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STEDT #2483

*s-nak

BLACK
Proto-Tibeto-Burman

Reconstruction analysis

handlenakprefixsinitialnrhymeakcoverM · T

Intermediate reconstructions

Kuki-Chin*nak ‘BLACK’PKC #803
Central Naga (Ao Group)*a-njak ‘BLACK’PCN #238
Northern Naga/Konyakian*C̥-ɲak ‘BLACK’WTF-PNN: 459
Lolo-Burmese*s-nakᴴ ‘BLACK’
Loloish*C-nakᴴ ‘BLACK’

Connections

HPTB (PLB)*ʔ-nakᴸ ‘deep’pp. 37, 38, 39, 40, 100, 112, 117, 128, 242
HPTB*s-nak ‘black / ink / deep’pp. 317, 326, 522
HPTB (PLB)*s-nakᴴ ‘black’pp. 39, 117, 242, 319

Notes

The *s- prefix is reconstructed for this etymon on the basis of forms like Written Tibetan snag and Written Burmese hmaŋ ‘ink’, as well as on the basis of the high stopped tone in Loloish. The Mpi form naŋʔ³ indirectly reflects this prefix by a sort of “rhinoglottal transfer” that occurs when a complex nasal (either with the *s- or the *ʔ- prefix) is the onset of a syllable with the *-ak rhyme: the original final stop was replaced by a vowel quality including both a nasal and a laryngeal component. There are no fewer than nine examples, see JAM (1978:22-23).

A similar root, PTB *s-maŋ ⪤ *s-mak BLACK / DARK / INK, is reconstructed with an initial labial nasal. This may well be the original form of the etymon (there are excellent Chinese comparanda with a labial nasal), with the dental nasal a plausible outcome from the combination of the *s- prefix and a labial nasal.

Chinese comparandum

Comment: Cf. comparanda and discussion under #6130 PTB *s-ma(ŋ/k) BLACK / INK / DEEP.

Reflexes & cognates425 reflexes · 26 subgroups

0.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)3

*Tibeto-Burmans-nak ‘black / ink / deep’Matisoff 03 HPTB: 603
*Tibeto-Burmanʔnak ⪤ *nak ‘deep’[Source note] [TSR 157]LaPolla 87: 51

1.1.1.2Eastern Tani1

Damukaʔmorpheme-jimorpheme (ɕimorpheme-nak) ‘black’Sun J 93 Tani

1.2Kuki-Chin1

1.2.1.2Southern Plains Chin1

Ashoní ‘black’VanBik 09 PKC: 803

1.2.2Central Chin1

Lai (Hakha)nak-I, naʔ-II be v.‘black’VanBik 09 PKC: 803

1.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)22

*Aoaprefix-nak be v.Bruhn 14 PCN: II.240
Ao (Chungli)a³prefix-nak¹ be v.‘black’Bruhn 14 PCN: II.240
Ao (Chungli)mejamorpheme◦nak ‘ant (black)’Marrison 67 Naga
Ao (Chungli)taprefix◦nak ‘black’Marrison 67 Naga
Ao (Mongsen: Longchang)teprefix◦nak ‘black’Marrison 67 Naga
Ao (Mongsen: Longchang)tüprefix◦nak◦rhammorpheme ‘dark’Marrison 67 Naga
Ao (Mongsen: Mangmetong)(NZPprefix-) nák be v.‘black’Coupe 07 Ao
Ao (Mongsen: Mangmetong)(NZPprefix-) nák-ɹəmmorpheme be v.‘brown ('be black' + 'be red')’Coupe 07 Ao
Lotha Naganjək²- be v.‘black’Bruhn 14 PCN: III.238
Lotha Nagaeprefix◦nyik◦vüsuffix ‘black’Murry 78: 10
Lotha Nagan̯īk◦àsuffix ‘black’Acharya 75
Lotha Nagan̯īk◦àsuffix ‘black’Acharya 75
Lotha Naganyik◦asuffix ‘black’Marrison 67 Naga
Lotha Nagatsamphiromorpheme-eprefix◦nyik◦osuffix ‘ant (black)’Marrison 67 Naga
Sangtamaprefix◦nya ‘black’Marrison 67 Naga
Sangtamaprefix◦nyak ‘black’Kumar 73 Sang
Yacham-Tengsanyak◦lamorpheme ‘black’Marrison 67 Naga
Yacham-Tengsanyak◦patlamorpheme ‘dark’Marrison 67 Naga
Yimchungrüaprefix◦mürak ‘black’Kumar 73 Yim: 90
Yimchungrümürak ‘black’Kumar 73 Yim: 34
Yimchungrümurak◦ümorpheme ‘black’Marrison 67 Naga

