Reconstruction analysis
handleyi/uprefixkinitialy(rhymei/u)mcoverL · N
Intermediate reconstructions
Connections
HPTB*k-yim ⪤ *k-yum ‘house’pp. 21, 35, 273, 498, 504, 531, 533
Notes
This etymon is extremely widespread in TB with the meaning HOUSE (see STC #53). It appears as second element in compounds meaning WOMB / PLACENTA, where the first element means CHILD.
This root shows vocalic variation between *-u- and *-i-. Some languages have reflexes with initial velar stop, but others (e.g. Lushai [Mizo], WB) point to a variant beginning with y- or i-; that is, some languages have treated the velar as a prefix.
Chinese comparandum
坅 OC *k’i̯əm, GSR #651i ‘pit’; Coblin 86:119 ST *khyim > OC *khjəmx; Schuessler 2007:430 *khəmʔ; B & S 2011: *(kʰəmʔ; Mand. qǐn.
宮 OC *ki̯ông; GSR #1006a-d ‘dwelling, house, palace’; B & S 2011: *kuŋ {k(r)uŋ}; Mand. gōng.
Reflexes & cognates407 reflexes · 46 subgroups
0Sino-Tibetan (previously published reconstructions)1
0.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)5
1.1.1.2Eastern Tani2
1.2Kuki-Chin2
1.2.1.1Northern Chin10
1.2.1.2Southern Plains Chin11
1.2.2Central Chin8
1.2.3Maraic1
1.2.4“Old Kuki”3
1.3“Naga” Areal Group2
1.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)35
Ao (Chungli)jəm³ɹa¹#6192 PTB *s-ra-y ‘DISEASE / ILLNESS / AILMENT / DISCOMFORT / HOT’PCN *(h)raj ‘DISEASE, ILLNESS, AILMENT’ n.‘flu, influenza’Bruhn 14 PCN: II.300
Ao (Chungli)ki◦ok#2587 PTB *k/p-y(w)ak ‘SCOOP / SWEEP’PTani *pək ‘SWEEP’PKC *phiat ⪤ *phiak ‘SWEEP’PCN *(w)uk ‘SWEEP’PLB *k-yak ‘SCOOP / SWEEP’◦tsümorpheme ‘broom’Marrison 67 Naga
Ao (Mongsen: Mangmetong)[a]prefix-jim ku#7621 PCN *ku ‘INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN / LOCATIVE’ li#2608 PTB *s-ri-t ⪤ *s-rut ‘BE / EXIST / COPULA’PCN *li ‘BE, EXIST, LIVE (COPULA) / HAVE’-(ə)ɹsuffix n.‘villager ('village' + LOC + 'stay' +ANOM)’Coupe 07 Ao
Ao (Mongsen: Mangmetong)im-laŋmorpheme məphumorpheme n.‘ward, lower ('village' + 'bottom' + 'ward')’Coupe 07 Ao
Ao (Mongsen: Mangmetong)im-paŋ#476 PTB *m-p(r)(w)aŋ ‘MOUTH’PTani *fi-buŋ ‘BEAK’PCN *paŋ ‘MOUTH’ məphumorpheme n.‘ward, upper ('village' + 'mouth' + 'ward')’Coupe 07 Ao
Ao (Mongsen: Mangmetong)im-tuŋ#6073 PTB *duːŋ ‘POST / COLUMN’PKC *tuŋ-I, tun-II ‘ERECT / POST / VERTICAL’PCN *tuŋ ‘STEM, TRUNK / POST / TREE’ n.‘road (main) ('village' + 'stem/trunk')’Coupe 07 Ao
Ao (Mongsen: Mangmetong)jim-hju#7636 PCN *a-(h)ju ‘WORD / VOICE / LANGUAGE / SAY / SPEECH’-thaŋmorpheme-lamorpheme n.‘fine (of a pig) ('village' + 'word' + 'sever' + ?)’Coupe 07 Ao
