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STEDT #1269

*r-lu(ŋ/k)

STONE
Proto-Tibeto-Burman

Reconstruction analysis

handleluŋprefixrinitiallrhymeuŋcoverL · N

Intermediate reconstructions

Tani*lɯŋ ‘STONE’JS-HCST: 195
Kuki-Chin*luŋ ‘STONE / ROCK’PKC #1054
Central Naga (Ao Group)*luŋ ‘STONE, ROCK’PCN #229
Tangkhulic*luŋ ‘STONE’DRM#501
Bodo-Garo*loʔŋ-tai ‘STONE’
Northern Naga/Konyakian*C̥-luŋ ‘STONE’
Tamangish*ᴮʰjuŋ ‘STONE’
Kiranti*ʔluŋ ‘STONE’
Lolo-Burmese*k-lok ⪤ *k-loŋ ‘STONE’JAM-TIL: 47
Loloish*k-lokᴸ ‘STONE’
Karenic*loŋᴮ ‘STONE, ROCK’TL#282

Connections

HPTB*r-luŋ ⪤ *k-luk ‘stone’pp. 47, 50, 70, 127, 128, 288, 523

Notes

The vast majority of TB languages have a final velar nasal from this root. Lolo-Burmese and rGyalrongic, however, shows alternation between the nasal and the homorganic stop.

Chinese comparandum

琭 OC *luk, GSR # ‘precious stone’; B & S 2011: *rˁok {(p.)rˁok}; Mand. lù.

Reflexes & cognates576 reflexes · 50 subgroups

0.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)5

*Tibeto-Burmanr-luŋ ‘stone / rock’Matisoff 83 TIL: 47
*Tibeto-Burmanr-luŋ ⪤ k-luk ‘stone’Matisoff 03 HPTB: 600

