮ ‘CHIN, JAW’ v‘gape / open mouth’Haokip 98: 3.7.15

Paitekam ‘mouth’VanBik 09 PKC: 301

Sizangkam ‘mouth’VanBik 09 PKC: 301

Thadokàm ‘language / mouth’Weidert 87 TBTo: 508

Thadokám ‘mouth’VanBik 09 PKC: 301

Thadokʌ̀m ‘mouth’Thirumalai 72: 62

Thadokʌ̄m◦sìnmorpheme ‘shut (the mouth)’Thirumalai 72: 67

Tiddim-kam n‘mouth / speech / language’Henderson 65 TidC

Tiddimkam² ‘mouth’VanBik 09 PKC: 301

Tiddimkam² ‘bank of a river’Bhaskararao 96 CDB: 545

Tiddimkam² ‘mouth’Bhaskararao 96 CDB: 546

1.2.2Central Chin17

*Central Chinkam ‘BANK / SIDE / SHORE’VanBik 09 PKC: 255

Lai (Hakha)kâm ‘bank (of a river) side (of a road), shore (of an ocean)’VanBik 09 PKC: 255

Lai (Hakha)kâm ‘mouth’VanBik 09 PKC: 301

Lushai [Mizo]kám ‘language / mouth’Weidert 87 TBTo: 508

Lushai [Mizo]kam ‘mouth’Matisoff 87 BP

Lushai [Mizo]kám n‘bank (of a river, lake), side (of a road), shore or coast (of ocean)’VanBik 09 PKC: 255

Lushai [Mizo]kám n‘mouth’VanBik 09 PKC: 301

Lushai [Mizo]kam ‘bank’Bhaskararao 96 CDB: 545

Lushai [Mizo]kam ‘mouth’Bhaskararao 96 CDB: 546

Lushai [Mizo]kam ‘bank shore, mouth’Benedict 72 STC: 183n482

Lushai [Mizo]kam ‘bank, shore, mouth’Benedict 72 STC: 329

Lushai [Mizo]kha:m ‘precipice’Benedict 72 STC: 183n482

Lushai [Mizo]khaːm ‘precipice’Bhaskararao 96 CDB: 717

Lushai [Mizo]khaːm ‘precipice’Benedict 72 STC: 329

Lushai [Mizo]khɑːm ‘precipice’Chou 72: 652k

Lushai [Mizo]kɑm ‘bank / shore / mouth’Chou 72: 652k

Lushai [Mizo]luimorpheme◦kam ‘bank (edge)’Marrison 67 Naga

1.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)11

*Aokhəm ‘EDGE, BANK’Bruhn 14 PCN: II.082

Ao (Chungli)tzü#1631 PTB *tsyu ‘WATER / LIQUID / BODY FLUID’PCN *a-tʃə ‘WATER’TGTM * ᴮkjui ‘WATER’◦küm ‘bank (edge)’Marrison 67 Naga

Ao (Mongsen: Longchang)tüprefix◦ni#682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’MesorootsPTani *mik ‘EYE’PKC *mik ‘EYE’PKC *mik-kuu-I, -kuk-II ‘SLEEPY’PCN *mjak ⪤ *hmik ‘EYE’PTk *mik ‘EYE’PTk *mit ‘EYE’TGTM *ᴮʰmiː(ŋ) ‘EYE’Allofams1 #33 PTB *s-myak ⪤ *s-mik ‘EYE’1a #682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’1b #681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’◦kam ‘forehead’Marrison 67 Naga

Ao (Mongsen: Longchang)yungmorpheme◦kam ‘bank (edge)’Marrison 67 Naga

Ao (Mongsen: Mangmetong)[tə]prefix-nik#682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’MesorootsPTani *mik ‘EYE’PKC *mik ‘EYE’PKC *mik-kuu-I, -kuk-II ‘SLEEPY’PCN *mjak ⪤ *hmik ‘EYE’PTk *mik ‘EYE’PTk *mit ‘EYE’TGTM *ᴮʰmiː(ŋ) ‘EYE’Allofams1 #33 PTB *s-myak ⪤ *s-mik ‘EYE’1a #682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’1b #681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’ khəm n.‘forehead ('eye' + 'precipice')’Coupe 07 Ao

Ao (Mongsen: Mangmetong)juŋ#7770 PCN *a-juŋ ‘RIVER’-khəm n.‘river bank ('river' + 'precipice')’Coupe 07 Ao

