STEDT
The Body  ›  Diffuse Organs  ›  Blood/Bleed
STEDT #230

*s-hywəy-t

BLOOD
Proto-Tibeto-Burman · exemplary

Reconstruction analysis

handlehwiyinitialhwrhymeiy ~ s-hcoverH · VWS

Intermediate reconstructions

Tani*viː ‘BLOOD’JS-HCST: 103
Kuki-Chin*thii ‘BLOOD’PKC #375
Central Naga (Ao Group)*a-(h)jəjʔ ‘BLOOD’PCN #108
Tangkhulic*ʃi ‘BLOOD’DRM#346
Northern Naga/Konyakian*C̥-həːy ‘BLOOD’
Northern Naga/Konyakian*syi ‘BLOOD’
Lolo-Burmese*swəy² ‘BLOOD’
Karenic*swiᴮ ‘BLOOD’TL#25

Connections

Allofams
HPTB*s-hywəy ‘blood’pp. 66, 85, 102, 194, 201, 230, 464

Notes

Chinese shows an allofam with final -t.

Chinese comparandum

血 OC *χiwet, GSR #410a-c ‘blood’; Coblin 86:45 ST *shwiʔ > OC *hwit; Schuessler 2007:547-8 *hwît; B & S 2011: *m̥ˁik; Mand. xiě.

Reflexes & cognates839 reflexes · 60 subgroups

0Sino-Tibetan (previously published reconstructions)1

*Sino-Tibetanshwiʔ ‘blood’Coblin 86: 45

0.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)10

*Tibeto-Burman(s-)h(y)wə[ː]y ‘blood’French 83: 460
*Tibeto-Burmans-hwiy=s-hywəy ‘blood’LaPolla 87: 201
*Tibeto-Burmans-hwiy(*B) ‘blood’Coblin 86: 45
*Tibeto-Burmans-hywəy ‘blood’Chou 72: 410a-c

1NE Indian Areal Group1

Mijiʒai ‘blood’Simon 79 Miji

1.1“North Assam”2

Sulung [Puroik]hue⁵³ ‘blood’Sun H 93 SulQ

1.1.1Tani1

*Taniviː ‘blood’Sun J 93 HCST: 31

1.1.1.1Western Tani21

Apataniaprefix-ji ‘blood’Sun J 93 HCST
Apataniàprefix-jí ‘blood’Sun J 93 Tani
Apataniaprefix-ji ‘blood’Sun J 93 Tani
Apataniaprefix-ji linmorpheme ‘bleed’Sun J 93 Tani
Apatanihiprefix-ǰiŋ ‘blood’Sun J 93 Tani
Apatanitàmorpheme-kemorpheme aprefix-ji ‘impure blood’Sun J 93 Tani
Apatani²amorpheme²i ‘blood’Weidert 87 TBTo: 597
Bengniuːprefix-vi ‘blood’Sun J 93 HCST
Bengniuːprefix-vi ‘blood’Sun J 93 Tani
Bokaruprefix jiː n‘blood’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0129.24
Bokaruprefix-jiː ‘blood’Sun J 93 HCST
Bokaruprefix-jiː ‘blood’Sun J 93 Tani
Bokar Lhobauprefix◦jiː ‘blood’Sun H 80 MLD
Bokar Lhobauprefix◦jiː ‘blood’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 268.51
Galo`ii n.‘blood’GLDC 09 Galo
Galoīː ‘blood’Weidert 87 TBTo: 597
Galoiː ‘blood’Das Gupta 63 Gal
Miri, Hilluprefix◦i ‘blood’Simon 76 Miri
Taginoi tomorpheme◦namsuffix ‘bleeding / cause bleeding’Das Gupta 83 Tag
Taginoːprefix◦i ‘blood’Das Gupta 83 Tag

1.1.1.2Eastern Tani7

Padam-Mishing [Abor-Miri]í-yongmorpheme ‘blood vessel / vein / artery’Matisoff 87 BP
Damuʔaprefix-jiː ‘blood’Sun J 93 Tani
Milangatprefix◦yi ‘blood’Tayeng 76 Mil
Milangotmorpheme-yi-lemorpheme-masuffix ‘bleeding’Tayeng 76 Mil
Mishing [Miri]iprefix◦yi ‘blood’Benedict 72 STC: 222

1.1.2Deng13

Darang [Taraon]xɑ³¹ ɹuɑi⁵³ ‘blood’Sun H 80 MLD
Darang [Taraon]xɑ³¹prefixɹuɑi⁵³ n‘blood’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0129.22
Darang [Taraon]xɑ³¹prefixɹuɑi⁵³ ‘blood’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 268.49
Digarohəroi ⪤ hrwei ‘blood’Benedict 72 STC: 222
Kaman [Miju]ɑ³¹morpheme ɹui³⁵ ‘blood’Sun H 80 MLD
Kaman [Miju]ɑ³¹prefixɹui³⁵ n‘blood’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0129.23
Kaman [Miju]ɑ³¹prefixɹui³⁵ ‘blood’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 268.48
Iduiju ‘blood’Pulu 78
Iduiju brõgamorpheme ‘bleeding’Pulu 78
Iduiyu ‘blood’Anonymous 62 Idu
Idui⁵⁵prefixɹu⁵⁵ ‘blood’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 268.50
Idui⁵⁵ɹu⁵⁵ ‘blood’Sun H 91 IduQ: 8.7
Yidui⁵⁵prefixɹu⁵⁵ n‘blood’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0129.25