1.1.1Tani1

*Tanilɯŋ ‘stone’Sun J 93 HCST: 402

1.1.1.1Western Tani96

Apatani(japrefix-lã)lamorpheme-romorpheme ‘flint’Sun J 93 Tani
Apatanijaprefix-lã ‘stone’Sun J 93 HCST
Apatanijaprefix-lã ‘rock’Sun J 93 Tani
Apatanijaprefix-lã ‘stone’Sun J 93 Tani
Apatanijaprefix-lã domorpheme-komorpheme ‘rocky’Sun J 93 Tani
Apatanijaprefix-lã lanmorpheme-damorpheme ‘cliff (rocky)’Sun J 93 Tani
Apatanijaprefix-lã pu-ño ‘shingle’Sun J 93 Tani
Apatanijaprefix-lã pumorpheme-romorpheme ‘boulder’Sun J 93 Tani
Apatanijaprefix-lã-lã-ñiʔmorpheme ‘gravel’Sun J 93 Tani
Apatanijaprefix-laŋ ‘stone’Sun J 93 Tani
Apatanimimorpheme-rɯmorpheme japrefix-laŋ ‘grinding stone’Sun J 93 Tani
Bengniləŋ-čoːmorpheme ‘boulder’Sun J 93 Tani
Bengniləŋ-pjaːmorpheme ‘stone slab’Sun J 93 Tani
Bengniləŋ-pɯmorpheme [pɯ̥ʰ] ‘pebble’Sun J 93 Tani
Bengniləŋ-pɯkmorpheme ‘overhanging cliff’Sun J 93 Tani
Bengniləŋ-ŋərmorpheme ‘flint’Sun J 93 Tani
Bengnilɯŋ-pakmorpheme pak ‘game of shot put (rock)’Sun J 93 Tani
Bengnilɯŋ-takmorpheme ‘boulder’Sun J 93 Tani
Bengniɯprefix-lɯŋ ‘stone’Sun J 93 HCST
Bengniɯprefix-lɯŋ ‘stone’Sun J 93 Tani
Bengniɯprefix-lɯŋ tumorpheme-pjaːmorpheme-bumorpheme ‘mason’Sun J 93 Tani
Bokar(large)morpheme lɯŋ-pɯmorpheme ‘grinding stone’Sun J 93 Tani
Bokarlɯŋ duŋmorpheme n‘cliff’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0026.24
Bokarlɯŋ duŋmorpheme n‘rock’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0027.24
Bokarlɯŋ-čakmorpheme ‘pebble (small)’Sun J 93 Tani
Bokarlɯŋ-duŋmorpheme ‘boulder, huge rock’Sun J 93 Tani
Bokarlɯŋ-duŋmorpheme ‘rock (big)’Sun J 93 Tani
Bokarlɯŋ-pjoŋmorpheme ‘slab of stone’Sun J 93 Tani
Bokarlɯŋ-puŋmorpheme ‘crystal’Sun J 93 Tani
Bokarlɯŋ-reːmorpheme ‘pebble’Sun J 93 Tani
Bokarɯprefix lɯŋ n‘stone’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0043.24
Bokarɯprefix-lɯŋ ‘stone’Sun J 93 HCST
Bokarɯprefix-lɯŋ ‘rock’Sun J 93 Tani
Bokarɯprefix-lɯŋ ‘stone’Sun J 93 Tani
Bokar Lhobalɯŋ duŋmorpheme ‘cliff’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 26.51
Bokar Lhobaɯprefix lɯŋ ‘stone / rock’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 42.51
Galo`lɨɨ◦cakmorpheme n.‘pebble’GLDC 09 Galo
Galo`lɨɨ◦cakmorpheme-bəreemorpheme n.‘pebble’GLDC 09 Galo
Galo`lɨɨ◦cimorpheme n.‘pebble’GLDC 09 Galo
Galo`lɨɨ◦cimorpheme-bəreemorpheme n.‘pebble’GLDC 09 Galo
Galo`lɨɨ◦cummorpheme n.‘stone (green)’GLDC 09 Galo
Galo`lɨɨ◦cuumorpheme n.‘pebble’GLDC 09 Galo
Galo`lɨɨ◦kaamorpheme n.‘igneous stone’GLDC 09 Galo
Galo`lɨɨ◦kaamorpheme n.‘stone (igneous)’GLDC 09 Galo
Galo`lɨɨ◦kapmorpheme n.‘cobble’GLDC 09 Galo
Galo`lɨɨ◦kəmorpheme n.‘pebble’GLDC 09 Galo
Galo`lɨɨ◦kəmorpheme n.‘stone (black)’GLDC 09 Galo
Galo`lɨɨ◦kərmorpheme n.‘stone (blue)’GLDC 09 Galo
Galo`lɨɨ◦mikmorpheme n.‘algae (on stones)’GLDC 09 Galo
Galo`lɨɨ◦pommorpheme n.‘heap (of stones)’GLDC 09 Galo
Galo`lɨɨ◦pommorpheme n.‘stone heap’GLDC 09 Galo
Galo`lɨɨ◦pəmorpheme n.‘sharpening stone’GLDC 09 Galo
Galo`lɨɨ◦pəmorpheme n.‘stone (sharpening)’GLDC 09 Galo
Galo`lɨɨ◦takmorpheme n.‘boulder’GLDC 09 Galo
Galo`lɨɨ◦yaamorpheme n.‘pebble’GLDC 09 Galo
Galo`lɨɨ◦yaamorpheme n.‘slate’GLDC 09 Galo
Galo`lɨɨ◦yaamorpheme n.‘stone (soft)’GLDC 09 Galo
Galo`lɨɨ◦yaamorpheme-bəreemorpheme n.‘pebble’GLDC 09 Galo
Galo`lɨ◦oomorpheme n.‘weight (stone)’GLDC 09 Galo
Galo`lɨ◦ormorpheme n.‘stone (variety)’GLDC 09 Galo
Galo`pɨlmorpheme◦lɨɨ n:poet.‘stone’GLDC 09 Galo
Galo`ɨprefix◦lɨɨ n.‘rock’GLDC 09 Galo
Galo`ɨprefix◦lɨɨ n.‘stone’GLDC 09 Galo
Galolur-cɯkmorpheme ‘tripod of stone’Das Gupta 63 Gal
Galolɯ-cɯkmorpheme ‘tripod of stone’Das Gupta 63 Gal
Galoɯprefix◦lɯ ‘stone’Das Gupta 63 Gal
Miri, Hilllɯ◦senmorpheme ‘flint’Simon 76 Miri
Miri, Hillɯlmorpheme◦lɯ ‘stone’Simon 76 Miri
Miri, Hillɯlmorpheme◦lɯ-lɯshakmorpheme-tɯrakmorpheme ‘pebble’Simon 76 Miri
Nishingaprefix◦lang~oprefix◦lang ‘stone’Das Gupta 69 Daf
Taginemorpheme◦liŋ mokumorpheme ‘rocky / rock place’Das Gupta 83 Tag
Taginliŋ◦cakmorpheme ‘gravel’Das Gupta 83 Tag
Taginɤmorpheme◦liŋ ‘stone’Das Gupta 83 Tag

1.1.2Deng12

Darang [Taraon]lam ‘stone (of fruit)’Anonymous xx Tar
Darang [Taraon]lɯm⁵⁵ ‘stone / pit’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 227.49
Kaman [Miju]lɑ̆uŋ³⁵ ‘stone / rock’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 42.48
Kaman [Miju]lɑ̆uŋ³⁵gloŋ³⁵morpheme n‘pestle (small, stone)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0628.23
Kaman [Miju]lɯm³⁵ n‘pit / stone’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0379.23
Kaman [Miju]lɯm³⁵ ‘stone / pit’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 227.48
Iduaprefix◦la-pramorpheme ‘stone’Anonymous 62 Idu
Iduɑ³¹prefixlɑŋ⁵⁵ ‘stone / rock’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 42.50
Yiduɑ³¹prefixlɑŋ⁵⁵ n‘stone’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0043.25

1.2Kuki-Chin1

*Chinluŋ ‘STONE / ROCK’VanBik 09 PKC: 1054

1.2.1.1Northern Chin1

Tiddimpeːk¹morpheme lung¹ ‘marbles’VanBik 09 PKC: 1054

1.2.1.2Southern Plains Chin11

Ashoaprefix◦lün n‘rock’VanBik 09 PKC: 1054
Ashoəprefix-lʉ̀ ‘stone’Weidert 87 TBTo: 306
Chinbonlïːŋ ‘stone’So-Hartmann 88 Chin: 21
Daailúŋ ‘stone’So-Hartmann 88 Chin: 21
Matuluŋ◦toᵘmorpheme ‘stone’So-Hartmann 88 Chin: 21
Nyhmoyelúŋ.paːŋmorpheme ‘stone’So-Hartmann 88 Chin: 21