Ao (Mongsen: Mangmetong)khəm n.‘precipice’Coupe 07 Ao

Ao (Mongsen: Mangmetong)lùŋ#1269 PTB *r-lu(ŋ/k) ‘STONE’PTani *lɯŋ ‘STONE’PKC *luŋ ‘STONE / ROCK’PCN *luŋ ‘STONE, ROCK’PTk *luŋ ‘STONE’PBG *loʔŋ-tai ‘STONE’PNN *C̥-luŋ ‘STONE’TGTM *ᴮʰjuŋ ‘STONE’PKir *ʔluŋ ‘STONE’PLB *k-lok ⪤ *k-loŋ ‘STONE’PL *k-lokᴸ ‘STONE’PKar *loŋᴮ ‘STONE, ROCK’-khə̀m n.‘village name (Lungkum) ('stone' + 'precipice')’Coupe 07 Ao

Ao (Mongsen: Mangmetong)səŋ#2658 PTB *si(ŋ/k) ‘TREE / WOOD / FIREWOOD’PTani *sɯŋ ‘WOOD / TREE’PKC *thiŋ ‘TREE / WOOD’PCN *siŋ ‘WOOD’PTk *tʰiŋ ‘WOOD’TGTM *ᴮsiŋ ‘TREE’PKir *siŋ ‘TREE’PLB *sikᴴ ⪤ *siŋ ‘TREE’◦khə̀m n.‘village gate (probably 'wood' + 'precipice')’Coupe 07 Ao

Sangtampemorpheme◦khüm ‘bank (edge)’Marrison 67 Naga

Yimchungrüaprefix◦kheam n‘end’Marrison 67 Naga

1.3.3Zeme Group1

Liangmeipamorpheme◦gem ‘bank (edge)’Marrison 67 Naga

1.7.1.1Bodo1

Kokborokkan-damorpheme ‘hem, edge’Tripuri 88

1.7.1.2Garo1

Garorimorpheme◦kam ‘bank, margin, rim’Benedict 72 STC: 329

1.7.2Northern Naga/Konyakian1

*Northern Nagakyam ‘edge / mouth’French 83: 524

1.7.3.1Jingpho5

Since the PTB prefix *r- regularly develops into the Jingpho syllabic nasal prefix (see STC:109 and HPTB:129), we treat these Jingpho forms as a unit.

Jingphokhamorpheme, ninmorpheme◦gam ‘bank of a river’Benedict 72 STC: 329

Jingpholă³³morphemeka̱³³morphemen⁵⁵morphemekam⁵¹ n‘flight of steps’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0520.19

Jingphoǹ-gàm ‘precipice’Matisoff 74 TJLB: 185

Jingphongammorpheme (n-gam) ‘precipitous; precipice’Benedict 72 STC: 329

Jingphoníngmorpheme-gâm ‘flight of steps’Dai 83 Jing: 597

Dumikəm◦rimorpheme◦səmmorpheme ‘mouth’Driem 93 Dumi

Dumikəm◦səm#366 PTB *(t)sam ‘HAIR (head)’PKC *sʰam ‘HAIR (head)’PCN *a-tshaːm ‘HAIR (FACE / HEAD)’PCN *a-həm ‘HAIR / LEAF / FEATHER’PTk *sam ‘HAIR (HEAD)’ ‘moustache’Driem 93 Dumi

Dumikəm◦tso#442 PTB *m-ts(y)ul ‘NOSE AND MOUTH / LIP / LOWER PART OF FACE’ ‘beak, bill, snout, mouth (of animals).’Driem 93 Dumi

Dumikəm◦tsok#478 PTB *tsyuk ‘MOUTH / LIP’Allofams77 #3589 PTB *dzyuk ⪤ *tsyuk ‘VULVA / VAGINA / MOUTH / LIP’77a #1356 PTB *dzyuk ⪤ *tsyuk ‘VULVA’77b #478 PTB *tsyuk ‘MOUTH / LIP’◦si#686 PTB *si(ŋ/k) ‘MOUTH / LIP’ ‘lips (human); mouth (buccal cavity) and lips; beak, bill,’Driem 93 Dumi

Dumikəŋ◦kɨmorpheme ‘lips (human); mouth (buccal cavity) and lips; beak, bill,’Driem 93 Dumi

Khaling'kwām◦swām#366 PTB *(t)sam ‘HAIR (head)’PKC *sʰam ‘HAIR (head)’PCN *a-tshaːm ‘HAIR (FACE / HEAD)’PCN *a-həm ‘HAIR / LEAF / FEATHER’PTk *sam ‘HAIR (HEAD)’ ‘moustache’Matisoff 87 BP

Khalingkwaam ‘mouth’Michailovsky 91 Kr: 122

Khalingkwam ‘language / mouth’Weidert 87 TBTo: 508

Khalingkwām ‘mouth’Matisoff 87 BP

Khalingkwām◦to#2095 PTB *l-tywa ‘MOUTH / BEAK / FOOD / STOMACH’◦tar#448 PTB *d(y)al ‘LIP / SKIN’ ‘lip’Matisoff 87 BP