Ao (Mongsen: Mangmetong)mi#1002 PPC *r-mi(y)-n ‘PERSON / MAN’PTani *miː ‘MAN (homo)’PKC *mii ‘PERSON / MAN / PEOPLE’PCN *a-[h]məjʔ ‘PERSON, HUMAN’PTk *mi ‘MAN / HUMAN’PNN *C̥-məy ‘MAN (generic)’TGTM *ᴬmi ‘MAN’-jim-tʃàɹmorpheme n.‘humankind (possibly 'person' + 'village' + 'child')’Coupe 07 Ao
Ao (Mongsen: Mangmetong)tʃùŋlı̀morpheme-jim-timorpheme n.‘village name (Chungliyimti) ('Chungli' + 'village' + 'be big')’Coupe 07 Ao
Yimchungrülung#1269 PTB *r-lu(ŋ/k) ‘STONE’PTani *lɯŋ ‘STONE’PKC *luŋ ‘STONE / ROCK’PCN *luŋ ‘STONE, ROCK’PTk *luŋ ‘STONE’PBG *loʔŋ-tai ‘STONE’PNN *C̥-luŋ ‘STONE’TGTM *ᴮʰjuŋ ‘STONE’PKir *ʔluŋ ‘STONE’PLB *k-lok ⪤ *k-loŋ ‘STONE’PL *k-lokᴸ ‘STONE’PKar *loŋᴮ ‘STONE, ROCK’◦yam ‘cave’Marrison 67 Naga
Yimchungrüthiprefix◦yam◦khim#3449 PTB *kam ‘DOOR’PCN *khaːm ‘DOOR’PTk *kʰɐm ‘DOOR’ ‘door’Marrison 67 Naga
1.3.2Angami-Pochuri Group9
1.3.3Zeme Group6
1.3.4Tangkhulic10
1.4Meithei3
1.5Mikir [Karbi]10
Mikir [Karbi]hem ‘womb’Karbi hem has nothing to do with #670 PTB *s-b-rum WOMB / PLACENTA, contra VSTB, pp. 226-7.Matisoff 78 VSTB
Mikir [Karbi]oprefix◦sô#1012 PTB *za-n ‘CHILD’MesorootsPKC *θaa ‘CHILD / OFFSPRING / SON / DAUGHTER’PBG *sa ‘CHILD’Allofams1 #428 PTB *tsa-n ⪤ *za-n ‘CHILD / SON / RELATIVES’1a #1012 PTB *za-n ‘CHILD’1b #2727 PTB *tsa-n ‘CHILD / GRANDCHILD / NEPHEW / NIECE’ aprefix-hêm ‘placenta / afterbirth’Grüssner 79 BP: 36
Mikir [Karbi]oprefix◦so#1012 PTB *za-n ‘CHILD’MesorootsPKC *θaa ‘CHILD / OFFSPRING / SON / DAUGHTER’PBG *sa ‘CHILD’Allofams1 #428 PTB *tsa-n ⪤ *za-n ‘CHILD / SON / RELATIVES’1a #1012 PTB *za-n ‘CHILD’1b #2727 PTB *tsa-n ‘CHILD / GRANDCHILD / NEPHEW / NIECE’-aprefix◦hem ‘placenta’Matisoff 87 BP
Mikir [Karbi]oprefix◦so#1012 PTB *za-n ‘CHILD’MesorootsPKC *θaa ‘CHILD / OFFSPRING / SON / DAUGHTER’PBG *sa ‘CHILD’Allofams1 #428 PTB *tsa-n ⪤ *za-n ‘CHILD / SON / RELATIVES’1a #1012 PTB *za-n ‘CHILD’1b #2727 PTB *tsa-n ‘CHILD / GRANDCHILD / NEPHEW / NIECE’-aprefix◦hem ‘placenta’Matisoff 78 VSTB
1.6Mru2
1.7.2Northern Naga/Konyakian1
1.7.2.1Tangsa-Nocte8
1.7.2.2Konyak-Chang9
Phomʃam⁵⁵mʌy⁵⁵#2457 PTB *mway ‘BEAUTIFUL / PERFECTLY / WELL’PKC *mooy ‘BEAUTIFUL / APPROPRIATE’ ‘rich / wealthy ('house'+'good')’Burling 98 Phom
1.7.3.2Asakian4
2.1.1Western Himalayish3
2.1.2Bodic6
2.1.2.1Tibetan7
Tibetan (Written)kʻyim byɑ#2187 PTB *b(y/r)a ‘BIRD / BEE’PLB *bya² ‘BEE’PL *bya² ‘BEE’ ‘domestic fowl / cock / hen / poultry’Jäschke 1881
2.1.3Lepcha2
2.1.4Tamangish8
2.2Newar3
2.3Kiranti1
2.3.1Eastern Kiranti4
2.3.2Southern Kiranti3
