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STEDT #6130

*s-ma(ŋ/k)

BLACK / INK / DEEP

Proto-Tibeto-Burman

Reconstruction analysis

prefixsinitialmrhymeaŋ/ak

Intermediate reconstructions

Central Naga (Ao Group)*a-ma(ŋ) ‘DARK’PCN #197

Connections

HPTB*s-maŋ ⪤ *s-mak ‘black / ink / deep’pp. 317, 522

Chinese comparandum

墨 OC *mək, GSR #904c ‘ink’; Schuessler 2007:277 *mə̂k; B & S 2011: *C.mˁək; Mand. mò
黑 OC *xmək, GSR #904a-b ‘black’; Schuessler 2007:277 *hmə̂k; B & S 2011: *m̥ˁək (dial. *m̥ˁ- > *xˁ-); Mand. hēi.

暮 OC *mɑ̂g, GSR #802d ‘evening, sunset; late in season’; Schuessler 2007:393 *mâkh; B & S 2011: (*C.mˁak-s); Mand. mù.
墓 OC *mɑ̂g, GSR #802f ‘tomb, graveyard’; Schuessler 2007:393 *mâkh; B & S 2011: *C.mˁak-s; Mand. mù.

匿 OC *ni̯ək, GSR #777l-m ‘conceal’; Schuessler 2007:493 *nrək; B & S 2011: *nrək; Mand. nì.
慝 OC *t’nək, GSR #777o ‘evil’; Schuessler 2007:493 *nhə̂k; B & S 2011: *n̥ˁək; Mand. tè.

Reflexes & cognates156 reflexes · 22 subgroups

0Sino-Tibetan (previously published reconstructions)2

*Sino-Tibetans-mak ⪤ s-maŋ ‘ink / black’Matisoff 83 TIL: 37

*Sino-Tibetansmək ‘black / dark’Coblin 86: 45

0.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)1

*Tibeto-Burmans-maŋ ⪤ s-mak ‘black / dark / ink’Matisoff 03 HPTB: 601

1.1.2Deng5

Darang [Taraon]ma: ‘black’Anonymous xx Tar

Darang [Taraon]mɑŋ⁵³ ‘black’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1005.22

Darang [Taraon]mɑŋ⁵³ ‘black’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 841.49

Idumɑ⁵⁵ ‘black’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 841.50

Yidumɑ⁵⁵ ‘black’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1005.25

1.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)19

*Central Nagaaprefix-ma(ŋ) be v.‘DARK’Bruhn 14 PCN: III.197

*Aoaprefix-maŋ be v.‘DARK’Bruhn 14 PCN: II.212

Ao (Chungli)a³prefix-maŋ¹ be v.‘dark’Bruhn 14 PCN: II.212

Ao (Chungli)aprefix◦mang ‘dark’Marrison 67 Naga

Ao (Chungli)aprefix◦mang ‘night’Marrison 67 Naga

Ao (Mongsen: Longchang)mang◦ogosuffix ‘evening’Marrison 67 Naga

Ao (Mongsen: Mangmetong)(NZPprefix-) màŋ be v.‘dark’Coupe 07 Ao

Ao (Mongsen: Mangmetong)màŋ-phàŋmorpheme v.‘cloud over [clouded over] ('be dark' + 'cover')’Coupe 07 Ao

Lotha Nagaməŋ³- be v.‘dark (environment)’Bruhn 14 PCN: III.197

Lotha Nagaeprefix◦mung ‘dark’Murry 78: 28

Lotha Nagaeprefix◦müng ‘night’Murry 78: 78

Lotha Nagaéprefix◦mə̀ŋ ‘darkness’Acharya 75

Lotha Nagamang◦khangamorpheme ‘dark’Marrison 67 Naga

Lotha Nagamə̄ŋ◦àsuffix ‘dark’Acharya 75

Sangtamaprefix◦ma ‘dark’Marrison 67 Naga

Sangtamaprefix◦ma◦rüramorpheme ‘dark’Marrison 67 Naga

Sangtamaprefix◦romorpheme◦mang ‘night’Kumar 73 Sang

Sangtamromorpheme◦mang ‘night’Marrison 67 Naga

Yimchungrüaprefix◦mü◦tümorpheme ‘dark’Marrison 67 Naga

1.3.4Tangkhulic1

Tangkhultangkhamorpheme◦mang ‘dark’Marrison 67 Naga

2.1.2.1Tibetan3

Tibetan (Batang)ȵ̥a⁵⁵dza⁵³#5667 PBod *r-gya ‘CHINESE’ n‘ink (Chinese)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0649.03

