STEDT
STEDT #1235

*plu

WHITE / SILVER / MONEY
Proto-Tibeto-Burman · exemplary

Reconstruction analysis

handlepluinitialplrhymeucoverP · V

Intermediate reconstructions

Lolo-Burmese*plu¹ ‘WHITE / SILVER / MONEY’

Connections

HPTB*plu ‘white / silver / money’pp. 71, 184

Reflexes & cognates256 reflexes · 14 subgroups

0.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)1

*Tibeto-Burmanplu ‘white / silver / money’Matisoff 03 HPTB: 607

1.7.3.1Jingpho14

Jingphogùmmorpheme-phrò ‘white / silver’Matisoff 74 TJLB: 38
Jingphohpraw ‘white’Marrison 67 Naga
Jingphohpraw-nawnmorpheme-jəhkumorpheme ‘semen (poet. white worthy fluid’Matisoff 87 BP
Jingphokhɹaŋ³¹morphemephɹo³¹ ‘Chinese cabbage’Liu 84
Jingphokhʒaŋ³¹morphemephʒo³¹ ‘cabbage (Chinese)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 207.47
Jingphokum³¹morphemephɹo³¹ ‘silver’Liu 84
Jingphokum³¹morphemephʒo³¹ n‘silver’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0052.19
Jingphokum³¹morphemephʒo³¹ ‘silver’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 36.47
Jingphokummorphemehpraw ‘silver’Marrison 67 Naga
Jingphophròŋsuffix ‘white’Matisoff 74 TJLB: 100
Jingphophɹo³¹ ‘white’Liu 84
Jingphophʒo³¹ ‘white’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 840.47

1.7.3.2Asakian1

Sakphro vi‘white’Huziwara 08 Sak: 337

3.2Qiangic14

Namuyiphu⁵⁵lu⁵⁵morpheme ‘white’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 840.19
Namuyiphu⁵³lu³¹morpheme ‘white’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1006.46
Qiang (Mianchi)búmorpheme-pʂì n.‘hail [m-white?]’Evans 99 Qiang: 15
Qiang (Mianchi)tìmorpheme-pʂì ‘panda [bear-white]’Evans 99 Qiang: 387.1
Xumiphu³³ ‘white’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 840.20
Xumiphu³³tu³³morphemetu⁵⁵morpheme ‘grey’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1011.17
Xumiphu³³tɕi³³morphemetɕi⁵⁵morpheme ‘white’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1006.17

6.1Lolo-Burmese2

*Lolo-Burmeseplu¹ ‘white / silver / money’Matisoff 03 HPTB: 607
*Lolo-Burmeseplu¹ ‘white / silver / money’Matisoff 78 MLBM: 23

6.1.1Burmish42

Achang (Lianghe)ɑ³¹prefixphu⁵⁵ ‘white’Dai 85 AcJZ
Achang (Lianghe)ɑŋ³¹morphemephuʔ⁵⁵ ‘Chinese cabbage’Dai 85 AcJZ
Achang (Luxi)aŋ⁵⁵morphemephu⁵¹ ‘Chinese cabbage’Dai 85 AcJZ
Achang (Luxi)phu³⁵ ‘white’Dai 85 AcJZ
Burmese (Written)morpheme-phru ‘pure silver’Benedict 76 WBur
Burmese (Written)phru ‘white / silver’Matisoff 74 TJLB: 38
Burmese (Written)phwê ‘very white’Benedict 76 WBur
Burmese (Written)pʰru ‘white / silver / money’Matisoff 78 MLBM: 23
Hpun (Northern)ăprefix phyúʔ, phyúʔ ‘white’Henderson 86 Hpun
Hpun (Northern)kʃ̆wèmorpheme, morphemeʃwè#5494 PTB *swa-n ‘ONION / GARLIC’ phyú (=w ‘garlic / onion (cf. WHITE)’Henderson 86 Hpun
Marmachaiŋbaŋmorphemephru ‘white hair’Huziwara 08 Sak: 1-1a
Marmaphru vi‘white’Huziwara 08 Sak: 337
Maru [Langsu]ɔ̱̃³⁵morphemephju³¹ ‘cabbage (Chinese)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 207.43
Atsi [Zaiwa]aŋ²¹morphemephju⁵¹ ‘cabbage (Chinese)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 207.42

6.1.2.1Northern Loloish9

Lalo ‘silver / white’Björverud 94
Nusu (Southern)ɣɔ̃⁵⁵morphemephɹu⁵⁵ ‘Chinese cabbage’Sun J 86 Nusu
Yi (Nanhua)phiu³³ ‘silver’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 36.24
Yi (Nanhua)ɣᴀ²¹morphemephi³³morphemephiu³³ ‘cabbage (Chinese)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 207.24

