STEDT #2777
*d-wam
BEAR (animal)
Reconstruction analysis
handlewamprefixdinitialwrhymeamcoverL · N
Intermediate reconstructions
Loloish*k-d-wam¹ ‘BEAR’
Connections
HPTB*d-wam ‘bear (n.)’pp. 139, 140, 252, 299, 531
HPTB (PLB)*d-wam¹/² ‘bear (n.)’p. 253
Notes
A number of languages (Tani, Tibetan, Lepcha, Lahu) show preemption of the initial by the dental prefix.
Jingpho has acquired the homorganic stop in this root.
Chinese comparandum
熊 OC *d-wɑm, GSR #674a-b ‘bear’; Coblin 86:40 ST *dɣwjəm > OC *gwjəm; Schuessler 2007:542 *wəm; B & S 2011: *C.ɢʷəm {C.[ɢ]ʷ(r)əm}; Mand. xióng.
Reflexes & cognates242 reflexes · 36 subgroups
0Sino-Tibetan (previously published reconstructions)1
0.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)6
1.1.1Tani1
1.1.1.1Western Tani19
Galo`tum◦pin#591 PTB *pʷ(i/u)(l/n) ‘SKIN’PTani *pɯn ‘SKIN’PKC *wun ‘SKIN (n.) / LEATHER’PTk *hol ‘SKIN / BARK’PNN *s-wun ⪤ *wur ‘SKIN / FLESH’ n.‘bearskin’GLDC 09 Galo
Galohotmorpheme◦tum-tum◦ruu#2070 PTB *ruŋ ‘HOLE / ORIFICE / EAR’PTani *ruŋ ‘HOLE / DENT’ n.‘bear den’GLDC 09 Galo
Galohotmorpheme◦tum-tum◦ruu#2070 PTB *ruŋ ‘HOLE / ORIFICE / EAR’PTani *ruŋ ‘HOLE / DENT’ n.‘den (bear)’GLDC 09 Galo
1.1.1.2Eastern Tani4
1.1.2Deng2
1.2Kuki-Chin2
1.2.1.1Northern Chin6
1.2.1.2Southern Plains Chin1
Khumitvóeeng ‘bear (Helarctos malayanus or Selenarctos thibetanus, black with a whitish V on the chest)’VanBik 09 PKC: 1132
1.2.2Central Chin4
Lushai [Mizo]sà#34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’MesorootsPKC *sʰaa ‘ANIMAL / FLESH / MEAT’PCN *a-ʃaʔ ‘ANIMAL / MEAT, FLESH’PTk *sa ‘FLESH / MEAT / ANIMAL’Allofams1 #5711 PTB *sya-n ⪤ *sin ‘FLESH / ANIMAL / BODY / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’1a #34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’1b #318 PTB *sin ‘BODY / OWNER / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’-váwm n‘bear, the Himalayan black bear’VanBik 09 PKC: 1132
Lushai [Mizo]sa#34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’MesorootsPKC *sʰaa ‘ANIMAL / FLESH / MEAT’PCN *a-ʃaʔ ‘ANIMAL / MEAT, FLESH’PTk *sa ‘FLESH / MEAT / ANIMAL’Allofams1 #5711 PTB *sya-n ⪤ *sin ‘FLESH / ANIMAL / BODY / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’1a #34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’1b #318 PTB *sin ‘BODY / OWNER / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’-vom n‘bear’Benedict 72 STC: 461
Lushai [Mizo]sa#34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’MesorootsPKC *sʰaa ‘ANIMAL / FLESH / MEAT’PCN *a-ʃaʔ ‘ANIMAL / MEAT, FLESH’PTk *sa ‘FLESH / MEAT / ANIMAL’Allofams1 #5711 PTB *sya-n ⪤ *sin ‘FLESH / ANIMAL / BODY / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’1a #34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’1b #318 PTB *sin ‘BODY / OWNER / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’◦vawm ‘bear (animal)’Marrison 67 Naga
1.2.3Maraic1
1.2.4“Old Kuki”2
1.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)7
1.3.2Angami-Pochuri Group6
1.3.3Zeme Group3
1.3.4Tangkhulic10
Huishuʔamorpheme-hɐm ‘bear, Tibetan/Himalayan bear (Selenarctos thibetanus)’Mortensen 12 Tk: Animals.061
Kachaicimorpheme-him ‘Tibetan / Himalayan bear (Selenarctos thibetanus)’Mortensen 12 Tk: Animals.060
1.5Mikir [Karbi]4
1.7.3.1Jingpho1
2.1.1Western Himalayish4