1.2Kuki-Chin3

Chinboksiʔ ‘blood’Matisoff 87 BP
Thanphumtʻi⁵ ‘blood’Luce 85: P.2

1.2.1.2Southern Plains Chin17

Ashoaprefix◦tʻiˊˊ ‘blood’VanBik 09 PKC: 375
Asho (Sandoway)ăˋprefixtʻi² ‘blood’Luce 85: P.2
Daaitʰí ‘blood’So-Hartmann 88 Chin: 97
Awa Khumiăprefix◦tʻi² ‘blood’Luce 85: P.2
Khumidei ‘blood’Matisoff 87 BP
Khumithii ‘blood’VanBik 09 PKC: 375
Khumi (Ahraing)tʻi¹ ‘blood’Luce 85: P.2
Matupitʻi⁴ ‘blood’Luce 85: P.2
Womatusɯ¹ ‘blood’Luce 85: P.2

1.2.2Central Chin16

Khualsimtʻi² ‘blood’Luce 85: P.2
Lai (Hakha)t̆ʻi⁵ ‘blood’Luce 85: G.85
Lai (Hakha)tʻi⁵ ‘blood’Luce 85: P.2
Laizothi ‘blood’Matisoff 87 BP
Lushai [Mizo]thǐ ‘blood, menses’VanBik 09 PKC: 375
Lushai [Mizo]thi (-shenmorpheme) ‘blood’Matisoff 87 BP
Lushai [Mizo]thi◦senmorpheme ‘blood’Marrison 67 Naga
Lushai [Mizo]tʻi³ ‘blood’Luce 85: P.2

1.2.3Maraic11

Lailenpiməmorpheme◦tʻi¹ ‘blood’Luce 85: P.2
Lakher [Mara]thí n‘blood, the menses’VanBik 09 PKC: 375
Lakher [Mara]thi-saimorpheme ‘blood’Matisoff 87 BP
Meratʻi¹ ‘blood’Luce 85: P.2
Tha'oatʻi² ‘blood’Luce 85: P.2
Xongsaitʻi² ‘blood’Luce 85: P.2
Zotungčhiʔ ‘blood’Matisoff 87 BP
Zotungcʻi⁵ ‘blood’Luce 85: P.2

1.2.4“Old Kuki”8

Kom Rempiprefix sui ‘pulse’Toba 91 KRQ: 9.3.2
Kom Remponmorpheme indirmorpheme tʰi ‘menstrual blood’Toba 91 KRQ: 10.4.7
Kom Remtʰi◦senmorpheme kəsokmorpheme v‘bleed’Toba 91 KRQ: 8.7.2
Moyonlníʔmorpheme◦sə̀ ‘menstrual blood’Kosha 90: 10.4.7
Moyonsə̀ ‘blood’Kosha 90: 8.7
Sorbungaprefix-tʰi ‘blood’Brown 37 Indo

1.3“Naga” Areal Group2

Maringhi ‘blood’Brown 37 Indo

1.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)13

Ao (Chungli)a³prefix-zəʔ¹ n.‘blood’Bruhn 14 PCN: II.299
Ao (Chungli)aprefix◦zü ‘blood’Marrison 67 Naga
Ao (Chungli)³amorpheme¹zɯʔ ‘blood’Weidert 87 TBTo: 260
Ao (Mongsen: Mangmetong)[a]prefix-jı́ʔ n.‘blood’Coupe 07 Ao
Sangtamaprefix◦shü ‘blood’Kumar 73 Sang
Sangtamshü ‘blood’Marrison 67 Naga
Yacham-Tengsaaprefix◦i ‘blood’Marrison 67 Naga
Yimchungrüthiprefix◦yi ‘blood’Marrison 67 Naga
Yimchungrüthiprefix◦yih ‘blood’Kumar 73 Yim: 39

1.3.2Angami-Pochuri Group21

Angami Naga²themorpheme⁵zie ‘blood’Weidert 87 TBTo: 260
Angami (Kohima)the³¹zia⁵⁵ ‘blood’Nienu 90 AngQ: 8.7
Angami (Kohima)the³¹zia⁵⁵ ro⁵⁵morpheme ‘blood vessel / vein / artery’Nienu 90 AngQ: 8.7.1
Chokrithüza ‘blood’Marrison 67 Naga
Chokrithü³¹za³⁵ ‘blood’Nienu 90 ChoQ: 8.7
Chokrithu³¹za³⁵ ro³⁵morpheme ‘blood vessel / vein / artery’Nienu 90 ChoQ: 8.7.1
Chokriuprefix◦za ‘blood’Marrison 67 Naga
Khezhažì◦rhómorpheme ‘blood vessel / vein / artery’Yabu 94 Khö: 8.7.1
Khezhaʼèprefix◦žì ‘blood’Yabu 94 Khö: 8.7
Maooprefix◦zhi ‘blood’Marrison 67 Naga
Meluriaprefix◦zü ‘blood’Marrison 67 Naga
Ntenyiaprefix◦jü ‘blood’Marrison 67 Naga
Ntenyiaprefix◦zü ‘blood’Marrison 67 Naga
Rengmaaprefix◦zi ‘blood’Marrison 67 Naga
Sema [Sumi]alhakusamorpheme ji ‘menstrual blood’Achumi 98: 10.4.7
Sema [Sumi]aprefix◦ji ‘blood’Achumi 98: 8.7
Sema [Sumi]aprefix◦ji nhümorpheme ‘blood vessel / vein / artery’Achumi 98: 8.7.1
Sema [Sumi]aprefix◦zhi ‘blood’Marrison 67 Naga