6.1.2.2Central Loloish96

Jinuoa³³prefixphro⁴⁴ ‘white’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1006.44
Jinuoa³³prefixphɹo³³ ‘white’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 840.34
Jinuoko⁴⁴morphemephrə³³ n‘garlic’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0424.44
Jinuo (Youle)ko⁴⁴morphemephɹə⁴⁴ ‘garlic’Gai 86
Jinuophru⁴² n‘silver’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0052.44
Jinuophɹu³¹ ‘silver’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 36.34
Jinuo (Youle)phɹu⁴² ‘silver’Gai 86
Jinuo (Youle)ɑ³³prefixphɹu⁴⁴lu⁴⁴morpheme ‘white’Gai 86
Kucongphv33 ‘silver’Dai 09 Kucong
Kucongphv33 ‘white’Dai 09 Kucong
Lahu (Black)phu ‘white / silver’Matisoff 74 TJLB: 38
Lahu (Black)pʰu ‘white / silver / money’Matisoff 78 MLBM: 23
Lahu (Yellow)phv̩¹ ‘silver’Chang 86
Lahu (Yellow)phv̩¹ ‘white’Chang 86
Lisu (Central)(hpu⁴)-du⁵morpheme n.‘mine (silver)’Fraser 22
Lisu (Northern)bɤ³³morphemephu³³ ‘white sun’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)dɔʔ²¹morphemephu³³ ‘white kusnezoff monkshood’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Central)dʑøʔ²¹morphemelɔ³³morphemephu³³ ‘white flint (quartzite)’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)dʑɤʔ²¹morphemelɔ³³morphemephu³³ ‘white flint (quartzite)’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Central)hpu⁴ ‘money (silver)’Fraser 22
Lisu (Central)hpu⁴ ‘silver’Fraser 22
Lisu (Central)hpu⁴ ‘white’Fraser 22
Lisu (Northern)hwa²¹morphemephu³³ʃɿ²¹morpheme ‘White race’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)ji³⁵morphemekhwa²¹morpheme phu³³ ‘white wormwood’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)ji⁵⁵morphemephu³³ V‘white’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)la²¹morphemephu³³ ‘white ox’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)la³³morphemephy³³ ‘white dog’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)li³³morphemeti³³morpheme ma³³morphemephu³³ ‘white bead’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)ma³³#5664 PTB *ma ‘BAMBOO’PQ *m(y)a ‘BAMBOO’PL *ma¹ ‘BAMBOO’phu²¹læ³³morpheme ‘white hollow-centred bamboo (with long hollow sections)’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)na⁵⁵morphemephu³³ ‘white long-grain rice’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisuo³¹morphemephu⁴⁴ ‘cabbage (Chinese)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 207.27
Lisu (Northern)phu³³ N‘silver; money; currency; cf.phy²¹’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)phu³³ V‘white; clean; plain’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisuphu³³bɯ³⁵ n‘interest (financial)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0576.40
Lisu (Northern)phu³³da³³morpheme ‘silver pole’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)phu³³dɔ³³morphemekhu³³morpheme ‘silver mine’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)phu³³khu⁵⁵morpheme ‘silver ingot; shoe-shaped gold or silver ingot’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)phu³³le³³morpheme ‘clean; white’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)phu³³le³³morphemezaʔ²¹morpheme ‘white; clean and white; shining white’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)phu³³li³³morphemeɣɔʔ²¹morpheme ‘silver necklace’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)phu³³læʔ²¹morphemedʒu⁴⁴morpheme ‘silver bracelet’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)phu³³læʔ²¹morphemeni³³morpheme tu⁵⁵morphemedu³³morpheme ‘silver ring’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Central)phu³³læʔ²¹morphemeɲi³³morpheme tu⁵⁵morphemedu³³morpheme ‘silver ring’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)phu³³na³³morphemekhɔ³⁵morpheme ‘silver earring’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)phu³³phu³³mu³³morpheme ‘purely white’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)phu³³thɔ²¹morphemeɤ²¹morpheme ‘silver letter; silver book; silver paper’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)phu³³ɲa⁵⁵morpheme ʃɿ³³#3496 PLB *s-rwəy¹ ⪤ *s-rwe¹ ‘GOLD / YELLOW’ɲa⁵⁵morpheme ‘plenty of silver and gold jewelry’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)phu³³ʒɿ⁴⁴morpheme ‘silver liquid’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisuphu³¹ko³³ n‘capital / principal’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0574.40
Lisuphu⁴⁴ ‘silver’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 36.27
Lisuphu⁴⁴ ‘white’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 840.27
Lisu (Northern)phy²¹morphemelɔ⁴⁴morpheme phu³³ ‘white agate’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)thɔ²¹morphemeɤ²¹morpheme phu³³ ‘white paper’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)tshɔ³³morphemephu³³ ‘albino; White peoplw’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Central)tɕhø³³morphemephu³³ ‘white rice’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)tɕhɤ³³morphemephu³³ ‘white rice’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)tɕi⁵⁵morphemephu³³ ‘white lacquer oil’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)ve⁵⁵morphemephu³³ ‘white jade’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)wa²¹#3554 PTB *s-pʷal ‘SNOW / ICE / FROST / HAIL’ a³³prefix le³³morpheme phu³³ ‘as white as snow’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)ɔʔ²¹morphemephu³³ ‘Chinese cabbage’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Central)ɔʔ²¹morphemetɕø³⁵morphemephu³³ ‘white thread’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)ɔʔ²¹morphemetɕɤ³⁵morphemephu³³ ‘white thread’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)ɔ⁵⁵morphemephu³³ ‘white hair’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)ɔ⁵⁵morphemephu³³pha²¹morpheme ‘white-haired old man’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)ʒɿ³⁵morphemeduʔ²¹morpheme ɔ⁵⁵morphemephu³³ N‘white-collared yuhinia, Yuhinia didemata (babbler bird)’Bradley 94 Lisu