1.2.3Maraic1

Lakher [Mara]lô³ n‘stone, a rock’VanBik 09 PKC: 1054

1.3“Naga” Areal Group2

Maringkhamorpheme◦lung n‘stone’Marrison 67 Naga
Maringtamorpheme◦lung n‘stone’Marrison 67 Naga

1.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)29

*Ao(aprefix-)luŋ ‘STONE, ROCK’Bruhn 14 PCN: II.358
Ao (Chungli)lung◦kimorpheme n‘tower’Clark: “LUNGKI, a stone house or a brick house. The temples in Assam Valley are called lungki“ (1911:359).Marrison 67 Naga
Ao (Chungli)luŋ¹ n.‘stone, rock’Bruhn 14 PCN: II.358
Ao (Mongsen: Longchang)aprefix◦lung n‘stone’Marrison 67 Naga
Ao (Mongsen: Mangmetong)[a]prefix-luŋ n.‘stone’Coupe 07 Ao
Ao (Mongsen: Mangmetong)luŋ◦zakmorpheme n.‘whetstone’Coupe 07 Ao
Lotha Nagao¹prefix-loŋ³ n.‘rock, stone’Bruhn 14 PCN: III.229
Lotha Nagalung◦kimorpheme n‘tower’Marrison 67 Naga
Lotha Nagaōprefix◦lóŋ ‘stone’Acharya 75
Lotha Nagaoprefix◦lung n‘stone’Marrison 67 Naga
Lotha Nagaoprefix◦lung ‘stone’Murry 78: 117
Lotha Nagaoprefix◦nung n‘stone’Marrison 67 Naga
Lotha Naga¹oprefix³luŋ(ʔ) ‘stone’Weidert 87 TBTo: 306
Sangtamlong n‘stone’Marrison 67 Naga
Sangtam²luŋ ‘stone’Weidert 87 TBTo: 306
Yacham-Tengsalung◦mangomorpheme n‘stone’Marrison 67 Naga

1.3.2Angami-Pochuri Group3

Meluriaprefix◦lung n‘stone’Marrison 67 Naga
Ntenyiaprefix◦lung n‘stone’Marrison 67 Naga
Ntenyiaprefix◦nong n‘stone’Marrison 67 Naga

1.3.3Zeme Group2

Puironlung n‘stone’Marrison 67 Naga
Zemekimorpheme◦lung n‘tower’Marrison 67 Naga

1.3.4Tangkhulic13

Champhungŋamorpheme-luŋ ‘stone’Brown 37 Indo
Huishusəmorpheme-luŋ ‘stone’Mortensen 12 Tk: Nature.130
Kachaikəmorpheme-luŋ ‘stone’Mortensen 12 Tk: Nature.130
Tangkhullung◦guimorpheme n‘stone’Marrison 67 Naga
Tangkhullung◦rihammorpheme ‘cave’Marrison 67 Naga
Tangkhulngamorpheme◦lung n‘stone’Marrison 67 Naga
Tangkhulruŋ ‘stone’Bhat 69 TNV: 98
Tangkhul (Standard)ŋamorpheme-luŋ ‘stone’Brown 37 Indo
Tusomlũ-kuəmorpheme ‘stone’Mortensen 12 Tk: Nature.130
Ukhrulŋəmorpheme-luŋ ‘stone’Mortensen 12 Tk

1.4Meithei1

Meitheinung n‘stone’Marrison 67 Naga

1.5Mikir [Karbi]6

Mikir [Karbi]arprefix◦long n‘stone’Marrison 67 Naga
Mikir [Karbi]arprefix◦loŋ ‘stone’LaPolla 87: 139
Mikir [Karbi]arprefix◦loŋ ‘stone’Benedict 72 STC: 88
Mikir [Karbi]arprefix◦lōŋ(ʔ) ‘stone’Weidert 87 TBTo: 306
Mikir [Karbi]harprefix◦lōŋ(ʔ) ‘stone’Weidert 87 TBTo: 306
Mikir [Karbi]long◦kumorpheme ‘cave’Marrison 67 Naga

1.7.1Bodo-Garo1

*Bodo-Garoloʔŋ-taimorpheme ‘stone’Burling 59 PBo: 444

1.7.1.1Bodo4

Dimasalong◦thaimorpheme n‘stone’Marrison 67 Naga
Dimasaloŋ ‘stone’LaPolla 87: 139
Kokborokhloŋ ‘stone’Tripuri 88

1.7.1.2Garo5

Garoroŋ ‘stone’LaPolla 87: 139
Garoroŋ ‘stone’Benedict 72 STC: 88
Garo (Bangladesh)ro'ng-ti#1352 PTB *s/m-ti ‘CLITORIS / VAGINA’ pi'morpheme-samorpheme ‘clitoris’According to Burling (1992), the literal meaning of this word is “small stone”; it can also refer to the smaller of the two grindstones in a ricemill.Burling 92 GaBa
Garo (Bangladesh)rong•-temorpheme n‘rock; stone’Burling 03 Garo: 4.244-II:idx

