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STEDT #3554

*s-pʷal

SNOW / ICE / FROST / HAIL

Proto-Tibeto-Burman

Reconstruction analysis

initialwrhymealcoverL · L

Connections

HPTB*wal ‘snow / frost / ice / hail’pp. 387, 404, 428

Reflexes & cognates123 reflexes · 15 subgroups

0.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)2

*Tibeto-Burmans-pʷal ‘snow / ice / frost / hail’Matisoff 03 HPTB: 608

*Tibeto-Burmanwal ‘snow / frost / ice / hail’Matisoff 03 HPTB: 618

1.1.2Deng2

Kaman [Miju]wɑ̆l³⁵ n‘hail’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0013.23

Kaman [Miju]wɑ̆l³⁵ ‘hail’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 15.48

2.1.2.1Tibetan7

Tibetan (Alike)wat n‘frost’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0014.05

Tibetan (Amdo:Bla-brang)wal ‘frost’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 13.4

Tibetan (Amdo:Zeku)wal ‘frost’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 13.5

Tibetan (Amdo:Zeku)wed ‘frost’Sun J 85 Amdo: 295

Tibetan (Khams:Dege)kha⁵⁵morphemewa⁵³ ‘snow’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 9.3

Tibetan (Lhasa)kha⁵⁵morphemewa⁵⁵ n‘snow’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0012.02

Tibetan (Xiahe)wal n‘frost’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0014.04

2.4Kham-Magar-Chepang4

Chepanghləymorpheme.wer n.‘hail, very heavy’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangwer n.‘hail’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangwer ‘hail’Caughley 72 CVoc: 5.A.38

Chepangwer gleʔmorpheme-samorpheme ‘hail’Caughley 72 CVoc: 5.B.14

3.2Qiangic23

Guiqiongkhø⁵⁵morphemewu⁵⁵ ‘snow’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 9.17

Guiqiongkhə⁵⁵morphemewu̵⁵⁵ n‘snow’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0012.16

Muyaβə²⁴ n‘snow’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0012.15

Muya [Minyak]vɯ³⁵ ‘snow’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 9.15

Pumi (Jiulong)py⁵⁵ n‘snow’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0012.10

Pumi (Lanping)fpy⁵⁵ n‘snow’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0012.09

Pumi (Lanping)fpy⁵⁵ n‘frost’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0014.09

Pumi (Qinghua)spy⁵⁵ ‘frost’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 13.11

Pumi (Qinghua)spy⁵⁵ ‘snow’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 9.11

Pumi (Taoba)pu̵⁵³ ‘snow’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 9.10

Pumi (Taoba)pu⁵⁵ ‘frost’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 13.10

Qiang (Longxi)pè pià#1006 PTB *pʷak ‘PIG’PKC *wok ‘PIG’PTk *hwok ‘PIG’PNN *wak ‘PIG’TGTM *ᴮɖwa ‘PIG’PLB *wakᴸ ‘PIG’PKar *thɔʔ / tháuʔ ‘PIG’PKar *thɔɁᴰ ‘PIG’PKar *thɔɁᴰmiᴬ ‘BOAR (WILD~)’PBai *te ‘PIG’ ‘snow pig’Evans 99 Qiang: 394

Qiang (Longxi)peì ‘snow’Evans 99 Qiang: 14

Qiang (Longxi)peì-gùmorpheme ‘hail [snow-kernel]’Evans 99 Qiang: 15

Qiang (Longxi)pià thòmorpheme ‘frost’Evans 99 Qiang: 16

Qiang (Mawo)piɛ n‘snow’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0012.08

Qiang (Mianchi)mùmorpheme pà ‘snow’Evans 99 Qiang: 14

Qiang (Mianchi)peì thoùmorpheme-ŋámorpheme ‘have frost [frost-exist]’Evans 99 Qiang: 2470

Qiang (Mianchi)peì-thoùmorpheme ‘frost [m-cold]’Evans 99 Qiang: 16

Qiang (Taoping)mə³¹morphemepɑ⁵⁵ ‘snow’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 9.9

Qiang (Taoping)χpɑ³¹thu³³morpheme ‘frost’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 13.9

Queyu (Xinlong)kha⁵⁵morphemewa⁵⁵ n‘snow’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0012.13

Queyu (Yajiang) [Zhaba]kha⁵⁵morphemewa⁵⁵ ‘snow’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 9.16

3.3rGyalrongic2

Daofukhamorpheme va n‘snow’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0012.12

Ergong (Danba)nkhɛmorpheme va ‘snow’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 9.14

3.3.1rGyalrong5

rGyalrongtɐimorpheme jpa ‘snow’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 9.12

rGyalrong (Maerkang)tɐimorpheme pɑ n‘snow’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0012.11

Caodengtʰɐmorpheme-jpe ‘snow’Sun J 97 Cao

rGyalrongteymorpheme va ‘snow’Nagano 97 GyQ: 3.44

rGBenzhentemorpheme-va ‘snow’Sun J 97 rGB

4Nungic8

Dulongtɯ³¹prefixwɑn⁵³ n‘snow’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0012.20