1.7.1.3Koch3

Atongmamorpheme◦nak- adj1‘dark’van Breugel 08 Atong
Atongnak- adj1‘black’van Breugel 08 Atong
Atongpimorpheme◦nak adj2‘black’van Breugel 08 Atong

1.7.2Northern Naga/Konyakian1

*Northern NagaC̥-ɲak ‘black’French 83: 459

1.7.2.1Tangsa-Nocte4

Nocteaprefix◦nyak ‘black’Marrison 67 Naga
Nocterangmorpheme◦ngyak ‘dark’Marrison 67 Naga
Tangsa (Moshang)aprefix◦nyak ‘black’Marrison 67 Naga
Tangsa (Yogli)aprefix◦nyak ‘black’Marrison 67 Naga

1.7.2.2Konyak-Chang15

Changnak◦tübümorpheme ‘dark’Marrison 67 Naga
Changnak◦übümorpheme ‘black’Marrison 67 Naga
Konyaknyak◦bumorpheme ‘black’Marrison 67 Naga
Phomñak³³læ⁵⁵morpheme ‘black’Burling 98 Phom
Phomnyak◦pümorpheme ‘black’Marrison 67 Naga
Phomvangmorpheme◦nyak ‘dark’Marrison 67 Naga
Phomʒaŋ⁵⁵morphemeñak³³ ‘night (?+'dark')’Burling 98 Phom
Phomʒaŋ⁵⁵morphemeñak³³ ‘dark (?+'black')’Burling 98 Phom
Wanchonumorpheme◦nak ‘black’Marrison 67 Naga
Wanchorangmorpheme◦nak ‘dark’Marrison 67 Naga

2.1.2.1Tibetan31

Tibetan (Amdo:Zeku)məmorpheme nak ‘dark’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 834.5
Tibetan (Amdo:Zeku)nak kwomorpheme ‘black’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 841.5
Tibetan (Amdo:Zeku)næg-wosuffix ‘black’Sun J 85 Amdo: 74
Tibetan (Balti)nʌq◦po·suffix ‘black’Rangan 75: 75
Tibetan (Jirel)nāk◦posuffix ‘black’Hale 73 CSD: 01.091
Tibetan (Khams:Dege)naʔ³¹po⁵³suffix ‘dark’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 834.3
Tibetan (Lhasa)na¹³ko⁵⁵morpheme ‘black’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1005.02
Tibetan (Lhasa)naʔ¹³ko⁵³morpheme ‘black’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 841.2
Tibetan (Lhasa)naʔ¹³kuŋ⁵⁵morpheme ‘dark’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 834.2
Tibetan (Lhasa)nə¹³khuŋ⁵⁵morpheme ‘dark’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1013.02
Tibetan (Sherpa)'nak◦dumiqmorpheme adj‘dark’Hale 73 CSD: 12b.34
Tibetan (Sherpa)nak◦pusuffix ‘black’Hale 73 CSD: 01.091
Tibetan (Spiti)nak◦posuffix ‘black’Sharma, S.R. 79 Sp
Tibetan (Written)nag khuŋmorpheme ‘dark’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 834.1
Tibetan (Written)nag-posuffix ‘black’Matisoff 83 TIL: 37
Tibetan (Written)nag-posuffix ‘black’LaPolla 87: 50
Tibetan (Written)nag.posuffix ‘black’Sun J 85 TbGl: 74
Tibetan (Written)nag◦posuffix ‘black’Marrison 67 Naga
Tibetan (Written)nɑg-posuffix ‘black’Chou 72: 904a-b
Tibetan (Written)ɣnɑg-pʻyúgsmorpheme ‘cattle (black) / esp. yak’Jäschke 1881