1.7.1.3Koch18

Atongrong clf‘classifier for small round objects, money, small stones, seeds, fruits, etc.; default classifier for counting’van Breugel 08 Atong
Atongrong• n‘stone’van Breugel 08 Atong
Atongrong•◦cheretmorpheme n‘pebble size stone’van Breugel 08 Atong
Atongrong•◦chunmorpheme n‘lime stone (in rock form)’van Breugel 08 Atong
Atongrong•◦chungmorpheme n‘big rock’van Breugel 08 Atong
Atongrong•◦chyretmorpheme n‘very small stone’van Breugel 08 Atong
Atongrong•◦depmorpheme- v‘crush with a stone’van Breugel 08 Atong
Atongrong•◦gyrymmorpheme adj2‘being full of big rocks, stony land’van Breugel 08 Atong
Atongrong•◦khalmorpheme n‘space under a stone’van Breugel 08 Atong
Atongrong•◦misimorpheme n‘very small stone, to be covered by a stone’van Breugel 08 Atong
Atongrong•◦patalmorpheme n‘big rock’van Breugel 08 Atong
Atongrong•◦phekmorpheme n‘grain of sand or very small stone’van Breugel 08 Atong
Atongrong•◦rymrymmorpheme adj2‘being full of big rocks, stony land’van Breugel 08 Atong
Atongrong•◦samorpheme n‘whetstone, flat stone for sharpening knives or edged tools’van Breugel 08 Atong
Atongrong•◦syrekmorpheme n‘small stone’van Breugel 08 Atong
Atongrong•◦thaimorpheme n‘rock’van Breugel 08 Atong
Atongrong•◦thykmorpheme n‘big rock’van Breugel 08 Atong

1.7.2Northern Naga/Konyakian1

*Northern NagaC̥prefix-luŋ ‘stone’French 83: 560

1.7.2.2Konyak-Chang8

Changlang n‘stone’Marrison 67 Naga
Khiamngan¹lᴜŋ ‘stone’Weidert 87 TBTo: 306
Konyakyong n‘stone’Marrison 67 Naga
Konyakyong◦shamorpheme ‘cave’Marrison 67 Naga
Phomyong n‘stone’Marrison 67 Naga
Phomyɔŋ³³ ‘stone’Burling 98 Phom
Wancholong n‘stone’Marrison 67 Naga

1.7.3.1Jingpho16

Jingpholuŋ ⪤ nluŋ ‘stone’Benedict 72 STC: 88
Jingpholuŋ~nluŋ ‘stone’LaPolla 87: 139
Jingpholuŋ³¹phʒa⁵⁵morpheme n‘rock’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0027.19
Jingpholuŋ³¹pʒa³¹morpheme ‘cliff’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 26.47
Jingphon̩³¹morphemeluŋ³¹ ‘stone / rock’Liu 84
Jingphon³¹morphemeluŋ³¹ n‘stone’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0043.19
Jingphon³¹morphemeluŋ³¹ ‘stone / rock’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 42.47
Jingphonmorpheme◦long n‘stone’Marrison 67 Naga
Jingpho¹nmorpheme¹luŋ ‘stone’Weidert 87 TBTo: 306

1.7.3.2Asakian1

Saktəmorpheme◦luŋ ‘stone’Huziwara 08 Sak: 286

2.1.1Western Himalayish1

Pattani [Manchati]zəmorpheme◦rong ‘rock’Sharma, D.D. 82 TH

2.1.2Bodic14

Kaikelung n‘stone’Hale 73 CSD: 01.077
Tsangla (Motuo)khumorpheme luŋ ‘stone / pit’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 227.7
Tsangla (Motuo)luŋ ‘stone / rock’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 42.7
Tsangla (Motuo)luŋ¹³ ‘stone / rock’Zhang Jichuan 86
Tsangla (Motuo)tok⁵⁵morphemetsi⁵⁵morphemeluŋ¹³ ‘pestle (stone)’Zhang Jichuan 86
Tsangla (Motuo)tʻap⁵⁵morphemeluŋ¹³ ‘hearthstone’Zhang Jichuan 86
Tsangla (Tilang)lung ‘stone / rock’Zhang Jichuan 86
Tsangla (Tilang)lung-phungmorpheme ‘cave’Zhang Jichuan 86
Motuo Menbakhumorpheme luŋ n‘pit / stone’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0379.07
Motuo Menbatokmorpheme tsimorpheme luŋ n‘trip-hammer for hulling rice (stone)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0626.07
Motuo Menbatokmorpheme tsimorpheme luŋ n‘pestle (small, stone)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0628.07

2.1.3Lepcha4

Lepchalang n.‘stone’Plaisier 07 Lepcha
Lepchalang◦klyókmorpheme n.‘big flat stone’Plaisier 07 Lepcha
Lepchalăŋ ‘stone’Benedict 72 STC: 88
Lepchalaŋ~luŋ ‘stone’LaPolla 87: 139