Tibetan (Lhasa)nak⁵⁵tsha⁵⁵#5667 PBod *r-gya ‘CHINESE’ n‘ink (Chinese)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0649.02

Tibetan (Xiahe)naχ htsa#5667 PBod *r-gya ‘CHINESE’ n‘ink (Chinese)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0649.04

2.1.4Tamangish15

*TGTMᴬʰmlaŋ ‘black’Mazaudon 94 These: 803

Gurungmlo̩-gyā:morpheme ‘black’Hale 73 CSD: 01.091

Gurung (Ghachok)mlõ-gyaːmorpheme ‘black’Glover 72 GuVo: 1.91

Gurung¹mlõ- ‘black’Mazaudon 94 These: 803

Manang (Gyaru)mlaŋ² gya²morpheme ‘black’Nagano 84 Man: 338

Manang (Prakaa)³mlã◦kyamorpheme ‘black’Hoshi 84: 0478

Tamang (Risiangku)²mlaŋ -mlaŋ-pa ‘black, very’Mazaudon 94 These: 804

Tamang (Sahu)'mlāng ‘black’Hale 73 CSD: 01.091

Tamang (Sahu)'mlaŋ ‘black’Taylor 72 TmVo: 1.91

Tamang (Sahu)²mlaŋ ‘black’Mazaudon 94 These: 804

Tamang (Taglung)mlaŋ ‘black’Mazaudon 94 These: 804

Thakalimlāng ‘black’Hale 73 CSD: 01.091

Thakali (Syang)mlaŋ ‘black’Mazaudon 94 These: 804

Thakali (Tukche)mlaŋ ‘black’Hari 71a ThVo: 1.91

Thakali (Tukche)ᴴmlaŋ ‘black’Mazaudon 94 These: 804

2.3Kiranti1

*Kirantimak ‘black’Opgenort 11 Tilung

2.3.1Eastern Kiranti2

Limbukhamorpheme makt- ‘become night <dark>’Michailovsky 89 Lm

Limbumak ‘black’Michailovsky 89 Lm

2.3.2Southern Kiranti1

Bantawamak ‘black, be’Rai 85 BnDs

3.2Qiangic9

Ersujɑ³³morphemenɛ⁵⁵ ‘deep’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 804.18

Guiqiongnu̵⁵⁵ adj‘deep’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0982.16

Lyuzunɯ⁵³nɯ⁵³ adj‘deep’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0982.18

Muyani³³ni⁵³ adj‘deep’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0982.15

Muya [Minyak]ni³³ni⁵⁵ ‘deep’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 804.15

Namuyida⁵⁵#2697 PTB *ta-y ‘BIG’PTani *tə ~ *ta ‘BIG’PTk *dej ‘LARGE / BIG’mo³³ ‘deep’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 804.19

Namuyida⁵³#2697 PTB *ta-y ‘BIG’PTani *tə ~ *ta ‘BIG’PTk *dej ‘LARGE / BIG’mo³¹ adj‘deep’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0982.46

Qiang (Mianchi)ȵà ‘deep’Evans 99 Qiang: 1424

Zhaba (Daofu County)n̥a⁵⁵ n̥a⁵⁵ adj‘deep’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0982.14

3.3rGyalrongic3

Daofugɛmorpheme nav adj‘deep’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0982.12

Ergong (Danba)nau ‘deep’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 804.14

Daofunav nav adj‘deep’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0982.12

3.3.1rGyalrong4

rGyalrongkəprefix rnak ‘deep’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 804.12

rGyalrong (Maerkang)kəprefix rnɑk adj‘deep’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0982.11

Caodengkəprefix-rna ‘deep’Sun J 97 Cao

rGBenzhenkəprefix-rnak ‘deep’Sun J 97 rGB

4Nungic8

Nungȵɯŋ³¹ɛ⁵⁵morpheme adj‘deep’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0982.21

Anongȵɯŋ³¹ɛ⁵⁵morpheme ‘deep’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 804.44

