Reconstruction analysis
handlepluinitialplrhymeucoverP · V
Intermediate reconstructions
Lolo-Burmese*plu¹ ‘WHITE / SILVER / MONEY’
Connections
HPTB*plu ‘white / silver / money’pp. 71, 184
Reflexes & cognates256 reflexes · 14 subgroups
0.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)1
1.7.3.1Jingpho14
Jingphomyìʔ#682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’MesorootsPTani *mik ‘EYE’PKC *mik ‘EYE’PKC *mik-kuu-I, -kuk-II ‘SLEEPY’PCN *mjak ⪤ *hmik ‘EYE’PTk *mik ‘EYE’PTk *mit ‘EYE’TGTM *ᴮʰmiː(ŋ) ‘EYE’Allofams1 #33 PTB *s-myak ⪤ *s-mik ‘EYE’1a #682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’1b #681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’-hpràw ‘white of eye’Matisoff 87 BP
1.7.3.2Asakian1
3.2Qiangic14
Qiang (Mawo)nə#681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’MesorootsPCN *mjak ⪤ *hmik ‘EYE’PLB *s-myak ‘EYE’Allofams1 #33 PTB *s-myak ⪤ *s-mik ‘EYE’1a #682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’1b #681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’◦ph[ɸ]iʴ ‘white of the eye’Sun J 86 Mawo
Qiang (Mawo)nə#681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’MesorootsPCN *mjak ⪤ *hmik ‘EYE’PLB *s-myak ‘EYE’Allofams1 #33 PTB *s-myak ⪤ *s-mik ‘EYE’1a #682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’1b #681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’◦ɸi ‘white of eye’Sun H 91 MawQ: 3.4.2.3
Qiang (Mianchi)ló#1269 PTB *r-lu(ŋ/k) ‘STONE’PTani *lɯŋ ‘STONE’PKC *luŋ ‘STONE / ROCK’PCN *luŋ ‘STONE, ROCK’PTk *luŋ ‘STONE’PBG *loʔŋ-tai ‘STONE’PNN *C̥-luŋ ‘STONE’TGTM *ᴮʰjuŋ ‘STONE’PKir *ʔluŋ ‘STONE’PLB *k-lok ⪤ *k-loŋ ‘STONE’PL *k-lokᴸ ‘STONE’PKar *loŋᴮ ‘STONE, ROCK’-pʂì ‘flint, stone for fire [stone-white]’Evans 99 Qiang: 746
3.3rGyalrongic7
Ergong (Danba)mau#682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’MesorootsPTani *mik ‘EYE’PKC *mik ‘EYE’PKC *mik-kuu-I, -kuk-II ‘SLEEPY’PCN *mjak ⪤ *hmik ‘EYE’PTk *mik ‘EYE’PTk *mit ‘EYE’TGTM *ᴮʰmiː(ŋ) ‘EYE’Allofams1 #33 PTB *s-myak ⪤ *s-mik ‘EYE’1a #682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’1b #681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’ pʰʂu ‘white of eye’Sun H 91 ErDQ: 3.4.2.3
Ergong (Northern)meɣ⁵³#682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’MesorootsPTani *mik ‘EYE’PKC *mik ‘EYE’PKC *mik-kuu-I, -kuk-II ‘SLEEPY’PCN *mjak ⪤ *hmik ‘EYE’PTk *mik ‘EYE’PTk *mit ‘EYE’TGTM *ᴮʰmiː(ŋ) ‘EYE’Allofams1 #33 PTB *s-myak ⪤ *s-mik ‘EYE’1a #682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’1b #681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’ ptʂʰu³³ ‘white of eye’Sun H 91 ErNQ: 3.4.2.3
Ergong (Daofu)mɑu#682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’MesorootsPTani *mik ‘EYE’PKC *mik ‘EYE’PKC *mik-kuu-I, -kuk-II ‘SLEEPY’PCN *mjak ⪤ *hmik ‘EYE’PTk *mik ‘EYE’PTk *mit ‘EYE’TGTM *ᴮʰmiː(ŋ) ‘EYE’Allofams1 #33 PTB *s-myak ⪤ *s-mik ‘EYE’1a #682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’1b #681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’ phru ‘white of eye’Dai 89 Daof: 3.4.2.3