2.1.4Tamangish12

*TGTMᴮʰjuŋ ‘stone’Mazaudon 94 These: 833
Tamang (Sahu)'yung◦pāmorpheme n‘stone’Hale 73 CSD: 01.077
Tamang (Sahu)'yuŋ◦pamorpheme ‘stone’Taylor 72 TmVo: 1.77
Thakaliym◦pāmorpheme n‘stone’Hale 73 CSD: 01.077
Thakali (Marpha)⁴⁴'⁴³jum-pamorpheme ‘stone’Mazaudon 94 These: 833
Thakali (Tukche)jum◦pamorpheme ‘stone’Hari 71a ThVo: 1.77
Thakali (Tukche)jum◦pamorpheme 'ʈehnmorpheme ‘rock’Hari 71a ThVo: 5.A.55

2.2Newar2

Newar (Dolakhali)luŋ◦amorpheme ‘stone’Genetti 90 Dola
Newarluŋ◦āmorpheme ‘rock (large) / boulder / stone’Genetti 90 NeQ3

2.3Kiranti1

*Kirantiʔluŋ ‘stone’Opgenort 11 Tilung

2.3.1Eastern Kiranti8

Athpare (Rai)liŋ◦gekwamorpheme ‘stone’Ebert 97 Athpare
Athpare (Rai)liŋ◦geʔwamorpheme ‘stone’Ebert 97 Athpare
Athpare (Rai)luŋ◦geʔwamorpheme ‘stone’Ebert 97 Athpare
Limbuluŋ ‘stone’Michailovsky 89 Lm
Limbutsummorpheme◦luŋ ‘stone stele marking a meeting-place’Driem 88? LimA

2.3.3Central Kiranti4

Dumilu ‘rock, stone’Driem 93 Dumi
Dumilu◦taːbomorpheme ‘stone / rock used as a hand-thrown projectile’Driem 93 Dumi
Dumisam#66 PTB *s(y)am-s ‘BREATH / LUNG / SPIRIT / VOICE / HEART’◦pheʔmorpheme◦lu ‘1) the Omniscient Stone, one of several epithets for the’Driem 93 Dumi

2.3.4Western Kiranti7

Bahingluŋ ‘stone’LaPolla 87: 139
Sunwarphulmorpheme◦lu n‘stone’Hale 73 CSD: 01.077
Thulungluŋ ‘stone’Allen 75
Thulungseopmorpheme◦luŋ ‘stone by a spring on which clothes are washed’Allen 75
Thulungsor#3575 PTB *swar ‘STAR’◦luŋ AS‘magical stone, star’Allen 75

3.1Tangut1

Tangut [Xixia]lụ ‘stone, rock’Li 97 Tangut: 1074

3.2Qiangic36

Guiqiongɣũ³³mphø⁵⁵morpheme ‘stone / rock’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 42.17
Lyuzuluo³³bo⁵³morpheme n‘stone’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0043.18
Lyuzuluo³³dʑu̵⁵³morpheme n‘wall (stone)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0510.18
Lyuzuluo³³mæ⁵³morpheme n‘stone’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0043.18
Lyuzuluo⁵³bu⁵³morpheme n‘rock’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0027.18
Muyalə⁵³ n‘cave / hole’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0029.15
Namuyilo⁵⁵quɑ³³morpheme ‘stone / rock’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 42.19
Namuyilu⁵³phʐə³¹morpheme n‘flint’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0536.46
Namuyilu⁵³phʐə³¹morphemeʁuæʴ⁵⁵morpheme n‘tinder’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0537.46
Namuyilu⁵⁵qua³¹morpheme n‘stone’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0043.46
Pumi (Jiulong)guo¹¹morphemelũ⁵⁵ n‘stone’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0043.10
Qiang (Longxi)ʁò liúmorpheme ‘pestle (stone)’Evans 99 Qiang: 884
Qiang (Longxi)ʁò lómorpheme ‘flying stone’Evans 99 Qiang: 47
Qiang (Longxi)ʁò lûmorpheme ‘stone’Evans 99 Qiang: 47
Qiang (Longxi)ʁò piámorpheme ‘rock’Evans 99 Qiang: 28
Qiang (Longxi)ʁò piámorpheme ‘stone’Evans 99 Qiang: 47
Qiang (Mawo)ɹa ʁuɑmorpheme n‘stone’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0043.08
Qiang (Mawo)ʁlu pimorpheme ‘stone / rock’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 42.8
Qiang (Mianchi)lò ‘stone (small)’Evans 99 Qiang: 47
Qiang (Mianchi)ló dʐìmorpheme ‘tower [stone?-m]’Evans 99 Qiang: 96
Qiang (Mianchi)lò zùmorpheme ‘stone wall’Evans 99 Qiang: 704
Qiang (Mianchi)lò zùmorpheme tèmorpheme tɕhúmorpheme ‘dike, embankment (across a ditch) [stone.wall-constructed]’Evans 99 Qiang: 39
Qiang (Mianchi)lò zùmorpheme-tɕhúmorpheme ‘construct a wall [stone.wall-m]’Evans 99 Qiang: 1778
Qiang (Mianchi)lò zùmorpheme-tʂhúmorpheme ‘lay bricks, stones [stone.wall-construct]’Evans 99 Qiang: 2239
Qiang (Mianchi)lò-bʐàmorpheme ‘stone, boulder [stone-big]’Evans 99 Qiang: 47
Qiang (Mianchi)lò-guìmorpheme ‘moss [stone-rust]’Evans 99 Qiang: 569
Qiang (Taoping)ʁo²⁴¹ ‘stone / rock’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 42.9
Xumijũ³³guɛ⁵³morpheme n‘stone’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0043.17
Xumijũ³³kuɐ⁵⁵morpheme ‘stone / rock’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 42.20
Xumijũ³³zɛ̃⁵⁵morpheme n‘wall (stone)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0510.17