Trung [Dulong]na⁴³ ‘deep’LaPolla 87: 51

Dulongɹɯ³¹morphemenɑʔ⁵⁵ adj‘deep’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0982.20

Trung [Dulong]ɹɯ³¹morphemenɑ̆ʔ⁵⁵ ‘deep’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 804.46

Trung [Dulong] (Dulonghe)rɯ³¹morpheme naʔ⁵⁵ ‘deep’LaPolla 87: 51

Trung [Dulong] (Nujiang)rɯ³¹morpheme naʔ⁵⁵ ‘deep’LaPolla 87: 51

Trung [Dulong] (Nujiang)ɹɯ³¹morphemenɑ̆ʔ⁵⁵ ‘deep’Sun H 82 Dul

6.1Lolo-Burmese5

*Lolo-Burmese-nak ‘deep’LaPolla 87: 51

*Lolo-Burmesenak ‘deep’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 157(a)

*Lolo-Burmeseʔ-nakᴸ ‘deep’Although Written Burmese does not differentiate between nak BLACK and DEEP, Lahu has a clear distinction: nâʔ ‘black’ < *s-nakᴴ vs. ná < *ʔ-nakᴸ ‘deep’. This latter Lahu word has the high rising tone which developed by “glottal dissimilation” in syllables containing both a glottal onset and a stopped final (see Matisoff: 1970 passim and 1972, section 2.3).Matisoff 03 HPTB: 603

*Lolo-Burmeseʔ-nakᴸ ‘deep’Matisoff 78 MLBM: 82

*Lolo-Burmeseʔnak ‘deep’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 157(b)

6.1.1Burmish28

Achang (Longchuan)nək³¹ ‘deep’LaPolla 87: 51

Achang (Luxi)nək³¹ ‘deep’Dai 85 AcJZ

Achang (Xiandao)nɯk⁵⁵ adj‘deep’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0982.29

Bola (Luxi)naʔ³¹ adj‘deep’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0982.32

Burmese (Rangoon)nɛʔ⁴ adj‘deep’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0982.27

Burmese (Spoken Rangoon)nɛʔ⁴⁴ ‘deep’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 804.40

Burmese (Written)hmaŋ ‘ink’Benedict 76 WBur

Burmese (Written)hmɑŋ²khɑi³#5730 PTB *(g/k)aː(r/l) ‘SOLID / CONGEALED / FROZEN / VISCOUS / STRONG’PKC *khal ‘FREEZE / CLOT / SOLIDIFY’PTk *kar ‘STRONG’ ‘ink cake’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 493.39

Burmese (Written)hmɑŋ²rɑȵ²morpheme ‘ink’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 494.39

Burmese (Written)maŋ ‘( prn. hmaŋ ) ink’Benedict 76 WBur

Burmese (Written)maŋ~hmaŋ ‘ink’Matisoff 83 TIL: 37

Burmese (Written)mhaṅ ‘ink’Marrison 67 Naga

Burmese (Written)mɑŋ~hmɑŋ ‘ink’Chou 72: 904a-b

Burmese (Written)mɑŋ² n‘ink (Chinese)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0649.26

Burmese (Written)mɑŋ²o³morpheme n‘marker (ink, carpenter's)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0612.26

Burmese (Written)nak ‘deep’Marrison 67 Naga

Burmese (Written)nak ‘deep’Hansson 89 AHKP: 461

Burmese (Written)nak ‘deep’Matisoff 78 MLBM: 82

Burmese (Written)nak ‘deep’Benedict 76 WBur

Burmese (Written)nɑk ‘deep’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 804.39

Burmese (Written)nɑk⁴ adj‘deep’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0982.26

Hpun (Northern)nᴜ̀ʔ, nᴜ̀ʔ-ŋmorpheme ‘deep’Henderson 86 Hpun

Langsu (Luxi)nɔʔ³¹ adj‘deep’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0982.31

Leqi (Luxi)nəːk³¹ adj‘deep’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0982.33

Marmanaʔ vi‘deep’Huziwara 08 Sak: 368

Maru [Langsu]nɔʔ³¹ ‘deep’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 804.43

Atsi [Zaiwa]nik²¹ adj‘deep’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0982.30

Atsi [Zaiwa]nik²¹ ‘deep’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 804.42

6.1.2.1Northern Loloish10

Gazhuona³⁵ adj‘deep’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0982.47

Laloʔnìq ‘deep’Björverud 94

Nasuna 55 ‘deep’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 157(b)