3.3.1rGyalrong8
6.1Lolo-Burmese2
6.1.1Burmish42
Achang (Xiandao)ɲɔʔ⁵⁵#681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’MesorootsPCN *mjak ⪤ *hmik ‘EYE’PLB *s-myak ‘EYE’Allofams1 #33 PTB *s-myak ⪤ *s-mik ‘EYE’1a #682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’1b #681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’ pʰʐu⁵⁵ ‘eye white’Dai 89 Xian: 101.1
Burmese (Rangoon)tɕɛʔ⁴#1606 PTB *k-rak ‘FOWL / CHICKEN’PTani *rok ‘CHICKEN’tθũ²²#5494 PTB *swa-n ‘ONION / GARLIC’phju²² n‘garlic’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0424.27
Burmese (Spoken Rangoon)tɕɛʔ⁴⁴#1606 PTB *k-rak ‘FOWL / CHICKEN’PTani *rok ‘CHICKEN’tθũ²²#5494 PTB *swa-n ‘ONION / GARLIC’phju²² ‘garlic’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 210.40
Burmese (Written)krak#1606 PTB *k-rak ‘FOWL / CHICKEN’PTani *rok ‘CHICKEN’◦swan#5494 PTB *swa-n ‘ONION / GARLIC’◦phrū ‘garlic’Marrison 67 Naga
Burmese (Written)krɑk⁴#1606 PTB *k-rak ‘FOWL / CHICKEN’PTani *rok ‘CHICKEN’◦tθon²#5494 PTB *swa-n ‘ONION / GARLIC’◦phru² n‘garlic’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0424.26
Burmese (Written)krɑk#1606 PTB *k-rak ‘FOWL / CHICKEN’PTani *rok ‘CHICKEN’◦thon²#5494 PTB *swa-n ‘ONION / GARLIC’◦phru² ‘garlic’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 210.39
Hpun (Northern)kʃ̆wèmorpheme, kămorpheme◦ʃwè#5494 PTB *swa-n ‘ONION / GARLIC’ phyú (=w ‘garlic / onion (cf. WHITE)’Henderson 86 Hpun
Lashimjɔʔ³¹#681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’MesorootsPCN *mjak ⪤ *hmik ‘EYE’PLB *s-myak ‘EYE’Allofams1 #33 PTB *s-myak ⪤ *s-mik ‘EYE’1a #682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’1b #681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’ phju:³³ ‘white of eye’Dai 89 Lash: 3.4.2.3
Marmakraʔ#1606 PTB *k-rak ‘FOWL / CHICKEN’PTani *rok ‘CHICKEN’◦θwaiŋ#5494 PTB *swa-n ‘ONION / GARLIC’◦phru ‘garlic’Huziwara 08 Sak: 73-1a
Maru [Langsu]mjɔ³¹#681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’MesorootsPCN *mjak ⪤ *hmik ‘EYE’PLB *s-myak ‘EYE’Allofams1 #33 PTB *s-myak ⪤ *s-mik ‘EYE’1a #682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’1b #681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’ phju³¹ tʃik⁵⁵morpheme ‘white of eye’Dai 89 Lang: 3.4.2.3
6.1.2Loloish4
Lolophome̱⁴⁴#681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’MesorootsPCN *mjak ⪤ *hmik ‘EYE’PLB *s-myak ‘EYE’Allofams1 #33 PTB *s-myak ⪤ *s-mik ‘EYE’1a #682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’1b #681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’ phv̩³³ ‘white of eye’Dai 89 Lolo: 3.4.2.3
6.1.2.1Northern Loloish9
Laloʔmɪ̱³³#681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’MesorootsPCN *mjak ⪤ *hmik ‘EYE’PLB *s-myak ‘EYE’Allofams1 #33 PTB *s-myak ⪤ *s-mik ‘EYE’1a #682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’1b #681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’ fu̪⁵⁵ ‘white of eye’Chen 86 Yi: 3.4.2.3