1.3.3Zeme Group11

Khoiraoaprefix◦ji ‘blood’Marrison 67 Naga
Liangmeitazai ‘blood’Marrison 67 Naga
Maramaprefix◦yei ‘blood’Marrison 67 Naga
Puironthi ‘blood’Marrison 67 Naga
Rongmei / Nruanghmeiməimorpheme zə̀y ‘blood’Matisoff 94 Rong
Zemehemorpheme◦jei ‘blood’Marrison 67 Naga
Zemehemorpheme◦zai ‘blood’Marrison 67 Naga
Zeme¹hemorpheme⁴zai ‘blood’Weidert 87 TBTo: 24
Mziemezai ‘blood’Marrison 67 Naga

1.3.4Tangkhulic14

Champhungamorpheme-zi ‘blood’Brown 37 Indo
Huishuʔamorpheme-sik ‘blood’Mortensen 12 Tk: BodyParts.262
Kachaiʔamorpheme-sɐ ‘blood’Mortensen 12 Tk: BodyParts.244
Tangkhulaprefix◦shi ‘blood’Marrison 67 Naga
Tangkhulāprefix◦shi ‘blood’Matisoff 87 BP
Tangkhul¹əmorpheme²ši ‘blood’Weidert 87 TBTo: 260
Tankghul (Central)unmorpheme-si ‘blood’Brown 37 Indo
Tangkhul (Northern)amorpheme-sɯ ‘blood’Brown 37 Indo
Tangkhul (Standard)amorpheme-ʃi ‘blood’Brown 37 Indo
Tusomənmorpheme-sɯ ‘blood’Mortensen 12 Tk: BodyParts.255
Ukhrulkəmorpheme-ʃi-niŋmorpheme be v.‘bruised, have darkened blood’Mortensen 12 Tk
Ukhrulʔamorpheme-ʃi ‘blood’Mortensen 12 Tk

1.4Meithei9

Meitheií ‘blood’Abbi 85
Meitheii-gimorpheme utoŋmorpheme ‘blood vessel / vein / artery’Singh 91 MeiQ: 8.7.1
Meitheii-lakpəmorpheme v.‘menstruate’Singh 91 MeiQ: 10.4.6
Meitheii-thokpəmorpheme v.‘bleed’Singh 91 MeiQ: 8.7.2

1.6Mru3

Mrusʻɑ³ ‘blood’Luce 85: T.27
Mruwi ‘blood’Matisoff 87 BP
Mruwi² ‘blood’Luce 85: Q.69

1.7.1Bodo-Garo1

*Bodo-Garotəi(ʔ) ‘blood’Burling 59 PBo: 440

1.7.1.1Bodo16

Bodobimorpheme◦tə́y ‘blood, solidified’Bhat 68 Boro
Bodobimorpheme◦tə́y ‘blood (solidified), menstruation’Bhat 68 Boro
Bodobimorpheme◦tə́y ‘blood (solidified); mentruation’Bhat 68 Boro
Bodobimorpheme◦təy ‘menses; clotted blood’Matisoff 87 BP
Bodotəiʔ ‘blood’Matisoff 87 BP
Bodotə́y ‘blood’Bhat 68 Boro
Bodotə́y ‘blood’Matisoff 87 BP
Bodotɤiʔ ‘blood’Weidert 87 TBTo: 24
Dimasathi ‘blood’Marrison 67 Naga
Dimasathi ‘blood’LaPolla 87: 201
Kokboroktʰəy ‘blood’Tripuri 88
Lalung [Tiwa]thi charamorpheme v.‘bleed’Balawan 65: 100
Lalung [Tiwa]thi nanamorpheme v.‘bleed’Balawan 65: 42
Lalung [Tiwa]thi◦sirmorpheme ‘artery / vein / blood vessel’Balawan 65: 74
Mechetɤiʔ ‘blood’Weidert 87 TBTo: 24

1.7.1.2Garo7

Garoanʔmorpheme-ci ‘blood’Weidert 87 TBTo: 260
Garoanmorpheme◦tśi ‘blood’Benedict 72 STC: 222
Garoanmorpheme◦tsyi ‘blood’LaPolla 87: 201
Garoaʔnmorpheme-ci ‘blood’Matisoff 87 BP
Garo (Bangladesh)a'nmorpheme-chi ‘blood’[Source note] (lit: body water).Burling 92 GaBa
Garo (Bangladesh)ha'nmorpheme-chi ‘blood’[Source note] (lit: body water).Burling 92 GaBa
Garo (Bangladesh)han•morpheme-chi n‘blood’Burling 03 Garo: 6.29-II:idx

1.7.1.3Koch1

Atongtəiʔ ‘blood’Matisoff 87 BP

1.7.1.4Deori5

Deori/Deurichí ‘blood’Brown 95: 64
Deori/Deurici-kumorpheme-yomorpheme ‘blood relative’Jacquesson 05 Deuri
Deori/Deurici²-yomorpheme ‘blood relative’Jacquesson 05 Deuri
Deori/Deurici¹ ‘blood’unknown