3.3.1rGyalrong29

rGyalrong (Heishui Luhua)'cəmorpheme◦lək̚ ‘stone’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 1368
rGyalrong (Xiaojin Dawei)rdumorpheme◦'lok̚ ‘stone’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 1368
rGyalrongɟjəmorpheme lək ‘stone / rock’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 42.12
rGyalrong (Lixian Putou)ɟəmorpheme◦'lək̚ ‘stone’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 1368
rGyalronggyumorpheme luk ‘stone’Nagano 97 GyQ: 6.81
rGBenzhendʒəmorpheme-lək ‘stone’Sun J 97 rGB
rGBenzhentsʰumorpheme-bomorpheme dʒəmorpheme-lək ‘pestle (small; stone)’Sun J 97 rGB

4Nungic19

Anongluŋ³³ ‘stone / rock’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 42.44
Nungḷuŋ⁵⁵ n‘stone’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0043.21
Nungluŋ⁵⁵ n‘pit / stone’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0379.21
Anongluŋ⁵⁵ ‘stone / pit’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 227.44
Rawanglɔŋ⁵³ ‘stone’LaPolla 03: 53
Rawanglɔŋ⁵³ phɔuŋ³³morpheme ‘rock’LaPolla 03: 31
Trung [Dulong]luŋ⁵⁵ ‘stone / rock’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 42.46
Dulongluŋ⁵⁵pɑŋ⁵⁵morpheme n‘cave / hole’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0029.20
Dulonglɯ³¹morphemeka⁵⁵morphemeluŋ⁵⁵paŋ⁵⁵morpheme n‘cave (mountain)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0028.20
Trung [Dulong] (Nujiang)luŋ⁵⁵ ‘stone / rock’Sun H 82 Dul

5Tujia3

Tujia (Southern)lu̵³⁵~lu̵³⁵ku̵³³morphemetu̵³⁵morpheme ‘stone / rock’Tian 86
Tujialu⁵⁵ka⁵⁵morpheme n‘pit / stone’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0379.49
Tujialu⁵⁵ka⁵⁵morpheme ‘stone / pit’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 227.38

6.1Lolo-Burmese3

*Lolo-Burmesek-lok ⪤◦k-loŋ ‘stone / rock’Matisoff 83 TIL: 47
*Lolo-Burmesek-loŋ ‘stone / rock’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 190(b)

6.1.1Burmish38

Achang (Lianghe)n̥ɯŋ⁵⁵kɑ³¹ ‘stone, rock’Dai 85 AcJZ
Achang (Longchuan)laŋ³¹kɔʔ⁵⁵ n‘stone’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0043.28
Achang (Longchuan)liŋ³¹kɔʔ⁵⁵morpheme; laŋ³¹kɔʔ⁵⁵morpheme ‘stone / rock’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 42.41
Achang (Luxi)laŋ⁵⁵kaʔ⁵⁵ ‘stone, rock’Dai 85 AcJZ
Achang (Xiandao)luʔ⁵⁵koʔ⁵⁵ n‘stone’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0043.29
Bola (Luxi)lauʔ³¹taŋ³¹ n‘stone’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0043.32
Burmese (Spoken Rangoon)tɕɑuʔ⁴⁴ ‘stone / rock’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 42.40
Burmese (Written)kyok ‘stone, rock’Benedict 76 WBur
Burmese (Written)əmorpheme-phruikmorpheme-kyok ‘stone used in alchemy’Benedict 76 WBur
Hpun (Northern)kălᴜ̀ʔ, kălòh, kălòʔ ‘stone’Henderson 86 Hpun
Langsu (Luxi)lauk³¹tsaŋ³¹ n‘stone’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0043.31
Leqi (Luxi)luk³¹tsəŋ³¹ n‘stone’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0043.33
Marmakyɔʔ ‘stone’Huziwara 08 Sak: 286
Maru [Langsu]laù' ‘stone’Okell 71
Maru [Langsu]lauk³¹tsaŋ³¹ ‘stone / rock’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 42.43
Maru [Langsu]lòk◦tsàŋ ‘stone’Weidert 87 TBTo: 306
Tavoyanklo' ‘stone’Okell 71
Atsi [Zaiwa]luʔ²¹kok²¹ n‘stone’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0043.30
Atsi [Zaiwa]lŭʔ²¹kok²¹ ‘stone / rock’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 42.42

6.1.2Loloish5

*Loloishc-rakᴸ ‘stone’Bradley 79 PLo: 337B
*Loloishk-lokᴸ ‘stone’Weidert 87 TBTo: 306
*Loloishk-lokᴸ ‘stone’Bradley 79 PLo: 337A
*Loloishk-lokᴸ ‘stone’Hansson 89 AHKP: 196
PNLk-lokᴸ ‘stone’Chen 86 CS: 74.