2.3.3Central Kiranti6
2.3.4Western Kiranti4
2.4Kham-Magar-Chepang9
3.2Qiangic39
Qiang (Mianchi)dzòmorpheme lòmorpheme-tɕí ‘flour mill (mo fang) [millstone-house]’Evans 99 Qiang: 694
3.3rGyalrongic1
3.3.1rGyalrong17
rGyalrongtaprefix pu#1733 PTB *r/m-bu ⪤ *pru ‘NEST / WOMB / PLACENTA’PKC *ɓuu ‘NEST / DEN’ ktɕɛm ‘womb’Dai 89 Jiar: 10.4.8
rGyalrong (Northern)taprefix◦po#1733 PTB *r/m-bu ⪤ *pru ‘NEST / WOMB / PLACENTA’PKC *ɓuu ‘NEST / DEN’◦tso#2727 PTB *tsa-n ‘CHILD / GRANDCHILD / NEPHEW / NIECE’MesorootsPCN *tsaʔ ‘SON’PTk *tsa ‘CHILD / DIMINUTIVE’Allofams1 #428 PTB *tsa-n ⪤ *za-n ‘CHILD / SON / RELATIVES’1a #1012 PTB *za-n ‘CHILD’1b #2727 PTB *tsa-n ‘CHILD / GRANDCHILD / NEPHEW / NIECE’ fkəm ‘womb’Sun H 91 rNQ: 10.4.8
rGyalrong (Eastern)taprefix◦pʴ#1733 PTB *r/m-bu ⪤ *pru ‘NEST / WOMB / PLACENTA’PKC *ɓuu ‘NEST / DEN’ tʃʰem ‘womb’Sun H 91 rEQ: 10.4.8
rGyalrong (Maerkang)təprefix tʃəm wumorpheme rmᴇ#2450 PTB *r-mi(ŋ/n) ‘NAME / COMMAND’PTani *mɯn ~ *mrɯŋ ‘NAME’PKC *miŋ ⪤ *hmiŋ; min ⪤ *hmin ‘NAME’PCN *a-miŋ ‘NAME’PTk *miŋ ‘NAME’PKar *minᴬ ‘NAME’ n‘surname / name (family) (lit. 'house name')’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0686.11
rGyalrong (NW)təprefix◦lŋa#675 PTB *m/l-ŋal ‘WOMB / PLACENTA’ ktɕʰim ‘amniotic sac / bag of waters’Sun H 91 rNW: 10.4.9
4Nungic18
Rawang(tɕhɯn³¹) ətoŋ³³morpheme [əto³³morpheme ŋɛ³³] ‘fall down/collapse (of a house)’LaPolla 03: 1195
6.1Lolo-Burmese1
6.1.1Burmish49
Burmese (Written)chaṅ#1615 PTB *tsaŋ ‘NEST / WOMB / PLACENTA’TGTM *ᴬdzaŋ ‘NEST’-ʔim ‘womb’Matisoff 87 BP
Burmese (Written)swê#230 PTB *s-hywəy-t ‘BLOOD’MesorootsPTani *viː ‘BLOOD’PKC *thii ‘BLOOD’PCN *a-(h)jəjʔ ‘BLOOD’PTk *ʃi ‘BLOOD’PNN *C̥-həːy ‘BLOOD’PNN *syi ‘BLOOD’PLB *swəy² ‘BLOOD’PKar *swiᴮ ‘BLOOD’Allofams1a #230 PTB *s-hywəy-t ‘BLOOD’1b #5485 PTB *suy ‘MARROW’-ʔim ‘placenta ("blood-house")’Lit. “blood-house”.Matisoff 87 BP
Burmese (Written)ʔu#2102 PTB *wu ‘BELLY / STOMACH / INTESTINE / KIDNEY’MesorootsPLB *wu ⪤ *ru ‘INTESTINE / KIDNEY’Allofams1 #6723 PTB *d-(p/b)u-k ‘BELLY / STOMACH / CAVE’1a #2104 PTB *pʷik ‘BELLY / STOMACH’1b #2106 PTB *wuk ‘BELLY / STOMACH’1c #164 PTB *d-puːk ‘BELLY / VITALS / HOLLOW OBJECT / CAVE’1d #2103 PTB *pʷu ‘BELLY / STOMACH / INTESTINE / KIDNEY’1e #2102 PTB *wu ‘BELLY / STOMACH / INTESTINE / KIDNEY’1g #2111 PTB *pwa(ŋ/n) ‘BELLY / CENTER’-im ‘paunch, tripe ('intestine-house')’Matisoff 87 BP: 42
6.1.2Loloish2
6.1.2.1Northern Loloish23
Yi (Liangshan)ʑi³³ȵi³⁴morphemea²¹prefixmo²¹#1620 PTB *mow ‘WOMAN / FEMALE RELATIVE / FEMININE SUFFIX’PKC *maw ‘BRIDE / GROOM’PKar *muᴮ ‘FEMALE (HUMANS), MOTHER’ ‘woman of the house’Ma 08 Yi: index