1.7.2Northern Naga/Konyakian2

*Northern NagaC̥morpheme-həːy ‘blood’French 83: 460

1.7.2.1Tangsa-Nocte7

Noctehe ‘blood’Marrison 67 Naga
Noctehe ‘blood’French 83: 460
Nocte²he(ʔ) ‘blood’Weidert 87 TBTo: 260
Tangsa¹ʌprefix¹hʌi(ʔ) ‘blood’Weidert 87 TBTo: 260
Tangsa (Yogli)amorpheme hai ‘blood’French 83: 460
Tangsa (Yogli)aprefix◦hai ‘blood’Marrison 67 Naga
Tangsa (Yogli)ʌmorpheme hʌi ‘blood’French 83: 460

1.7.2.2Konyak-Chang16

Changsi ‘blood’Marrison 67 Naga
Changsi ‘blood’French 83: 460
Phomi ‘blood’French 83: 460
Phomi³³ ‘blood’Burling 98 Phom
Wanchoamorpheme dzi ‘blood’French 83: 460
Wanchoamorpheme ji ‘blood’French 83: 460
Wanchoaprefix◦dzi ‘blood’Marrison 67 Naga
Wanchoaprefix◦ji ‘blood’Marrison 67 Naga
Wanchoci ‘blood’Matisoff 87 BP

1.7.3.2Asakian11

Ganansʻɛ¹ ‘blood’Luce 85: K.63
Kadusʻɛ¹ ‘blood’Luce 85: G.85
Kadu (Kantu)sʻɛ¹ ‘blood’Luce 85: K.63
Luiī ‘blood’Matisoff 87 BP
Luishé ‘blood’Matisoff 87 BP
Saksè ‘blood’Matisoff 87 BP
Sak (Bawtala)sʻe³ ‘blood’Luce 85: K.63
Sakthé ‘blood’Matisoff 87 BP
Sakθe ‘blood’Matisoff 87 BP
Tamansʻe ‘blood’Luce 85: K.63

2.1.1Western Himalayish17

Bunanśu ‘blood’Coblin 86: 45
Bunanšù waŋstemorpheme v‘bleed’Sharma, S.R. 91 Bu: 8.7.2
Bunansyu ‘blood’LaPolla 87: 201
Byangsiʃyamorpheme◦ʃi n.‘relatives (related by blood)’Sharma 2003: 914
Byangsiʃı̀ n.‘blood’Sharma 2003: 880
Darmaɕi ‘blood’Krishan 2003: 756
Kanauriśui ‘blood’Coblin 86: 45
Kanaurisyui ‘blood’LaPolla 87: 201
Pattani [Manchati]šùi hutsimorpheme v‘bleed’Sharma, S.R. 91 Ma: 8.7.2
Rongpoʃuı̃ n.‘blood’Sharma 2003: 1229

2.2Newar9

Newarhi ‘blood’Matisoff 87 BP
Newarhi ‘menstrual blood’Shakya 89: 10.4.7
Newarhi ‘blood’Shakya 89: 8.7
Newarhi◦nu(li)morpheme ‘blood vessel / vein / artery’Matisoff 87 BP
Newarhi◦nu:morpheme ‘blood vessel / vein / artery’Shakya 89: 8.7.1
Newarhi◦wɔemorpheme v.‘bleed’Shakya 89: 8.7.2

2.3.1Eastern Kiranti9

Limbumakmorpheme-khī ‘blood’Matisoff 87 BP
Limbumakmorpheme◦khi ‘blood’Michailovsky 89 Lm
Limbumakmorpheme◦khi ‘blood’Michailovsky 91 Kr: 16
Limbumakmorpheme◦khiʔ ‘blood’Weidert 87 TBTo: 117
Limbumakmorpheme◦khī◦kumākmorpheme ‘blood vessel / vein / artery’Matisoff 87 BP
Lohoronghə◦rimorpheme ‘blood’Benedict 72 STC: 222
Yakhahɛː◦limorpheme ‘blood’Kohn 90: 8.7
Yakhahɛː◦limorpheme loːmmamorpheme v‘bleed’Kohn 90: 8.7.2
Yakhahɛ◦lɛmorpheme keʔmamorpheme v‘menstruate’Kohn 90: 10.4.6

2.3.2Southern Kiranti9

Bantawahï ‘blood’Matisoff 87 BP
BantawahU ‘blood’Rai 85 BnDs
Bantawahü ‘blood’Rai 84 BnDc: 31
Chamlinghi ‘blood’Winter 85: 14
Chamlinghi tamorpheme-(a)morpheme ‘bleed’Winter 85: 14
Kulunghi ‘blood’Rai 75 Kul

2.3.4Western Kiranti15

Bahinghy-si ‘blood’Matisoff 87 BP
Bahinghy◦si ‘blood’Michailovsky 91 Kr: 16
Hayuji ‘blood’Matisoff 87 BP
Hayunoːmorpheme-ji ‘blood from nosebleed’Matisoff 87 BP
Hayuvi ‘blood’LaPolla 87: 201
Hayuvi ‘blood’Coblin 86: 45
Sunwarhu-si ‘blood’Matisoff 87 BP
Thulungsi◦sī ‘blood’Matisoff 87 BP
Thulungsi◦si ‘blood’Allen 75