2.1.3Lepcha1

Lepchaʔámorpheme◦nók adj.‘black’Plaisier 07 Lepcha

2.3.1Eastern Kiranti1

Athpare (Rai)makmorpheme◦na ‘black’Ebert 97 Athpare

3.1Tangut1

3.2Qiangic44

Ersunuɑ⁵⁵ ‘black’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 841.18
Guiqiongȵi³³qɑ³³morphemeʐɑ³³morpheme ‘black’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 841.17
Guiqiongȵi³⁵ka³³morphemeʐa³³morpheme ‘black’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1005.16
Guiqiongȵi³⁵kuɔ⁵⁵morphemeʐɔ³³morpheme ‘dark’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1013.16
Guiqiongȵi⁵⁵qo⁵⁵morphemelo⁵⁵morpheme ‘dark’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 834.17
Lyuzude³³morphemenua⁵³ ‘black’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1005.18
Lyuzukɯ³³morphemenua⁵³ n‘kite (black-eared) / hawk’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0328.18
Muyaȵi⁵⁵ȵi³³ ‘black’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1005.15
Muya [Minyak]ȵi⁵⁵ȵi³³ ‘black’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 841.15
Muya [Minyak]ȵɛ⁵⁵qo³³morphemeqo³³morpheme ‘dark’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 834.15
Namuyina³³hũ³⁵morphemena³³hũ³⁵morpheme ‘dark’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 834.19
Namuyinɛ⁵⁵nqhɛʴ⁵⁵morpheme ‘black’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 841.19
Namuyina³¹hũ⁵⁵morphemena³¹hũ³¹morpheme ‘dark’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1013.46
Namuyinæ⁵⁵nqhæ⁵³morpheme ‘black’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1005.46
Namuyitɕhi³¹morphemena⁵⁵hũ⁵³morpheme v.‘dark, get’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1672.46
Pumi (Lanping)ȵɑ¹³dʒõ⁵⁵morpheme ‘dark’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1013.09
Pumi (Qinghua)ȵɑ¹³dʒõ⁵⁵morpheme ‘dark’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 834.11
Pumi (Taoba)ȵa³⁵ka⁵⁵morphememə⁵³morpheme ‘dark’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 834.10
Pumi (Taoba)ȵɛ³⁵mə⁵³morpheme ‘black’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 841.10
Qiang (Longxi)bùmorpheme ȵì n.‘fly (ȵì='black'?)’Evans 99 Qiang: 442
Qiang (Longxi)də̀morpheme piémorpheme ȵí ‘black soybean’Evans 99 Qiang: 554
Qiang (Longxi)ní-tshɨ̀morpheme tshɨ̀morpheme ‘pitch dark [black-m]’Evans 99 Qiang: 1600
Qiang (Longxi)ȵí ~ ȵì ‘heavy (of color) (=black)’Evans 99 Qiang: 1478
Qiang (Longxi)χə̀morpheme-ȵí ‘coal [earth-black]’Evans 99 Qiang: 68
Qiang (Mawo)ȵɪ xə̥ʴmorpheme ‘black (of faces)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1005.08
Qiang (Mianchi)deìprobable loanword-nə̀-kímorpheme ‘black soybean [bean-black-NOM]’Evans 99 Qiang: 554
Qiang (Mianchi)nə̀-ŋámorpheme ‘crow [black-m]’Evans 99 Qiang: 418
Qiang (Mianchi)ɦáprefix nə̌ ‘darken [p,black]’Evans 99 Qiang: 1674
Qiang (Taoping)ȵi⁵⁵ȵi³¹ ‘black’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 841.9
Queyu (Yajiang) [Zhaba]ȵe⁵⁵ȵe⁵⁵ ‘black’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 841.16

