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STEDT #5730

*(g/k)aː(r/l)

SOLID / CONGEALED / FROZEN / VISCOUS / STRONG
Proto-Tibeto-Burman

Intermediate reconstructions

Kuki-Chin*khal ‘FREEZE / CLOT / SOLIDIFY’PKC #443
Tangkhulic*kar ‘STRONG’

Chinese comparandum

健 OC *g’i̯ɑ̆n, GSR #249g ‘strong’; Mand. jiàn ‘strong, healthy’.

Reflexes & cognates59 reflexes · 16 subgroups

0Sino-Tibetan (previously published reconstructions)1

0.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)2

*Tibeto-Burmangaːr ⪤ kaːr ‘solid / frozen’Matisoff 03 HPTB: 590

1.1.1.2Eastern Tani1

Damukar-mumorpheme-duŋmorpheme ‘thick (liquid)’Sun J 93 Tani

1.2Kuki-Chin1

*Chinkhal ‘FREEZE / CLOT / SOLIDIFY’VanBik 09 PKC: 443

1.2.1.1Northern Chin6

Paitekhal ‘clot, freeze’VanBik 09 PKC: 443
Thadokhâl-I, khàl-II ‘clot, freeze’VanBik 09 PKC: 443
Tiddimkhal³ > khal?³ vi‘solid’Bhaskararao 96 CDB: 713
Tiddimkhal³ > khalʔ³ ‘solid’VanBik 09 PKC: 443
Tiddimkhal³/khalʔ³ ‘solid’Bhaskararao 94 TCV
Tiddimˋxal/ˍxalʔ v‘in solid lumps’Henderson 65 TidC

1.2.2Central Chin7

Lai (Hakha)khàl-I, khǎl-II ‘clot, freeze, solidify’VanBik 09 PKC: 443
Lai (Falam)khál-INV ‘clot, freeze, solidify’VanBik 09 PKC: 443
Lushai [Mizo]kha:r / khal ‘congeal / frozen’Benedict 72 STC: 15n54(c)
Lushai [Mizo]khǎar v.‘congeal’Weidert 87 TBTo: 174
Lushai [Mizo]khâl ‘congealed, solidified, thick (as paste, etc), hard (as pumpkin, meat, excrement, etc.), clotted, frozen (as water)’VanBik 09 PKC: 443

1.3“Naga” Areal Group1

Maringkal ‘strong’Marrison 67 Naga

1.3.4Tangkhulic3

Tusomkʰamorpheme-ŋmorpheme-kuə ‘strong’Mortensen 12 Tk: Verbs.140

2.1.2Bodic7

Kaikenghār◦chhyemorpheme◦masuffix adj‘strong (human)’Hale 73 CSD: 12a.04
Tsangla (Motuo)gar◦bosuffix ‘thick’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 844.7
Tsangla (Motuo)kar¹³pu¹³suffix ‘thick (liquid)’Zhang Jichuan 86
Tshona (Wenlang)gɑr³⁵pu⁵⁵suffix ‘thick (liquid)’Lu 86 CuoM
Tshona (Mama)kᴀr¹³mo⁵³suffix ‘thick’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 844.6
Motuo Menbagar bosuffix ‘thick (porridge)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1030.07
Cuona Menbakar³⁵mo⁵³suffix ‘thick (porridge)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1030.06

2.1.2.1Tibetan11

Tibetan (Batang)ka¹³mᴜ⁵³suffix ‘thick (porridge)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1030.03
Tibetan (Jirel)ngār◦māsuffix adj‘strong (human)’Hale 73 CSD: 12a.04
Tibetan (Khams:Dege)ga³¹bo⁵³suffix ‘thick’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 844.3
Tibetan (Lhasa)kha¹⁵po⁵³suffix ‘thick’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 844.2
Tibetan (Lhasa)khaː¹³po⁵⁵suffix ‘thick (porridge)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1030.02
Tibetan (Written)gar posuffix ‘thick (porridge)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1030.01
Tibetan (Written)gar-mosuffix ‘thick (soup)’Benedict 72 STC: 15n54(c)
Tibetan (Written)gar◦basuffix, dragsmorpheme◦posuffix ‘strong’Marrison 67 Naga

2.1.4Tamangish3

Thakali (Marpha)⁴⁴'⁵⁵kʌ-wʌsuffix ‘thick (liquid)’Mazaudon 94 These: 11

2.4Kham-Magar-Chepang2

Chepangkharh.ʔomorpheme adj‘violent (human)’Hale 73 CSD: 12a.06
Chepangkʰarh-ʔomorpheme ‘violent’Caughley 72 CVoc: 12.A.6

6.1.1Burmish16

Burmese (Rangoon)je²²khɛ⁵⁵ n‘ice’also contains *rəy, *s-ŋarHuang and Dai 92 TBL: 0017.27
Burmese (Rangoon)je²²khɛ⁵⁵ v.‘freeze / ice up’also contains *rəy, *s-ŋarHuang and Dai 92 TBL: 1440.27
Burmese (Rangoon)khɛ⁵⁵ v.‘solidify / congeal’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1534.27
Burmese (Spoken Rangoon)je²²khɛ⁵⁵ ‘ice’also contains *rəy, *s-ŋarSun H 91 ZMYY: 11.40
Burmese (Written)khɑi³ v.‘solidify / congeal’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1534.26
Burmese (Written)khɑi³tɑṁ² ‘pencil’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 492.39

6.1.2.1Northern Loloish2

6.2Naxi1

9Sinitic1

Chinese (Hanzi)健◦康／壮的morpheme ‘healthy’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 0643

Cite this entry

STEDT etymon #5730, *(g/k)aː(r/l) ‘SOLID / CONGEALED / FROZEN / VISCOUS / STRONG’.
Stable link: https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/5730
Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].
References: cf. STC p.15, HPTB pp.404, 405
BibTeX
@misc{stedt-5730,
  title  = {{*(g/k)aː(r/l) 'SOLID / CONGEALED / FROZEN / VISCOUS / STRONG'}},
  author = {STEDT},
  year   = {2017},
  note   = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #5730},
  url    = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/5730}
}