2.4Kham-Magar-Chepang27

Chepanghuy n.‘blood (WD)’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepanghuyq-samorpheme v?‘blood’Michailovsky 91 Kr: 16
Chepanghuyʔ ‘blood’Matisoff 87 BP
Chepanghuyʔ-samorpheme ‘bleed’Caughley 72 CVoc: 2.B.2.24
Chepangwayʔ ‘blood’Matisoff 87 BP
Chepangwi n.‘blood (B)’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangwi ⪤ wei ‘blood’Benedict 72 STC: 222
Chepangwi~wei ‘blood’LaPolla 87: 201
Chepangwi~wei ‘blood’Coblin 86: 45
Chepangwəyʔ n.‘blood, red sap’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangwəyʔ-samorpheme ‘bleed’Caughley 72 CVoc: 2.B.2.24
Chepangwəyʔ.takmorpheme- vt.‘draw blood, wound’Caughley 00 Chepang
Kham'jiːh ‘blood’Michailovsky 91 Kr: 16
Kham'jiːh ‘blood’Watters 89 KhQ
Kham'jiːh ‘blood’Matisoff 87 BP
Kham'jiːh humorpheme-nyamorpheme v.‘bleed’Watters 89 KhQ: 2.B.2.24
Kham'kyãːtəomorpheme jiːh ‘menstrual blood’Watters 89 KhQ
Khamjilh◦tupmorpheme ‘blood vessel / vein / artery’Matisoff 87 BP
Khamjiːh◦tupmorpheme ‘vein’Watters 89 KhQ
Khamjiːh◦tupmorpheme ‘blood vessel’Watters 89 KhQ: 2.A.6
Magarhxu ‘blood’Matisoff 87 BP
Magarhyu ‘blood’Coblin 86: 45
Magarhyu [hü] ‘blood’Benedict 72 STC: 222

3.2Qiangic42

Ersuʂo⁵⁵ ‘blood’Sun H 91 ErsQ
Ersuʂo⁵⁵ ‘blood’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 268.18
Guiqiongtsɿ⁵³ ‘blood’Sun H 91 GuiQ
Guiqiongtsɿ⁵³ ‘blood’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 268.17
Namuyisɛ³³ ‘blood’Sun H 91 NamQ: 8.7
Namuyisɛ³³ ‘blood’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 268.19
Pumi (Qinghua)sa¹³ ‘blood’Lu 83 Pumi
Pumi (Taoba)se³⁵ ‘blood’Lu 83 Pumi
Qiang (Mawo)sa(æ)|ɣə̥ʴ ‘blood vessel / vein / artery’also contains *grawSun H 91 MawQ: 8.7.1
Qiang (Mawo)sa◦ɬəmorpheme v‘bleed’Sun H 91 MawQ: 8.7.2
Qiang (Taoping)sɑ³³ ‘blood’Sun H 81 Qia
Xumisɛ⁵⁵ ‘blood’Sun H 91 ShiQ
Xumisɛ⁵⁵ ‘blood’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 268.20

3.3.1rGyalrong74

rGyalrongtaprefix ɕi ‘blood’Dai 89 Jiar: 8.7
rGyalrongtaprefix ɕi cɛrmorpheme ‘blood vessel / vein / artery’Dai 89 Jiar: 8.7.1
rGyalrongtaprefix ɕi kəmorpheme utmorpheme v.‘bleed’Dai 89 Jiar: 8.7.2
rGyalrongtaprefix ʃi ‘blood’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 268.12
rGyalrong (NW)taprefix◦sa ‘blood’Sun H 91 rNW: 8.7
rGyalrong (Northern)taprefix◦se ‘blood’Sun H 91 rNQ: 8.7
rGyalrong (Eastern)taprefix◦ʃi ‘blood’Sun H 91 rEQ: 8.7
rGyalrong (Eastern)taprefix◦ʃi namorpheme kʰʃutmorpheme v‘bleed’Sun H 91 rEQ: 8.7.2
rGyalrong (Eastern)taprefix◦ʃi tʃɐr̥morpheme ‘blood vessel / vein / artery’Sun H 91 rEQ: 8.7.1
Caodengtɐprefix sɐ ‘blood’Sun J 97 Cao
Caodengtɐprefix sɐ ʒnbraʔmorpheme ‘blood vessel’Sun J 97 Cao
rGyalrongdamorpheme NtseNmorpheme wamorpheme shi ‘menstrual blood’Nagano 97 GyQ: 10.4.7
rGyalrongtAmorpheme Ngemorpheme wamorpheme shi ‘menstrual blood’Nagano 97 GyQ: 10.4.7
rGyalrongtaprefix shi ‘blood’Nagano 97 GyQ: 8.7
rGBenzhentaprefix ʃiʔ ‘blood’Sun J 97 rGB
Shilitáprefix saχ ‘blood’Sun J 97 Shi

4Nungic11

Anongsyö ‘blood’LaPolla 87: 201
Anongʂɯ⁵³ ‘blood’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 268.44
Nungʂɯ⁵⁵ n‘blood’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0129.21
Trung [Dulong]šiə⁴⁴i⁴⁴ ‘blood’Matisoff 87 BP
Dulongɕɯi⁵⁵ n‘blood’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0129.20