3.3.1rGyalrong73

rGyalrong (Xiaojin Zhailong)də◦nak̚'perper ‘dark’prefix · morphemeNagano 2013 rGyDB: 1310
rGyalrong (Jinchuan Erkai)dəmorpheme◦ɦnɛ◦dəmorpheme ‘dark’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 1310
rGyalrongkəmorpheme nɐk ‘dark’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 834.12
rGyalrong (Maerkang)kəprefix rȵəp v.‘dark, get’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1672.11
Caodengkəmorpheme-ɲa ‘black’Sun J 97 Cao
rGyalrong (Lixian Jiabi)kəprefix◦'rȵək̚s ‘dark’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 1310
rGyalrong (Lixian Guergou)kəprefix◦kəmorpheme◦'rȵəks ‘dark’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 1310
rGyalrong (Lixian Miyalo)kəprefix◦rȵək̚s ‘dark’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 1310
Caodengməmorpheme-naʔ ‘dark’Sun J 97 Cao
rGyalrong (Xiaojin Xingge)ngənmorpheme◦'dəmorpheme◦nɑk̚ ‘dark’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 1310
rGyalrong (Xiaojin Bajiao)ngənmorpheme◦dəmorpheme◦'nak̚ ‘dark’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 1310
rGyalrong (Xiaojin Mupo)ngənmorpheme◦dəmorpheme◦'nak̚ ‘dark’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 1310
rGyalrongsnɐk tsɐmorpheme ‘black’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 841.12
rGyalrongkAmorpheme nak ‘black’Nagano 97 GyQ: 170
rGyalrongkuprefix rnyus ‘dark’Nagano 97 GyQ: 1.6
rGyalrong (Ganzi Danba Bianer)kəprefix◦'ʁnas◦imorpheme ‘dark’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 1310
rGBenzhenkəmorpheme-nɐk ‘black’Sun J 97 rGB
rGBenzhenkəmorpheme-nɐk ‘dark’Sun J 97 rGB

6.1Lolo-Burmese3

6.1.1Burmish30

Achang (Lianghe)ɑ³¹prefixnɑ³¹ ‘black’Dai 85 AcJZ
Achang (Luxi)na⁵¹ ‘black’Dai 85 AcJZ
Achang (Luxi)na⁵¹ ‘black’LaPolla 87: 50
Achang (Xiandao)ɲɔʔ⁵⁵ chot⁵⁵morpheme v.‘dark, get’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1672.29
Burmese (Written)nak ‘dark, of black color’Benedict 76 WBur
Burmese (Written)əprefix-nak ‘dark, black’Benedict 76 WBur
Hpun (Northern)kămorpheme◦nᴜ̀ʔ ‘black’Henderson 86 Hpun

6.1.2Loloish3

*LoloishC-nakᴴ ‘black’Bradley 79 PLo: 503
*LoloishC-nakᴴ ‘black’Hansson 89 AHKP: 460
PNLs-nakᴴ ‘black’Chen 86 CS: 66.