6.1.2.1Northern Loloish30

Gazhuono⁵³ma³³ ‘stone’Dai 91 TB15
Gazhuono⁵³ma³³ n‘stone’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0043.47
Gazhuoŋ³⁵ma³³ n‘pit / stone’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0379.47
Lalolo̱³³ ‘stone’Chen 86 CS: 74.
Lipholu̱³³ ‘stone’Chen 86 CS: 74.
Luquanlu 22s ‘stone / rock’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 190(a)
Nasulo̱² ‘stone’Chen 86 CS: 74.
Neisule³³ ‘stone’Chen 86 CS: 74.
Nesulu̱³³ ‘stone’Chen 86 CS: 74.
Nosulu̱⁴ ‘stone’Chen 86 CS: 74.
Nusu (Southern)lu̱³¹lɑ⁵⁵ ‘stone / rock’Sun J 86 Nusu
Nusu (Northern)lu̱³¹ɑ⁵⁵ ‘stone / rock’Sun J 86 Nusu
Nusu (Bijiang)lu̱⁵³ ‘stone / rock’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 42.45
Yi (Dafang)lɔ³³mɔ²¹ ‘stone / rock’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 42.22
Yi (Liangshan)lu̱³³ ‘stone’Ma 08 Yi: index
Yi (Liangshan)lu̱³³di²¹ʦi²¹ ‘stone steps’Ma 08 Yi: index
Yi (Liangshan)lu̱³³ma⁵⁵ ‘rock (stone); stone (rock)’Ma 08 Yi: index
Yi (Liangshan)lu̱³³mo²¹ ‘boulder; stone, large’Ma 08 Yi: index
Yi (Liangshan)lu̱³³nʥɿ³³ ‘rock (stone); stone (rock)’Ma 08 Yi: index
Yi (Liangshan)lu̱³³zɯ³³ ‘pebble; stone, small’Ma 08 Yi: index
Yi (Liangshan)lu̱³³ʨɔ³³ ‘stone slab’Ma 08 Yi: index
Yi (Liangshan)va⁵⁵morphemelu̱³³ʨi³³morpheme ‘stone poultice’Ma 08 Yi: index
Yi (Mile)lo³³mo³³ ‘stone / rock’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 42.25
Yi (Mojiang)lu³³bɯ²¹ ‘stone / rock’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 42.26
Yi (Nanhua)lu̱³³ ‘stone / rock’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 42.24
Yi (Wuding)lɤ¹¹bɤ¹¹ n‘stone’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0043.38
Yi (Xide)l̩(u)³³ma⁵⁵ ‘stone / rock’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 42.21
Yi (Xide)lu̱³³mɑ⁵⁵ n‘stone’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0043.35

6.1.2.2Central Loloish37

Ahilo̱³³ ‘stone’Chen 86 CS: 74.
Ahilu 44 ‘stone / rock’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 190(a)
Jinuo (Youle)lo⁴²mɔ³³ ‘stone / rock’Gai 86
Jinuolo⁴²mɔ³³ n‘stone’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0043.44
Jinuolo⁴²mɔ⁴⁴ ‘stone / rock’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 42.34
Lisube³³morphemeto³⁵morphemelo̱³³ n‘Adam's apple’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0142.40
Lisulo̱³³tshi³⁵ n‘stone’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0043.40
Lisulo⁴⁴tshɿ³⁵ ‘stone / rock’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 42.27
Lisulo⁴⁴tʃhi³¹morphemexɯ³¹morpheme ‘sand’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 43.27
Lisu (Central)lɔ³³dʑø³³ɣɔʔ²¹ ‘pile of stone’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)lɔ³³dʑɤʔ²¹ɣɔʔ²¹ ‘pile of stone’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)lɔ³³hɤ²¹morpheme N‘lime; sand’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)lɔ³³hɤ²¹morphememja³³#3372 PTB *m(r/y)a ‘MANY / MUCH’ ‘many like sand (poetic)’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)lɔ³³kɔ³³ ‘hard stone’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)lɔ³³mɤ⁵⁵ ‘sinker (stone on the fishing line)’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)lɔ³³phja⁵⁵ ‘stone plate’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)lɔ³³phu³³ lu³⁵sɤ²¹ ‘precious stone’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)lɔ³³phøʔ²¹leʔ²¹ ‘spongy stone’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)lɔ³³pja³³ ‘stone plate; stone piece (for catching rats)’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)lɔ³³pja³³ khu³³si³³ ‘under the stone slab’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)lɔ³³sɔ²¹ ‘spongy stone’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)lɔ³³thø³³ ‘stone plate (poetic)’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)lɔ³³tshi³⁵ ‘stone’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)lɔ³³tshi³⁵ tshe³³du²¹ ‘stone-pestle’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)lɔ³³tɕhi²¹morphemehɤ²¹morpheme ‘stone sand’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)lɔ³³ɣɔʔ²¹ ‘pile of stone; stone wall’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)lɔ³³ɣɔʔ²¹ dzɤ⁴⁴ ‘build a stone wall’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)lɔ³³ɤ³⁵morphemedu³³morpheme ‘slingshot’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)lɔ³³ɤ³⁵ɤ³⁵ ‘shoot a stone (using a slingshot)’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)phy²¹morphemelɔ⁴⁴ ‘precious stone’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisutɕhɛ³⁵morphemedʑɯ̱³¹morphemelo̱³³ n‘flint’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0536.40
Lisuɕo³¹morphemelo̱³³ n‘coral’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0483.40
Sani [Nyi]lo⁴⁴ ‘stone’Chen 86 CS: 74.
Sani [Nyi]lu 44 ‘stone / rock’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 190(a)
Yi (Sani)lu⁴⁴mɒ³³ n‘stone’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0043.39