6.1.1Burmish56

Achang (Lianghe)sui³¹ ‘blood’Dai 85 AcJZ
Achang (Luxi)sui⁵⁵ ‘blood’Dai 85 AcJZ
Bolasui³⁵ ‘blood’Dai 89 Bola: 155
Burmese (Written)swat n.‘blood that collects and tends to putrefaction’Benedict 76 WBur
Burmese (Written)swê ‘blood; disposition’Benedict 76 WBur
Burmese (Written)swê-wutmorpheme ‘fontanel’Matisoff 87 BP
Burmese (Written)əprefix-swê ‘blood; disposition’Benedict 76 WBur
Danuθwe² ‘blood’Luce 85: T.27
Hpun (Metjo)ăprefix◦ʃuih⁴ ‘blood’Luce 85: T.27
Hpun (Northern)ăprefix◦ʃwì, ăprefix◦ʃùi ‘blood’Henderson 86 Hpun
Hpun (Northern)ăprefix◦ʃwì◦ʃáimorpheme, ăprefix◦ʃwì◦ʃá̃imorpheme ‘vein (cp. Blood)’Henderson 86 Hpun
Lashisui⁵⁵ ‘blood’Dai 89 Lash: 8.7
Lashisui⁵⁵ khjo³³morpheme ‘pulse’Dai 89 Lash: 9.3.2
Lashisui⁵⁵ thu:ʔ⁵⁵morpheme v.‘bleed’Dai 89 Lash: 8.7.2
Marmaθwí ‘blood’Huziwara 08 Sak: 53
Taung-Yoθue² ‘blood’Luce 85: T.27
Atsi [Zaiwa]sui²¹ ‘blood’Xu 84 Zaiwa
Atsi [Zaiwa]swɛ⁴ ‘blood’Luce 85: T.27

6.1.2Loloish4

PNLswe² ‘blood’Chen 86 CS: 125.

6.1.2.1Northern Loloish45

Gazhuosɪ³¹ ‘blood’Dai 91 TB15
Gazhuosɿ²¹ ‘blood’Dai 89 Gazh: 8.7
Gazhuosɿ²¹ to⁵³morpheme v.‘bleed’Dai 89 Gazh: 8.7.2
Gazhuosɿ³¹ ‘blood’Mu 03 Gazhuo
Lalosì ‘blood’Björverud 94
Lalosi²¹ ‘blood’Chen 86 CS: 125.
Lalosɿ²¹ ‘blood’Chen 86 Yi: 8.7
Lalosɿ²¹ gu²¹#535 PTB *graw ‘OBSCURE INTERNAL CHANNEL’ tʂa³³morpheme ‘blood vessel / vein / artery’Chen 86 Yi: 8.7.1
Liphosɿ²¹ ‘blood’Chen 86 CS: 125.
Liphosɿ²¹ ‘blood’Chen 86 Yi: 8.7
Nasusɯ³³ ‘blood’Chen 86 CS: 125.
Nasusɯ³³ ‘blood’Chen 86 Yi: 8.7
Neisusy³³ ‘blood’Chen 86 CS: 125.
Nesusi³³ ‘blood’Chen 86 CS: 125.
Nesuʂʅ³³ ‘blood’Chen 86 Yi: 8.7
Noesudʑu³³ ‘blood vessel’Chen 86 Yi: 8.7.1
Noesusy³³ ‘blood’Chen 86 Yi: 8.7
Nosugu³³morphemeʑi³³ ‘blood vessel’Chen 86 Yi: 8.7.1
Nosusi³³ ‘blood’Chen 86 CS: 125.
Nosusɿ³³ ‘blood’Chen 86 Yi: 8.7
Nusu (Central)sui⁵⁵ ‘blood’Dai 89 NusB: 155.
Nusu (Southern)suĩ⁵⁵ ‘blood’Sun J 86 Nusu
Nusu (Central)sui⁵⁵ ‘blood’Sun J 86 Nusu
Nusu (Northern)su⁵⁵ ‘blood’Sun J 86 Nusu
Yi (Dafang)ɕi³³ ‘blood’Chen 85 YiJZ
Yi (Nanjian)sɿ²¹ ‘blood’Chen 85 YiJZ
Yi (Xide)sɿ³³ ‘blood’Chen 79 YiCh
Yi (Xide)sɿ³³ ‘blood’Chen 85 YiJZ
Yi (Xide)sɿ³³-ŋga³³morpheme-tɕi³⁴morpheme ‘blood vessel’Chen 79 YiCh
Yi (Xide)ɕi³³-tɕi²¹morpheme ‘vein’Chen 79 YiCh