6.1.2.1Northern Loloish50

Gazhuona⁵³ ‘black’Dai 91 TB15
Gazhuona⁵³wa³³morpheme v.‘dark, get’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1672.47
Laloniq ‘black’Björverud 94
Laloni̱³³ ‘black’Chen 86 CS: 66.
Liphone̱³³ ‘black’Chen 86 CS: 66.
Luquanna 22s ‘black’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 142
Nasuna 32s ‘black’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 142
Nasuna̱² ‘black’Chen 86 CS: 66.
Neisuna³³ ‘black’Chen 86 CS: 66.
Nesune̱³³ ‘black’Chen 86 CS: 66.
Nosuno̱⁴ ‘black’Chen 86 CS: 66.
Nusu (Northern)nɑ̱³¹ ‘black’Sun J 86 Nusu
Nusu (Bijiang)nɑ³⁵nɑ⁵³ ‘black’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 841.45
Nusu (Southern)nɔ̱⁵³ ‘black’Sun J 86 Nusu
Yi (Liangshan)a³⁴prefixnɔ³³ ‘black; serious (crime)’Ma 08 Yi: index
Yi (Liangshan)nɔ³³ ‘Yi, Black’Ma 08 Yi: index
Yi (Liangshan)nɔ³³bu³³morpheme ‘black, shiny’Ma 08 Yi: index
Yi (Liangshan)nɔ³³bu̱³³morpheme ‘black, mottled’Ma 08 Yi: index
Yi (Liangshan)nɔ³³da³³morpheme ‘black (hair)’Ma 08 Yi: index
Yi (Liangshan)nɔ³³go²¹morphemeɕɛ³³morpheme ‘dark and empty (house)’Ma 08 Yi: index
Yi (Liangshan)nɔ³³mu⁵⁵morpheme ‘deep and dark (of water)’Ma 08 Yi: index
Yi (Liangshan)nɔ³³xo²¹morpheme ‘aristocrat (Nuosu caste); Black Nuosu Yi; caste, Nuosu aristocrat; Nuosu aristocrat caste’Ma 08 Yi: index
Yi (Liangshan)nɔ³³ʣɿ⁵⁵morpheme ‘dark (without light)’Ma 08 Yi: index
Yi (Liangshan)nɔ³³ʦhɿ²¹morpheme ‘black, deep’Ma 08 Yi: index
Yi (Liangshan)nɔ³³ʨɔ³³morpheme ‘black (mass of animals or land)’Ma 08 Yi: index
Yi (Liangshan)nɔ³³ʨɿ³³morpheme ‘black (lacquer)’Ma 08 Yi: index
Yi (Liangshan)nʥɿ³⁴morphemenɔ³³ ‘skin, dark’Ma 08 Yi: index
Yi (Liangshan)sɔ³³morphemenɔ³³ ‘gray, dark’Ma 08 Yi: index
Yi (Liangshan)ŋgɯ²¹morphemenɔ³³ ‘birch, black’Ma 08 Yi: index
Yi (Liangshan)ʂɿ³³morphemenɔ³³ ‘cape, black felt’Ma 08 Yi: index
Yi (Mile)(ᴀ³³prefix)ne̱³³ ‘black’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 841.25
Yi (Mile)ne̱³³dɯ²¹morphememo³³morpheme ‘dark’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 834.25
Yi (Mojiang)ne̱³³bɯ²¹morphemebɯ²¹morpheme ‘dark’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 834.26
Yi (Nanhua)ne̱³³mɑ²¹morpheme ‘dark’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1013.37
Yi (Nanhua)ne̱³³mᴀ²¹morpheme ‘dark’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 834.24
Yi (Wuding)nɑ̱³³dɯ³³morpheme ‘dark’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1013.38
Yi (Xide)a⁴⁴prefixnɔ³³ ‘black’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 841.21
Yi (Xide)nɔ³³dzɿ⁵⁵morpheme ‘dark’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1013.35
Yi (Xide)nɔ³³dzɿ⁵⁵morpheme ‘dark’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 834.21
Yi (Xide)ɑ³⁴prefixnɔ³³ ‘black’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1005.35