6.1.2.3Southern Loloish29

Akhalo M ‘stone / rock’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 190(b)
Bisulɔ̄-ba ‘stone / rock’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 190(a)
Bisulɔ̀◦bamorpheme ‘stone’Bradley 9x Bisu
Hani (Caiyuan)lv̱³³mɔ³³ ‘stone / rock’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 42.30
Hani (Shuikui)l̥u³³mɔ³³ ‘stone / rock’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 42.32
Pyenla33 ba45 sɯ31 ‘stone’Shintani 09 Pyen: 012010
Silalɔ33 phu33 ‘stone’Kato 08 Lao: 81
Wonihlo 33 ‘stone / rock’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 190(a)

6.2Naxi15

Laze (Xiangjiao)lu˧wɤ˧morpheme ‘stone wall’Michaud 06 NaLaze: 1023
Laze (Xiangjiao)lu˧wɤ˧morpheme jy˥morphemekʰwɤ˥morpheme ‘city wall’Michaud 06 NaLaze: 1011
Laze (Xiangjiao)læ˧ɹ˧mie˧ ‘stone’Michaud 06 NaLaze: 153
Laze (Xiangjiao)læ˩mie˩morphemedzʏ˥morpheme ‘stone step’Michaud 06 NaLaze: 1052
Laze (Xiangjiao)læ˩mi˩morpheme ɑ˥morphemepɑ˥morphemedzɯ˥morpheme ‘large rock’Michaud 06 NaLaze: 80
Na (Yongning)lv˧dʑi˥ ‘little slabs of stone’Michaud 06 NaLaze
Na (Yongning)lv˧mi˧ ‘stone’Michaud 06 NaLaze
Na (Yongning)lv˧mi˧bu#˥ ‘stone wall’Michaud 06 NaLaze
Na (Yongning)lv˧mi˧dʑi˧dʑi˩ ‘little slabs of stone’Michaud 06 NaLaze
Naxi (Lijiang)lv³³pɑ³³ ‘stone / rock’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 42.28
Naxilv̩³³thɑ⁵⁵morpheme n‘millstones’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0631.45
Naxi (Lijiang)lv³³thɑ⁵⁵morpheme ‘mill’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 434.28
Naxi (Yongning)lɿ³³mi³³ ‘stone / rock’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 42.29

7Karenic34

*Karen (Pwo)lón' ‘stone’Jones 61: 15
*Karen (TP)lóŋ' ‘stone’Jones 61: 15
*Karenlóŋ' ‘stone’Jones 61: 15
*Karenloŋᴮ ‘stone, rock’Luangthongkum 13: 282
*Karen (Sgaw)lə̀ ‘stone’Jones 61: 15
Bwelo³³ ‘stone, rock’Luangthongkum 13: 282
Karengă³¹morphemedzø³¹morphemekho³¹morphemelø³¹ n‘rock’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0027.50
Kayahlɔ¹¹ ‘stone, rock’Luangthongkum 13: 282
Kayan (Pekon)lōn N‘stone, rock’Manson 10 Kayan
Kayan (Pekon)lōn◦θùmorpheme N‘whetstone [lit. stone-smooth]’Manson 10 Kayan
Kayan (Pekon)lū N‘stone, rock’Manson 10 Kayan
Kayan (Pekon)lū◦θímorpheme N‘red stone [lit. stone-red.stone]’Manson 10 Kayan
Kayanləu¹¹ ‘stone, rock’Luangthongkum 13: 282
Kayawlə¹¹ ‘stone, rock’Luangthongkum 13: 282
Pa-Olôŋ ‘stone’Solnit 89 PaO
Pa-Olôŋ ‘stone’Jones 61: 15
Pa-Olôŋ sùmorpheme ‘sharpening stone’Solnit 89 PaO
Pa-O (Northern)loŋ⁵³ ‘stone, rock’Luangthongkum 13: 282
Pa-O (Southern)loŋ⁵⁵ ‘stone, rock’Luangthongkum 13: 282
Palaychilỳ ‘stone’Jones 61: 15
Pwo (Northern)lãu¹¹¨ ‘stone, rock’Luangthongkum 13: 282
Pwo (Southern)lõu³³ ‘stone, rock’Luangthongkum 13: 282
Pwo (Bassein)lónʔ ‘stone’Jones 61: 15
Sgaw (Northern)lə¹¹¨ ‘stone, rock’Luangthongkum 13: 282
Sgaw (Southern)lɨ³¹ ‘stone, rock’Luangthongkum 13: 282

Cite this entry

STEDT etymon #1269, *r-lu(ŋ/k) ‘STONE’.
Stable link: https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/1269
Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].
References: cf. STC#088, HPTB pp. 47, 50, 70, 127, 128, 288, 523
BibTeX
@misc{stedt-1269,
  title  = {{*r-lu(ŋ/k) 'STONE'}},
  author = {STEDT},
  year   = {2017},
  note   = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #1269},
  url    = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/1269}
}