Yi (Mile)ne̱⁵⁵ ‘deep’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 804.25

Yi (Mojiang)ne̱²¹ ‘deep’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 804.26

Yi (Nanhua)ne̱⁵⁵ adj‘deep’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0982.37

Yi (Nanhua)ne̱⁵⁵ ‘deep’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 804.24

Yi (Nanjian)ni̱²¹ ‘deep’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 804.23

Yi (Weishan)ʔnɪ̱²¹ adj‘deep’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0982.36

Yi (Wuding)nɑ̱⁵⁵ adj‘deep’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0982.38

6.1.2.2Central Loloish20

Jinuo (Youle)n̥ɑ⁵⁵ ‘deep’Gai 86

Jinuo (Buyuan)nɑ⁵⁵ ‘deep’Gai 86

Jinuotɕi³³morphemena⁴⁴ ‘deep’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 804.34

Jinuotɕi⁴⁴morpheme na⁵⁵ adj‘deep’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0982.44

Kucongna55 ‘deep’Dai 09 Kucong

Lahuná ‘deep’LaPolla 87: 51

Lahu (Lancang)nɑ³⁵ adj‘deep’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0982.43

Lahu (Black)ná ‘deep’Matisoff 78 MLBM: 82

Lahu (Black)ná ‘deep’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 157(b)

Lahu (Black)nᴀ³⁵ ‘deep’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 804.33

Lahu (Yellow)na⁴ ‘deep’Chang 86

Lisuná1 ‘deep’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 157(b)

Lisu (Central)ná¹ ‘deep’Fraser 22

Lisu (Northern)næ⁵⁵ V‘deep; profound’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Northern)næ⁵⁵ næ⁵⁵ ‘deeply felt; go deep into’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Northern)næ⁵⁵næ⁵⁵zɔʔ²¹morpheme ‘a bit deep’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisunɛ⁵⁵ adj‘deep’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0982.40

Lisunɛ⁵⁵ ‘deep’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 804.27

Sani [Nyi]ne 55 ‘deep’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 157(b)

Yi (Sani)ne⁵⁵ adj‘deep’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0982.39

6.1.2.3Southern Loloish21

Akha (Yunnan)jɔmorpheme nàq ‘deep’Hansson 89 AHKP: 461

Akhana LS ‘deep’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 157(b)

Akhanàq ‘deep’Hansson 89 AHKP: 461

Akha (Thai)nàq ‘deep’Hansson 89 AHKP: 461

Hani (Hu T’an)na 21c ‘deep’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 157(b)

Hani (Lüchun)naq ? ‘deep’Hansson 89 AHKP: 461

Hani (Dazhai)na̱³¹ ‘deep’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 804.31

Hani (Lüchun)na̱³¹ adj‘deep’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0982.41

Hani (Pijo)nà ‘deep’Hansson 89 AHKP: 461

Hani (Caiyuan)na̱³¹ ‘deep’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 804.30

Hani (Gelanghe)na̱³¹ ‘deep’Li Yongsui 86 Hani

Hani (Wordlist)navq ‘deep’Hansson 89 AHKP: 461

Hani (Shuikui)na³¹ ‘deep’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 804.32

Hani (Khatu)nà ‘deep’Hansson 89 AHKP: 461

Hani (Mojiang)na³¹ adj‘deep’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0982.42

Mpinaŋʔ1 ‘deep’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 157(b)

Mpinaŋʔ¹ ‘deep’Hansson 89 AHKP: 461

Mpinaŋʔ¹ ‘deep’Matisoff 78 MLBM: 82

Mpinaŋʔ¹ ‘deep’Srinuan 76

Pyenʔaŋ33morpheme na31 ‘deep’Shintani 09 Pyen: 204020

Silana̰21 ‘deep’Kato 08 Lao: 236

Cite this entry

STEDT etymon #6130, *s-ma(ŋ/k) ‘BLACK / INK / DEEP’.

Stable link: https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/6130

Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].

References: HPTB pp.317, 522

BibTeX

@misc{stedt-6130,
  title  = {{*s-ma(ŋ/k) 'BLACK / INK / DEEP'}},
  author = {STEDT},
  year   = {2017},
  note   = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #6130},
  url    = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/6130}
}