Yi (Liangshan)ʑi³⁴li³³#7183 PTB *s-li ‘OLD (of things)’PLB *ʔ-li¹ ‘OLD (of things)’ ‘house, old’Ma 08 Yi: index
Yi (Liangshan)ʑi³⁴ʦhu̱³³#5773 PTB *tsuk ⪤ *tsik ‘BUILD’PLB *ʔtsukᴴ ‘BUILD (e,g, a house)’ ‘build (a house)’Ma 08 Yi: index
6.1.2.2Central Loloish39
Lisu (Northern)hĩ³³dʑi²¹morphemehɤ³⁵morpheme ‘side board (wooden planks in the walls of the house)’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)hĩ³³khu²¹morpheme fu³³morphemesu³³morpheme ‘house keeper; house attendant’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)hĩ³³khu²¹morpheme fu³⁵morphemeje²¹morpheme ‘household sideline occupation’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)hĩ³³ly³³#7183 PTB *s-li ‘OLD (of things)’PLB *ʔ-li¹ ‘OLD (of things)’ ‘old house’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)hĩ³³ɕa³⁵morpheme mɔ²¹morphemegwa²¹morpheme ‘Song of Building a House (name of a long poem)’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)hĩ³³ɕa³⁵morphemesu³³#5632 PTB *su ⪤ *s-lu ‘WHO / INDEF PRONOUN / REMOTE 3RD PERS.’ ‘one who builds a house’Bradley 94 Lisu
6.1.2.3Southern Loloish5
Bisuaŋ#5450 PTB *ʔa(ŋ/k)- ‘NOUN PREFIX’-jàt#679 PTB *tsat ‘WOMB / PLACENTA / NEST’-ja#1012 PTB *za-n ‘CHILD’MesorootsPKC *θaa ‘CHILD / OFFSPRING / SON / DAUGHTER’PBG *sa ‘CHILD’Allofams1 #428 PTB *tsa-n ⪤ *za-n ‘CHILD / SON / RELATIVES’1a #1012 PTB *za-n ‘CHILD’1b #2727 PTB *tsa-n ‘CHILD / GRANDCHILD / NEPHEW / NIECE’-húm ‘womb’Beaudouin 88 Bisu: 16
6.1.2.4Southeastern Loloish11
6.2Naxi5
Na (Yongning)ʑi˧dv˧morphemei˧morphemehĩ˧morpheme ʈʂʰɯ˧morphemev˧morpheme ‘person in charge of the house’Michaud 06 NaLaze
7Karenic16
Kayan (Pekon)hyə̂n◦lānmorpheme N‘land for housing (part of the inheritance) [lit. house-place]’Manson 10 Kayan
Kayan (Pekon)hyə̂n◦pʰòmorpheme◦pʰánmorpheme◦pʰòmorpheme Nelab‘family [lit. house-DIM-storage-DIM]’Manson 10 Kayan
Kayan (Pekon)ùmorpheme◦hyə́n◦ùmorpheme◦pʰánmorpheme Velab‘look after your house [lit. look-house-look-paddy store]’Manson 10 Kayan
Cite this entry
STEDT etymon #1612,
*k-y(i/u)m ‘HOUSE’.Stable link:
https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/1612Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].
References: cf. STC#053, HPTB
BibTeX
@misc{stedt-1612,
title = {{*k-y(i/u)m 'HOUSE'}},
author = {STEDT},
year = {2017},
note = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #1612},
url = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/1612}
}