6.1.2.2Central Loloish79

Ahine̱³³ ‘black’Chen 86 CS: 66.
Ahinie 44 ‘black’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 142
Jinuoa³³prefixna³¹ti³³morpheme ‘dark’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 834.34
Jinuoa³³prefixna⁴² ‘black’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 841.34
Jinuoa⁴⁴prefixna⁴² ‘black’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1005.44
Jinuo (Youle)nɑ⁴²tɤ⁴²morpheme ‘dark’Gai 86
Jinuo (Youle)ɑ⁴⁴prefixnɑ⁴²lɑ⁴²morpheme ‘black’Gai 86
Kucongna33 ‘black’Dai 09 Kucong
Lahunâʔ ‘black’LaPolla 87: 50
Lahu (Lancang)mu⁵³morphemenɑ⁵⁴ŋo²¹morpheme v.‘dark, get’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1672.43
Lahu (Lancang)nɑ⁵⁴xo²¹morpheme ‘dark’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1013.43
Lahu (Black)nᴀ⁵⁴ ‘black’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 841.33
Lahu (Black)nᴀ⁵⁴xo²¹morpheme ‘dark’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 834.33
Lahu (Yellow)na⁶ ‘black’Chang 86
Lisu (Northern)bɔʔ²¹morphemelɔ³³morphemenæ³³ ‘black ant’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)bɤ³³morphemenæ³³ ‘black sun’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)dɔʔ²¹morphemenæ³³ ‘black kusnezoff monkshood’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)hwa²¹morphemenæ³³ʃɿ²¹morpheme ‘Black race’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)ji⁵⁵morphemema³³morphemenæ³³ N‘coarse wool (lit. 'black-seed')’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)ji⁵⁵morphemenæ³³ V‘black’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)ji⁵⁵morphemenæ³³ ji⁵⁵morphemekɔ³⁵morpheme ‘rather dark’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)la³³morphemenæ³³ ‘black dog’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)li³³morphemeti³³morpheme ma³³morphemenæ³³ ‘black bead’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)mi²¹morphemehĩ³³morphemenæ³³ ‘black wind’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)mja³³morphemenæ³³ ‘black pupil’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)mɤ²¹morphemethæ³³morpheme hæ̃³⁵morphemephɤ²¹morphemenæ³³ ‘black mouse’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)mɤ³³morphemenæ³³ ‘black cloth’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Central)ná³ ‘black’Fraser 22
Lisu (Central)ná³ htsi³morpheme lye³morpheme v.‘dark’Fraser 22
Lisu (Northern)na⁵⁵morphemenæ³³ ‘black long-grain rice’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)næ³³ V‘black, dark colour’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)næ³³dɤʔ²¹morpheme næ³³hɤ⁵⁵morpheme ‘pitch dark’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)næ³³dɤʔ²¹morphemedɤʔ²¹morpheme ‘jet black; shining bright’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)næ³³dɤʔ²¹morphemele³³morpheme ‘black’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)næ³³le³³morpheme ‘dirty; black’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)næ³³næ³³ kɔ³³morphemekɔ³³morpheme ‘black and hard’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)næ³³næ³³mu³³morpheme ‘shiny black’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)næ³³tshi⁵⁵morpheme ‘dark; pitch dark’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)næ³³tshi⁵⁵morpheme ma³³morphemekwa³³morpheme ‘in the dark’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)næ³³tshi⁵⁵morpheme næ³³thɔ²¹morpheme ‘pitch dark’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)nø⁵⁵morphemenæ³³ ‘black soil; mellow soil’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisunɛ⁴⁴ ‘black’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 841.27
Lisunɛ⁴⁴tshɿ³⁵morpheme ‘dark’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 834.27
Lisu (Northern)sa³³morphemesɔ³³morphemenæ³³ ‘black cloth’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)si²¹morphemenæ³³ ‘dark red, vermillion’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)tshɔ³³morphemenæ³³ ‘black people’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)tɕi⁵⁵morphemenæ³³ ‘black lacquer oil’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisuɑ⁵⁵morphemenɛ⁵⁵ n‘crow’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0339.40
Lisuɑ⁵⁵morphemenɛ⁵⁵tɕɑ̱³¹tɕɑ̱³¹ n‘magpie’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0338.40
Lisu (Northern)ɔʔ²¹morphemema⁴⁴morphemenæ³³ ‘black phyllostachys sulphurea’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Central)ɔʔ²¹morphemetɕø³⁵morphemenæ³³ ‘black thread’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)ɔʔ²¹morphemetɕɤ³⁵morphemenæ³³ ‘black thread’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)ɲa³⁵morphemenæ³³ ‘black tit (living on high mountains)’Bradley 94 Lisu
Sani [Nyi]ne⁴⁴ ‘black’Chen 86 CS: 66.
Yi (Sani)ne⁴⁴bɤ¹¹morpheme ‘dark’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1013.39