6.1.2.3Southern Loloish43

Akha (Yunnan)morpheme pjhú ‘white’Hansson 89 AHKP: 165
Akhapjhú ‘white’Hansson 89 AHKP: 165
Hani-phulu ‘white’Benedict 72 STC: 60n194
Hani (Dazhai)phju⁵⁵ ‘silver’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 36.31
Hani (Dazhai)phju⁵⁵; ba³³morpheme ‘white’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 840.31
Hani (Caiyuan)phv̩⁵⁵ ‘silver’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 36.30
Hani (Pijo)ɔ̀morpheme phfú ‘white’Hansson 89 AHKP: 165
Hani (Pijo)ɔ̀morpheme phfú ‘white, light’Hansson 89 AHKP: 50
Hani (Gelanghe)phju⁵⁵ ‘silver’Li Yongsui 86 Hani
Haonifv̩⁵⁵ ‘white’Hansson 89 AHKP: 165
Hani (Shuikui)fv̩⁵⁵tʃɿ̄³¹morpheme ‘silver’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 36.32
Hani (Khatu)aprefix pjhú ‘white’Hansson 89 AHKP: 165
Hani (Khatu)aprefix pjhú ‘white, light’Hansson 89 AHKP: 50
Hani (Mojiang)fv̩⁵⁵tʃɿ̄³¹morpheme n‘silver’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0052.42
Hani (Mojiang)fv̩⁵⁵tʃɿ̄³¹morpheme n‘money (lit. 'silver')’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0573.42
Mpiphju⁶ ‘money / silver’Srinuan 76
Mpipʰju⁶ ‘white / silver / money’Matisoff 78 MLBM: 23
Pyenphlu45 ‘silver’Shintani 09 Pyen: 012073
Silaa21prefix phju55 lu55morpheme ‘white’Kato 08 Lao: 243
Ugongmɪŋmorpheme phlɔ ‘white mark’Bradley 93 Ugo
Ugongɲɔʔ(kɔŋ)phlɔ/phɔ̌ ‘white of eye’also contains *s-myakmorpheme · morphemeBradley 93 Ugo: 3.4.2.3

6.2Naxi17

Laze (Xiangjiao)pʰv˥hwɑ˥morphemelæ˩morphemehĩ˩morpheme ‘bright, shining’Michaud 06 NaLaze: 3360
Laze (Xiangjiao)pʰv˥hæ˥morpheme-læ˩morpheme-hĩ˩morpheme ‘light grey’Michaud 06 NaLaze: 2032
Laze (Xiangjiao)pʰv˥kwɤ˥morphemelæ˩morphemehĩ˩morpheme ‘bright, shining’[Source note] i.e. “all white”; *mbaŋ?Michaud 06 NaLaze: 3359
Laze (Xiangjiao)morphemetɕʰy˥morpheme pʰv˥ hĩ˥suffix ‘white (hair)’Michaud 06 NaLaze: 2016
Na (Yongning)lwɤ˩morphemepʰv˩˧ ‘grey’Michaud 06 NaLaze
Na (Yongning)pʰv˩tɕæ˩morphemeɻæ˧morpheme ‘white (face, clothes, hair, etc.)’Michaud 06 NaLaze
Na (Yongning)tsʰi˧morphemezi˧morpheme pʰv˩hĩ˩˧suffix ‘white barley’Michaud 06 NaLaze
Na (Yongning)tɕæ˧morphemepʰv˩ ‘white (face, clothes, hair, etc.)’Michaud 06 NaLaze
Na (Yongning)morphemetsʰɤ˧morphemepʰv˥ ‘Chinese cabbage’Michaud 06 NaLaze
Naxi (Lijiang)ndʑy³³morphemephəɹ³¹ ‘cabbage (Chinese)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 207.28
Naxi (Yongning)tsha³¹morphemephv³³ ‘cabbage (Chinese)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 207.29

8Bai4

Bai (Dali)peɹ⁴² ‘white’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 840.35
Bai (Dali)peɹ⁴²tshɯ³¹morpheme ‘cabbage (Chinese)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 207.35
Bai (Dali)poe 8 ‘(1) white; (2) Bai (national minority)’Dell 81: 348
Bai (Dali)poe morpheme ts'ömorpheme 824 ‘cabbage’Dell 81: 349

Cite this entry

STEDT etymon #1235, *plu ‘WHITE / SILVER / MONEY’.
Stable link: https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/1235
Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].
References: cf. HPTB pp. 71, 174; STC p.41
BibTeX
@misc{stedt-1235,
  title  = {{*plu 'WHITE / SILVER / MONEY'}},
  author = {STEDT},
  year   = {2017},
  note   = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #1235},
  url    = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/1235}
}