2.1.2Bodic11
2.1.2.1Tibetan22
2.1.3Lepcha1
Lepchasə#34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’MesorootsPKC *sʰaa ‘ANIMAL / FLESH / MEAT’PCN *a-ʃaʔ ‘ANIMAL / MEAT, FLESH’PTk *sa ‘FLESH / MEAT / ANIMAL’Allofams1 #5711 PTB *sya-n ⪤ *sin ‘FLESH / ANIMAL / BODY / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’1a #34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’1b #318 PTB *sin ‘BODY / OWNER / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’◦tum ‘wolf’Benedict 72 STC: 461
2.1.4Tamangish6
2.3.4Western Kiranti3
2.4Kham-Magar-Chepang10
Chepangsiŋʔ#2658 PTB *si(ŋ/k) ‘TREE / WOOD / FIREWOOD’PTani *sɯŋ ‘WOOD / TREE’PKC *thiŋ ‘TREE / WOOD’PCN *siŋ ‘WOOD’PTk *tʰiŋ ‘WOOD’TGTM *ᴮsiŋ ‘TREE’PKir *siŋ ‘TREE’PLB *sikᴴ ⪤ *siŋ ‘TREE’.tyamhmorpheme.yom n.‘Sloth bear’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangsiŋʔ#2658 PTB *si(ŋ/k) ‘TREE / WOOD / FIREWOOD’PTani *sɯŋ ‘WOOD / TREE’PKC *thiŋ ‘TREE / WOOD’PCN *siŋ ‘WOOD’PTk *tʰiŋ ‘WOOD’TGTM *ᴮsiŋ ‘TREE’PKir *siŋ ‘TREE’PLB *sikᴴ ⪤ *siŋ ‘TREE’.tyamhmorpheme.yom n.‘Sloth-bear’Caughley 00 Chepang
Chepangyom.bonʔmorpheme n.‘vine (sp.), with thorns like a bear's claw - cut to get drinking water’Caughley 00 Chepang
3.2Qiangic8
3.3rGyalrongic2
3.3.1rGyalrong7
6.1Lolo-Burmese2
6.1.1Burmish33
Leqi (Luxi)wɔm³¹khui⁵⁵#1764 PTB *d-kʷəy-n ‘DOG’PTani *kwiː ‘DOG’PKC *ʔuy ‘DOG’PCN *khjəj ‘DOG’PTk *hwɨ ‘DOG’PNN *kuəy (kreːŋ) ‘DOG’PLB *kʷəy² ‘DOG’PKar *thwíʔ ‘DOG’PKar *thwiᴮ ‘DOG’PKar *thwiᴮmiᴬ ‘FOX, WOLF’ n‘wolf’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0324.33
6.1.2Loloish3
6.1.2.1Northern Loloish10
6.1.2.2Central Loloish28
Lahuyɛ̀morpheme-mímorpheme-tɔ̄ n‘bear’The second syllable of this form is probably from Tai (cf. Siamese mǐi).Benedict 72 STC: 461
Lisu (Northern)ɣɔ⁴⁴dʑi⁴⁴morpheme tɕhæ³⁵morphemepu⁵⁵morpheme ‘quiver made of bear skin’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)ɣɔ⁴⁴ge³³morphemedʑi³³#596 PTB *m/s-k-rəy ‘SKIN’TGTM *ᴬɖi ‘SKIN’PLB *m-k-rəy¹ ‘SKIN / OUTER COVERING’ ‘skin of lesser panda’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)ɣɔ⁴⁴læʔ²¹morphemeduʔ²¹morpheme ‘elbow skin of bear (good for making quiver)’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)ɣɔ⁴⁴næ³³#2483 PTB *s-nak ‘BLACK’PKC *nak ‘BLACK’PCN *a-njak ‘BLACK’PNN *C̥-ɲak ‘BLACK’PLB *s-nakᴴ ‘BLACK’PL *C-nakᴴ ‘BLACK’ ‘black bear’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)ɣɔ⁴⁴phu³³#1235 PTB *plu ‘WHITE / SILVER / MONEY’PLB *plu¹ ‘WHITE / SILVER / MONEY’ ‘white bear’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)ɣɔ⁴⁴tɕhi³³#335 PTB *krəy ‘FOOT’phæ³⁵morpheme ‘bear's paw (from hind-leg)’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)ɣɔ⁴⁴ɤ³⁵morpheme ‘bear (the kind that shakes its head when sitting and walking)’Bradley 94 Lisu
6.1.2.3Southern Loloish12
6.2Naxi4
7Karenic15
Cite this entry
STEDT etymon #2777,
*d-wam ‘BEAR (animal)’.Stable link:
https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/2777Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].
References: STC#461, HPTB
BibTeX
@misc{stedt-2777,
title = {{*d-wam 'BEAR (animal)'}},
author = {STEDT},
year = {2017},
note = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #2777},
url = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/2777}
}