2.3.4Western Kiranti3

Hayukum◦tshiŋ#686 PTB *si(ŋ/k) ‘MOUTH / LIP’ ‘lip’Matisoff 87 BP

Hayukum◦tsiŋ#686 PTB *si(ŋ/k) ‘MOUTH / LIP’ ‘lip’Michailovsky 91 Kr: 107

Hayukum◦tsiŋ#686 PTB *si(ŋ/k) ‘MOUTH / LIP’◦ ‘lip’Michailovsky 91 Kr: 122

2.4Kham-Magar-Chepang4

Chepanggon◦che#1111 PTB *(t)sya-y ‘BEARD / MOUSTACHE’ ‘moustache’Matisoff 87 BP

Chepanggon◦cʰe#1111 PTB *(t)sya-y ‘BEARD / MOUSTACHE’ ‘moustache’Caughley 72 CVoc: 2.A.14

Chepang (Eastern)gon◦che#1111 PTB *(t)sya-y ‘BEARD / MOUSTACHE’ ‘moustache’Caughley 90 CheQ: 8.1.2.3

Chepang (Eastern)kam ‘mouth’Caughley 90 CheQ: 3.7

3.2Qiangic1

Qiang (Yadu)mi#681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’MesorootsPCN *mjak ⪤ *hmik ‘EYE’PLB *s-myak ‘EYE’Allofams1 #33 PTB *s-myak ⪤ *s-mik ‘EYE’1a #682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’1b #681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’ xkam ‘eyebrow’Dai 89 Qian: 103

3.3.1rGyalrong1

rGyalrong (Eastern)kʰom◦ɲe#368 PTB *r-(n/m)ey ‘HAIR OF HEAD’ ‘beard / moustache’Sun H 91 rEQ: 8.1.2

6.1.1Burmish17

Burmese (Written)hmutmorpheme-khâm ‘bank (river) / precipice’Matisoff 74 TJLB: 185

Burmese (Written)hnut#471 PTB *s-nwat ⪤ *s-nut ‘MOUTH / VESSEL / WOMB’ khɑm³ ‘lip’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 243.39

Burmese (Written)hnut#471 PTB *s-nwat ⪤ *s-nut ‘MOUTH / VESSEL / WOMB’-khâm ‘lip’Matisoff 87 BP

Burmese (Written)hnut#471 PTB *s-nwat ⪤ *s-nut ‘MOUTH / VESSEL / WOMB’-khâm n.‘lip, brim / upper edge of vessel’Matisoff 74 TJLB: 185

Burmese (Written)hnut#471 PTB *s-nwat ⪤ *s-nut ‘MOUTH / VESSEL / WOMB’-khàm ‘lip’Benedict 72 STC: 329

Burmese (Written)hnut⁴#471 PTB *s-nwat ⪤ *s-nut ‘MOUTH / VESSEL / WOMB’khɑm³ n‘lip’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0085.26

Burmese (Written)kam ‘bank / shore’Matisoff 83 TIL: 36

Burmese (Written)kâm ‘bank of river’Benedict 76 WBur

Burmese (Written)kâm ‘give, transmit’Benedict 76 WBur

Burmese (Written)kàm (archaicmorpheme khàm) ‘bank of a river / sea’Benedict 72 STC: 329

Burmese (Written)kam: ‘bank (edge)’Marrison 67 Naga

Burmese (Written)kham ‘lip’Matisoff 87 BP

Burmese (Inscriptional)kham ‘bank / shore’Matisoff 83 TIL: 36

Burmese (Written)khâm (obs.) ‘bank (river) / precipice’Matisoff 74 TJLB: 185

Burmese (Written)khaṁ- ‘mouth’Benedict 76 WBur

Burmese (Written)kham-twâŋ#822 PTB *dwa(ː)ŋ ‘HOLE / ORIFICE / CAVE / PIT / WELL (FOR WATER)’ ‘mouth’Matisoff 87 BP

Burmese (Written)nhut#471 PTB *s-nwat ⪤ *s-nut ‘MOUTH / VESSEL / WOMB’◦kham: ‘lip’Marrison 67 Naga

9.0.1Old Chinese2

Chinese (Old/Mid)kʻəm/kʻɑ̥̂m ‘cliff / bank / steep’Chou 72: 658

Chinese (Old)k'âm ‘bank / shore’Matisoff 83 TIL: 36

Cite this entry

STEDT etymon #454, *r-ka(ː)m ‘LIP / MOUTH / EDGE / BANK’.

Stable link: https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/454

Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].

References: STC#329

BibTeX

@misc{stedt-454,
  title  = {{*r-ka(ː)m 'LIP / MOUTH / EDGE / BANK'}},
  author = {STEDT},
  year   = {2017},
  note   = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #454},
  url    = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/454}
}