6.1.2.2Central Loloish76

Ahimɑ⁵⁵morpheme si²¹ ‘menstrual blood’Luo 90: 10.4.7
Ahimɑ⁵⁵morpheme si²¹ du̱³³morpheme v.‘menstruate’Luo 90: 10.4.6
Lolo (Ni)sē ‘blood’Luce 85: T.27
Ahisi²¹ ‘blood’Chen 86 CS: 125.
Ahisi²¹ ‘blood’Luo 90: 8.7
Ahisi²¹ du̱³³morpheme v.‘bleed’Luo 90: 8.7.2
Ahisɿ²¹ ‘blood’Chen 86 Yi: 8.7
Ahisɿ²¹tʂo³³morpheme ‘blood vessel’Chen 86 Yi: 8.7.1
Jinuo (Baya/Banai)a³³morpheme ʃi⁴⁴ ‘blood’Dai 89 JinA: 160
Jinuoa³³morphemeɕi⁴⁴ ‘blood’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 268.34
Jinuoa⁴⁴prefixɕi⁴⁴ n‘blood’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0129.44
Jinuo (Youle)ʃi⁴⁴ ‘blood’Gai 86
Jinuo (Baka)ʃɿ³³ ‘blood’Dai 89 JinB: 160
Kuconga31prefix sɤ35 ‘blood’Dai 09 Kucong
Lahu (Lancang)ɔ³¹prefixsi¹¹ n‘blood’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0129.43
Lahu (Black)aw˯prefix suhˍ ‘blood’Luce 85: T.27
Lahu (Black)chamorpheme-šɨ́ ‘menstrual blood’Matisoff 87 BP
Lahu (Black)ɔ̀prefix-šɨ̄ ‘blood’Matisoff 87 BP
Lahu (Black)ɔ̀prefix-sɨ̄-câʔmorpheme ‘blood vessel / vein / artery’Matisoff 87 BP
Lahu (Black)ɔ³¹prefixsɿ¹¹ ‘blood’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 268.33
Lahu (Yellow)ɔ³¹prefix sɿʔ²¹ ‘blood’Chang 86
Lisu (Northern)hwa²¹morphemesi²¹ N‘blood (animal blood used in making a vow)’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)hwa²¹morphemesi²¹ tɔ³³morpheme ‘pour blood wine in’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)hwa²¹morphemesi²¹ tɕhɔʔ²¹morpheme ‘pour blood wine (on the ground)’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)hwa²¹morphemesi²¹khu⁵⁵morpheme ‘blood clot’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)ji⁵⁵morphemesi²¹ N‘blood; liver’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)ji⁵⁵morphemesi²¹ dzæ³³morphemedzæ³³morpheme ‘bloody’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)si²¹dzi²¹morpheme ‘bloody’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)si²¹dzæ³³morphemedzæ³³morpheme ‘dripping with blood’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)si²¹dʒu²¹morpheme ‘blood vessel; vein’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)si²¹hiʔ²¹morpheme bɤ²¹morphemedi³³morpheme ‘blood fluke’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)si²¹tshæ²¹morphemelæ²¹morphememu³³morpheme ‘covered with blood’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)si²¹tɕhɔʔ²¹morpheme ‘traditional practice to determine right from wrong in a dispute, in which an incantation is made while wine or water or animal blood is poured onto the ground’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)si²¹tʃhɿ²¹morpheme si²¹byʔ²¹morpheme ‘extravasated blood’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)si²¹ʃu²¹morphemeʃu²¹morpheme ‘bloody’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisusi⁵ ‘blood’Bradley 79 PLo: 147
Lisusi⁵ ‘blood’Matisoff 87 BP
Lisu (Central)si⁵ ‘blood’Fraser 22
Lisu (Nujiang)sɿ³¹ ‘blood’Xu 86 Lisu
Lisusɿ³¹ ‘blood’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 268.27
Lisušʏ̀ ‘blood’Weidert 87 TBTo: 260
Lisu (Putao)yi¹morphemesɯ⁵ ‘blood’Luce 85: T.27
Lisu (Northern)ɣa³³#1606 PTB *k-rak ‘FOWL / CHICKEN’PTani *rok ‘CHICKEN’vu⁵⁵morphemesi²¹ ‘blood of the first chicken in a brood’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)ʃɿ²¹ N‘blood’Bradley 94 Lisu
Sani [Nyi]si²¹ ‘blood’Chen 86 CS: 125.
Sani [Nyi]si⁵⁵ ‘blood’Chen 86 Yi: 8.7
Sani [Nyi]si⁵⁵ ‘blood’Wu 84
Sani [Nyi]si⁵⁵do̱³³morpheme ‘bleed’Wu 84
Sani [Nyi]si⁵⁵ŋɛ³³morpheme ‘bleed to death’Wu 84
Sani [Nyi]sɿ⁵⁵ ‘blood’Ma 89 SanQ: 354.1
Sani [Nyi]sɿ⁵⁵ xɑ¹¹morpheme ‘muscle’Ma 89 SanQ: 354.3

6.1.2.3Southern Loloish46

Akhashi˯ ‘blood’Matisoff 87 BP
Akhashi˯pyehˇ ‘spleen’also contains *r-payMatisoff 87 BP
Akhashi˯shi˯caˆ ‘blood vessel / vein / artery’morphemeMatisoff 87 BP
Akhashi˯shi˯kmˇ ‘coagulated blood’morphemeMatisoff 87 BP
Akhašì ‘blood’Weidert 87 TBTo: 260
Akhasjhì ‘blood’Hansson 89 AHKP: 136
Bisušì ‘blood’Bradley 79 PLo
Bisuʃì ‘blood’Bradley 9x Bisu
Hani (Lüchun)sjhỳ/shỳ ‘blood’Hansson 89 AHKP: 136.
Hani (Pijo)ɔprefix sjhỳ ‘blood’Hansson 89 AHKP: 136.
Hani (Caiyuan)ɔ³¹prefix ɕi³¹ ‘blood’Li Yongsui 86 Hani
Hani (Caiyuan)ɔ³¹prefixsi³¹ ‘blood’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 268.30
Hani (Khatu)sjhỳ nýmorpheme ‘blood’Hansson 89 AHKP: 136.
Mpisi² ‘blood’Bradley 79 PLo
Mpisi² ‘blood’Hansson 89 AHKP: 136
Mpisi² ‘blood’Srinuan 76
Côông [Phunoi]sɨ³¹ ʔɔcemorpheme v‘bleed’Ferlus 91: 8.7.2
Côông [Phunoi]sɨ³¹ ʔɔʔɔvjamorpheme v‘bleed’Ferlus 91: 8.7.2
Sangkongsi̱³¹ ‘blood’Li Yongsui 91 Sang
Silaɕi21 ‘blood’Kato 08 Lao: 4
Ugongʔọ̵́ / ho̩ŋmorpheme ʔọ̵́ ‘blood’Bradley 93 Ugo: 8.7
Ugongʔọ̵́ sɛ̂nmorpheme ‘blood vessel / vein / artery’Bradley 93 Ugo: 8.7.1