6.1.2.3Southern Loloish34

Akha (Yunnan)jɔprefix naq ‘black’Hansson 89 AHKP: 460
Akhana HS ‘black’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 142
Akha (Thai)naq tjɔ̀qmorpheme imorpheme ‘very black’Hansson 89 AHKP: 546
Akha (Yunnan)naq xhə̀morpheme nimorpheme ‘very black’Hansson 89 AHKP: 546
Hani (Lüchun)ná tjòqmorpheme ‘black’Hansson 89 AHKP: 460
Hani (Lüchun)ná tjòqmorpheme nɛ̀morpheme ‘very black’Hansson 89 AHKP: 546
Hani (Lüchun)na̱³³xɔ³¹morphemene³³morpheme ‘dark’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1013.41
Hani (Pijo)àprefix na ‘black’Hansson 89 AHKP: 460
Hani (Pijo)ná sýmorpheme thúmorpheme timorpheme ‘very black’Hansson 89 AHKP: 546
Hani (Wordlist)nav◦jovqneimorpheme ‘black’Hansson 89 AHKP: 460
Hani (Wordlist)nav◦jovqneimorpheme ‘very black’Hansson 89 AHKP: 546
Hani (Shuikui)na³³xu³¹morpheme ‘dark’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 834.32
Hani (Khatu)àprefix na ‘black’Hansson 89 AHKP: 460
Hani (Khatu)ná jɔmorpheme jɔ̀morpheme ‘very black’Hansson 89 AHKP: 546
Hani (Mojiang)na³³xu³¹morpheme ‘dark’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1013.42
Mpinaŋʔ³ ‘black’Hansson 89 AHKP: 460
Mpinaŋʔ³ ‘black’Matisoff 78 MLBM: 79
Mpinaŋʔ³ ‘black’Srinuan 76
Wonina 45 ‘black’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 142

6.1.2.4Southeastern Loloish1

Phu Khanja³¹ ‘black’Fried 00 PhuKha

6.2Naxi17

Laze (Xiangjiao)nɑ˥fv˥morphemefv˥morpheme ‘dark (weather, a room is dark)’Michaud 06 NaLaze: 2034
Mosona 11 ‘black’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 142
Na (Yongning)gi˧morphemenɑ˧mi#˥morpheme ‘bear’Michaud 06 NaLaze
Na (Yongning)gi˧morphemenɑ˧mi˧morphemezo˧morpheme ‘black bear’Michaud 06 NaLaze
Na (Yongning)næ˩qʰæ˧morphemeʈʂʰe˩morpheme ‘black’Michaud 06 NaLaze
Na (Yongning)tsʰi˧morphemezi˧morphemenɑ˩hĩ˩˧morpheme ‘black barley’Michaud 06 NaLaze
Naxinɑ²¹fv̩⁵⁵morpheme ‘dark’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1013.45
Naxinɑ²¹fv̩⁵⁵morpheme v.‘dark, get’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1672.45
Naxi (Lijiang)nɑ³¹fv⁵⁵morpheme ‘dark’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 834.28
Naxi (Yongning)ʑi³³morphemenɑ⁵⁵ ‘black bovine’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 110.29

Cite this entry

STEDT etymon #2483, *s-nak ‘BLACK’.
Stable link: https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/2483
Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].
References: STC p.88; HPTB pp.317, 326, 522
BibTeX
@misc{stedt-2483,
  title  = {{*s-nak 'BLACK'}},
  author = {STEDT},
  year   = {2017},
  note   = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #2483},
  url    = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/2483}
}