Liphome̱³³#681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’MesorootsPCN *mjak ⪤ *hmik ‘EYE’PLB *s-myak ‘EYE’Allofams1 #33 PTB *s-myak ⪤ *s-mik ‘EYE’1a #682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’1b #681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’phu³³ ‘white of eye’Chen 86 Yi: 3.4.2.3
6.1.2.2Central Loloish96
Lahuśū#5494 PTB *swa-n ‘ONION / GARLIC’-phu-nù#1415 PTB *m/s-nam ‘SMELL’PTani *nam ‘SMELL (v.)’PKC *nam ‘SMELL (v.)’PCC *hniim ‘SNIFF / SMELL (v.)’PCN *m-hnaːm ‘SMELL / STINK’PTk *nam ‘SMELL’PKar *(h)nɨmᴬ ‘SMELL (v.)’ ‘garlic’Contra DL:1195, Lahu -phu- in this compound seems to mean WHITE rather than the homophonous morpheme BULBOUS OBJECT.LaPolla 87: 99
Lahu (Black)ɣɔ⁵³#5778 PL *raŋ² ‘GREEN VEGETABLE / CABBAGE / MUSTARD’tsᴀ³⁵#5376 PL *ʔgyak ‘VEGETABLE / GREENS / MUSTARD / CABBAGE’phu³³ ‘cabbage (Chinese)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 207.33
Lisu (Northern)dzø⁴⁴#2219 PTB *dzwan ‘HAWK / KITE’PLB *dzwan¹ ‘HAWK / KITE’phu³³ ‘white eagle’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)hɤ³³#2652 PTB *s(y)ar ‘LOUSE’PKir *seri ‘LOUSE’PLB *san¹/² ‘LOUSE’PKar *swɨNᴮ ‘LOUSE (head)’phu³³ ‘white louse’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)khɤ²¹#1764 PTB *d-kʷəy-n ‘DOG’PTani *kwiː ‘DOG’PKC *ʔuy ‘DOG’PCN *khjəj ‘DOG’PTk *hwɨ ‘DOG’PNN *kuəy (kreːŋ) ‘DOG’PLB *kʷəy² ‘DOG’PKar *thwíʔ ‘DOG’PKar *thwiᴮ ‘DOG’PKar *thwiᴮmiᴬ ‘FOX, WOLF’phu³³ ‘white dog’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)lɔ³³#1269 PTB *r-lu(ŋ/k) ‘STONE’PTani *lɯŋ ‘STONE’PKC *luŋ ‘STONE / ROCK’PCN *luŋ ‘STONE, ROCK’PTk *luŋ ‘STONE’PBG *loʔŋ-tai ‘STONE’PNN *C̥-luŋ ‘STONE’TGTM *ᴮʰjuŋ ‘STONE’PKir *ʔluŋ ‘STONE’PLB *k-lok ⪤ *k-loŋ ‘STONE’PL *k-lokᴸ ‘STONE’PKar *loŋᴮ ‘STONE, ROCK’phu³³ ‘white stone’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)ma³³#5664 PTB *ma ‘BAMBOO’PQ *m(y)a ‘BAMBOO’PL *ma¹ ‘BAMBOO’phu²¹læ³³morpheme ‘white hollow-centred bamboo (with long hollow sections)’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)mu³³#2473 PTB *r-məw ‘SKY / HEAVENS / CLOUDS’PTani *m(ə/u)k ‘CLOUD’ku⁵⁵morphemephu³³ ‘white cloud’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)mɔ²¹#1431 PTB *s/m-raŋ ‘HORSE’PKC *raŋ ‘HORSE’PLB *mraŋ² ‘HORSE’phu³³ ‘white horse’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)mɤ⁵⁵#1288 PTB *r-may ⪤ *m-ray ‘TAIL / PENIS’MesorootsPTani *me ~ *mjo ‘TAIL’PKC *C-may ‘TAIL’PLB *ʔ-m(r)ay² ‘TAIL’PL *ʔmri² ‘TAIL’Allofams1 #1288 PTB *r-may ⪤ *m-ray ‘TAIL / PENIS’1a #5545 PTB *r-mey ‘TAIL’phu³³ ‘white tail’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)phu³³a⁵⁵prefixtha²¹#2684 PTB *s-ta ‘KNIFE / AXE / SWORD’ ‘silver knife’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)phu³³le³³morphemezaʔ²¹morpheme ‘white; clean and white; shining white’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)phu³³thɔ²¹morphemeɤ²¹morpheme ‘silver letter; silver book; silver paper’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)phu³³ve³³#2185 PTB *b/s-wat ‘FLOWER’PLB *s-watᴴ ‘BLOOM / FLOWER’ ‘silver flower’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)phu³³ve³³#2185 PTB *b/s-wat ‘FLOWER’PLB *s-watᴴ ‘BLOOM / FLOWER’ ʃɿ³³#3496 PLB *s-rwəy¹ ⪤ *s-rwe¹ ‘GOLD / YELLOW’ve³³#2185 PTB *b/s-wat ‘FLOWER’PLB *s-watᴴ ‘BLOOM / FLOWER’ ‘gold flower and silver flower’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)phu³³ɲa⁵⁵morpheme ʃɿ³³#3496 PLB *s-rwəy¹ ⪤ *s-rwe¹ ‘GOLD / YELLOW’ɲa⁵⁵morpheme ‘plenty of silver and gold jewelry’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)si²¹#230 PTB *s-hywəy-t ‘BLOOD’MesorootsPTani *viː ‘BLOOD’PKC *thii ‘BLOOD’PCN *a-(h)jəjʔ ‘BLOOD’PTk *ʃi ‘BLOOD’PNN *C̥-həːy ‘BLOOD’PNN *syi ‘BLOOD’PLB *swəy² ‘BLOOD’PKar *swiᴮ ‘BLOOD’Allofams1a #230 PTB *s-hywəy-t ‘BLOOD’1b #5485 PTB *suy ‘MARROW’phu³³lu⁵⁵morpheme ‘white blood cell’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)tsha²¹#2729 PTB *tsa ‘SALT’PKar *saᴮ ‘SALT’phu³³ ‘white salt (cf. tsha²¹dʑæʔ²¹)’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)tʃhɿʔ²¹#1226 PTB *r-tsit ‘GOAT / BEARD / GOATEE / YAK-HAIR’PLB *V-ci:tᴸ ‘GOAT / SHEEP’phu³³ ‘white goat’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)væʔ²¹#1006 PTB *pʷak ‘PIG’PKC *wok ‘PIG’PTk *hwok ‘PIG’PNN *wak ‘PIG’TGTM *ᴮɖwa ‘PIG’PLB *wakᴸ ‘PIG’PKar *thɔʔ / tháuʔ ‘PIG’PKar *thɔɁᴰ ‘PIG’PKar *thɔɁᴰmiᴬ ‘BOAR (WILD~)’PBai *te ‘PIG’phu³³ ‘white pig’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)wa²¹#3554 PTB *s-pʷal ‘SNOW / ICE / FROST / HAIL’ a³³prefix le³³morpheme phu³³ ‘as white as snow’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)wa²¹#3554 PTB *s-pʷal ‘SNOW / ICE / FROST / HAIL’phu³³ ‘white snow (cf. tsha²¹phu³³)’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)ɣa³³#1606 PTB *k-rak ‘FOWL / CHICKEN’PTani *rok ‘CHICKEN’fu³³#301 PTB *ʔu ‘EGG / BIRD’Allofams1 #1168 PTB *pʷu ‘EGG / BIRD / ROUND OBJECT’1a #301 PTB *ʔu ‘EGG / BIRD’1b #1654 PTB *pu ‘EGG’1c #1275 PTB *pu ‘BALL / EGG / ROUND OBJECT’phu³³ ‘egg white’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)ɣa³³#1606 PTB *k-rak ‘FOWL / CHICKEN’PTani *rok ‘CHICKEN’phu³³ ‘white chicken’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)ɣɔ⁴⁴#2777 PTB *d-wam ‘BEAR (animal)’PTani *tum ‘BEAR (animal)’PKC *wom ‘BEAR (animal)’PTk *him ‘BEAR’PTk *ŋom ‘BEAR’PLB *d-wam¹/² ‘BEAR’PL *k-d-wam¹ ‘BEAR’PKar *thamᴬ ‘BEAR (animal)’phu³³ ‘white bear’Bradley 94 Lisu
Lisu (Northern)ʒɿ³⁵morphemeduʔ²¹morpheme ɔ⁵⁵morphemephu³³ N‘white-collared yuhinia, Yuhinia didemata (babbler bird)’Bradley 94 Lisu
Sani [Nyi]ne³³#681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’MesorootsPCN *mjak ⪤ *hmik ‘EYE’PLB *s-myak ‘EYE’Allofams1 #33 PTB *s-myak ⪤ *s-mik ‘EYE’1a #682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’1b #681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’ ɬu³³ ‘white of eyes’Wu 84: 93.13