6.1.2.4Southeastern Loloish5

Southern Mujii³³prefixɕi⁵⁵ ‘blood’Pelkey 11 Phula: 322
Pholasi³³ ‘blood’Pelkey 11 Phula: 322
Pholasi³³nɛ⁵⁵morpheme ‘blood’Pelkey 11 Phula: 322
Phuzasi³³ ‘blood’Pelkey 11 Phula: 322

6.2Naxi9

Laze (Xiangjiao)sɯ˧bv˧morpheme ‘vein’Michaud 06 NaLaze: 436
Na (Yongning)sɤ˧tsi˥morpheme ‘vein’Michaud 06 NaLaze
Naxi (Western)sa³³ ‘blood’He 85
Naxi (Eastern)se³³ ‘blood’He 85

7Karenic59

*Karen (TP)swíq ‘blood’Jones 61: 50
*Karenswíq ‘blood’Jones 61: 50
*Karenswiᴮ ‘blood’Luangthongkum 13: 25
*Karen (Pwo)θwíq ‘blood’Jones 61: 50
*Karen (Sgaw)θwíʔ ‘blood’Jones 61: 50
Bwe-θu n‘blood’Henderson 97 Kar
Bwe-θu=chímorpheme ‘blood, bloodstream’Henderson 97 Kar
Bweθu³³ ‘blood’Luangthongkum 13: 25
Bweθwì ‘blood’Weidert 87 TBTo: 888
Bweθwi ‘blood’Henderson 97 Kar
Bwe (Western)θwi² ‘blood’Luce 85: G.85
Bweθwi³³ ‘blood’Luangthongkum 13: 25
Gebaθwi² ‘blood’Luce 85: G.85
Karena³¹prefixθui³¹ n‘blood’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0129.50
Kayahswi¹¹ ‘blood’Luangthongkum 13: 25
Kayan (Pekon)θwî N‘blood’Manson 10 Kayan
Kayanθwi¹¹ ‘blood’Luangthongkum 13: 25
Kayawsu¹¹ ‘blood’Luangthongkum 13: 25
Pa-Oswí ‘blood’Weidert 87 TBTo: 888
Pa-Oswí ‘blood’Solnit 89 PaO
Pa-Oswí ‘blood’Matisoff 87 BP
Pa-Oswí ‘blood’Jones 61: 50
Pa-Oswí phrwīmorpheme ‘blood vessel, artery, vein’Solnit 89 PaO
Pa-Oswí phrwīmorpheme ‘vein, blood vessel’Solnit 89 PaO
Pa-O (Northern)sʻwi¹ ‘blood’Luce 85: G.85
Pakuθwi³ ‘blood’Luce 85: G.85
Palaychitwíq ‘blood’Matisoff 87 BP
Palaychitwíq ‘blood’Jones 61: 50
Pwo (Delta)θwi⁴ ‘blood’Luce 85: G.85
Pwo (Bassein)θwì ‘blood’Jones 61: 50
Pwo (Moulmein)θwíʔ ‘blood’Matisoff 87 BP
Pwo (Moulmein)θwíʔ ‘blood’Jones 61: 50
Sgaw (Northern)(ta¹¹morpheme)swi³¹˜ ‘blood’Luangthongkum 13: 25
Sgaw (Southern)swi⁴⁵’ ‘blood’Luangthongkum 13: 25
Sgaw²θwi ‘blood’Weidert 87 TBTo: 888
Sgawθwi⁴ ‘blood’Luce 85: G.85
Karen (Sgaw/Hinthada)a³¹prefix tθui³¹ ‘blood’Dai 89 KarB: 160
Karen (Sgaw/Hinthada)da³¹prefix tθui³¹ ‘blood’Dai 89 KarB: 160.1
Sgaw (Moulmein)θwíʔ ‘blood’Jones 61: 50
Karen (Sgaw/Yue)ta³¹prefix θui³¹ ‘blood’Dai 89 KarA: 160

8Bai11

Bai (Bijiang)suɑ̱⁴⁴ ‘blood’Xu 84 Bai
Bai (Dali)suɑ̱⁴⁴ ‘blood’Xu 84 Bai
Bai (Dali)suɑ⁴⁴ ‘blood’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 268.35
Bai (Jianchuan)kɯ̱²¹prefix sua̱⁴⁴ v.‘bleed’Zhao 90: 8.7.2
Bai (Jianchuan)sua̱⁴⁴ ‘menstrual blood’Zhao 90: 10.4.7
Bai (Jianchuan)sua̱⁴⁴ ‘blood’Zhao 90: 8.7
Bai (Jianchuan)sua̱⁴⁴ mæ̱⁴⁴morpheme ‘blood vessel / vein / artery’Zhao 90: 8.7.1
Bai (Jianchuan)suɑ̱⁴⁴ ‘blood’Xu 84 Bai

9.0.1Old Chinese5

Chinese (Old/Mid)xiwet/xiuet ‘blood’Chou 72: 410a-c
Chinese (Old)χiwet ‘blood’Luce 85: Y.35

9.0.2Middle Chinese1

9.0.3Modern Chinese3

Cite this entry

STEDT etymon #230, *s-hywəy-t ‘BLOOD’.
Stable link: https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/230
Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].
References: cf. STC#222, HPTB
BibTeX
@misc{stedt-230,
  title  = {{*s-hywəy-t 'BLOOD'}},
  author = {STEDT},
  year   = {2017},
  note   = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #230},
  url    = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/230}
}