Sani [Nyi]ne⁴⁴#681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’MesorootsPCN *mjak ⪤ *hmik ‘EYE’PLB *s-myak ‘EYE’Allofams1 #33 PTB *s-myak ⪤ *s-mik ‘EYE’1a #682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’1b #681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’ɬu³³ ‘white of eye’Chen 86 Yi: 3.4.2.3
6.1.2.3Southern Loloish43
Akha (Yunnan)khɔ̀#615 PTB *s-(k/ŋ)rul ‘SWEAT’PLB *ʔ-grwəy² ‘SWEAT’ pjhú ‘perspiration’Hansson 89 AHKP: 166
Akha (Thai)khɔ̀#615 PTB *s-(k/ŋ)rul ‘SWEAT’PLB *ʔ-grwəy² ‘SWEAT’-pjhú ‘perspiration’Hansson 89 AHKP: 235
Hani (Lüchun)khə̀#615 PTB *s-(k/ŋ)rul ‘SWEAT’PLB *ʔ-grwəy² ‘SWEAT’ phú ‘perspiration’Hansson 89 AHKP: 235
Hani (Caiyuan)se⁵⁵#2652 PTB *s(y)ar ‘LOUSE’PKir *seri ‘LOUSE’PLB *san¹/² ‘LOUSE’PKar *swɨNᴮ ‘LOUSE (head)’phv̩⁵⁵ ‘louse’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 162.30
Hani (Pijo)sjhí#2652 PTB *s(y)ar ‘LOUSE’PKir *seri ‘LOUSE’PLB *san¹/² ‘LOUSE’PKar *swɨNᴮ ‘LOUSE (head)’ phu ‘louse’Hansson 89 AHKP: 227
Hani (Gelanghe)ɣɔ³¹#5778 PL *raŋ² ‘GREEN VEGETABLE / CABBAGE / MUSTARD’phju⁵⁵ ‘Chinese cabbage’Li Yongsui 86 Hani
Hani (Wordlist)koq#615 PTB *s-(k/ŋ)rul ‘SWEAT’PLB *ʔ-grwəy² ‘SWEAT’◦piul ‘perspiration’Hansson 89 AHKP: 166
Hani (Wordlist)koq#615 PTB *s-(k/ŋ)rul ‘SWEAT’PLB *ʔ-grwəy² ‘SWEAT’◦piul ‘perspiration’Hansson 89 AHKP: 235
Hani (Shuikui)ʃɛ⁵⁵#2652 PTB *s(y)ar ‘LOUSE’PKir *seri ‘LOUSE’PLB *san¹/² ‘LOUSE’PKar *swɨNᴮ ‘LOUSE (head)’fv̩⁵⁵ ‘louse’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 162.32
Hani (Khatu)sjhí#2652 PTB *s(y)ar ‘LOUSE’PKir *seri ‘LOUSE’PLB *san¹/² ‘LOUSE’PKar *swɨNᴮ ‘LOUSE (head)’ phú ‘louse’Hansson 89 AHKP: 227
Hani (Mojiang)ʃɛ⁵⁵#2652 PTB *s(y)ar ‘LOUSE’PKir *seri ‘LOUSE’PLB *san¹/² ‘LOUSE’PKar *swɨNᴮ ‘LOUSE (head)’fv̩⁵⁵ n‘louse’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0356.42
Silahe55#2652 PTB *s(y)ar ‘LOUSE’PKir *seri ‘LOUSE’PLB *san¹/² ‘LOUSE’PKar *swɨNᴮ ‘LOUSE (head)’ phju55 ‘louse’Kato 08 Lao: 187
Ugongɲɔʔ◦(kɔŋ)phlɔ/phɔ̌ ‘white of eye’also contains *s-myakmorpheme · morphemeBradley 93 Ugo: 3.4.2.3
6.2Naxi17
Laze (Xiangjiao)læ˧#1600 PTB *haːr ‘BIRD / FOWL / CHICKEN’PKC *ʔaar ‘FOWL / CHICKEN’PCN *haːn-a ‘CHICKEN’PTk *ar ‘FOWL’mjæ˥morphemeʁɔ˥morpheme ku˧morphemepʰv˥ ‘egg white, albumen’Michaud 06 NaLaze: 828
Laze (Xiangjiao)pʰv˥kwɤ˥morphemelæ˩morphemehĩ˩morpheme ‘bright, shining’[Source note] i.e. “all white”; *mbaŋ?Michaud 06 NaLaze: 3359
8Bai4
Cite this entry
STEDT etymon #1235,
*plu ‘WHITE / SILVER / MONEY’.Stable link:
https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/1235Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].
References: cf. HPTB pp. 71, 174; STC p.41
BibTeX
@misc{stedt-1235,
title = {{*plu 'WHITE / SILVER / MONEY'}},
author = {STEDT},
year = {2017},
note = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #1235},
url = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/1235}
}