Trung [Dulong]tɯ³¹prefixwɑ̆n⁵³ ‘snow’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 9.46

Dulongwan⁵⁵ɕɛn⁵³morpheme n‘hail’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0013.20

Trung [Dulong]wɑ̆n⁵³cɔŋ⁵⁵morpheme ‘hail’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 15.46

Dulongwɑn⁵⁵dʑuŋ⁵⁵morpheme n‘frost’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0014.20

Trung [Dulong]wɑ̆ʔ⁵³dzuŋ⁵⁵morpheme ‘frost’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 13.46

Trung [Dulong] (Nujiang)tɯ³¹prefixwɑ̆n⁵³ ‘snow’Sun H 82 Dul

Trung [Dulong] (Nujiang)wɑn³¹zuŋ⁵⁵morpheme ‘frost’Sun H 82 Dul

6.1Lolo-Burmese1

*Lolo-Burmesewa² ‘snow / frost / ice / hail’Matisoff 03 HPTB: 618

6.1.2Loloish1

*Loloishwa² ‘hail’Bradley 79 PLo: 325

6.1.2.1Northern Loloish26

Lalovà ‘snow’Björverud 94

Lalova²¹ ‘snow’Chen 86 CS: 104.

Nasuvo³³ ‘snow’Chen 86 CS: 104.

Nosuvo³³ ‘snow’Chen 86 CS: 104.

Nusu (Central)va⁵⁵ n‘snow’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0012.34

Nusu (Central)va⁵⁵tʂhə³³morphemelɔ⁵³morpheme n‘hail’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0013.34

Nusu (Northern)vɑ̱³⁵ ‘snow’Sun J 86 Nusu

Nusu (Bijiang)vɑ⁵⁵ ‘snow’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 9.45

Yi (Dafang)vu³³ ‘snow’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 9.22

Yi (Dafang)vu³³lo²¹morpheme ‘hail’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 15.22

Yi (Dafang)vu³³ȵi²¹#3565 PTB *s-ŋar ‘FROST / ICE’ ‘ice’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 11.22

Yi (Liangshan)vo²¹sɛ²¹morphemezɯ³³morpheme ‘snow (white stuff); snowflake’Ma 08 Yi: index

Yi (Liangshan)vo²¹ʨɔ²¹morpheme ‘snow (white stuff)’Ma 08 Yi: index

Yi (Liangshan)vo³³ ‘snow (white stuff)’Ma 08 Yi: index

Yi (Liangshan)vo³³so⁵⁵morphemehi³³morphemeso⁵⁵morpheme ‘cold (weather)’Ma 08 Yi: index

Yi (Liangshan)vo³³sɿ³³morpheme ‘snow (white stuff); snowflake’Ma 08 Yi: index

Yi (Nanjian)vɑ²¹ ‘hail’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 15.23

Yi (Nanjian)vɑ²¹ ‘snow’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 9.23

Yi (Weishan)vɑ²¹ n‘snow’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0012.36

Yi (Weishan)vɑ²¹dᴇ³³morpheme n‘ice’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0017.36

Yi (Wuding)vɤ³³ n‘snow’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0012.38

Yi (Wuding)vɤ³³ȵe³³#3565 PTB *s-ŋar ‘FROST / ICE’ n‘frost’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0014.38

Yi (Wuding)vɤ³³ȵe³³#3565 PTB *s-ŋar ‘FROST / ICE’ n‘ice’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0017.38

Yi (Wuding)vɤ¹¹lu̱²morpheme n‘hail’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0013.38

Yi (Xide)vo³³ n‘snow’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0012.35

Yi (Xide)vo³³ ‘snow’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 9.21

6.1.2.2Central Loloish30

Kucongvʌ31 liɛ55morpheme tsɿ31morpheme ‘hail / hailstone’Dai 09 Kucong

Lahu (Lancang)vɑ⁵³mɤ--e³³ n‘snow’morpheme · morphemeHuang and Dai 92 TBL: 0012.43

Lahu (Lancang)vɑ⁵³ɕi¹¹morpheme n‘hail’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0013.43

Lahu (Black)vᴀ⁵³mei¹¹morpheme ‘snow’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 9.33

Lahu (Black)vᴀ⁵³si¹¹morpheme ‘hail’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 15.33

Lahu (Yellow)va³mɯ¹morpheme ‘snow’Chang 86

Lahu (Yellow)va³ɕi⁵morpheme ‘hail’Chang 86

Lisuuɑ³¹ ‘snow’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 9.27

Lisuuɑ³¹lu⁵⁵morphemebo⁴⁴morpheme ‘hail’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 15.27

Lisu (Northern)wa²¹ N‘snow’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Northern)wa²¹ a³³prefix le³³morpheme phu³³#1235 PTB *plu ‘WHITE / SILVER / MONEY’PLB *plu¹ ‘WHITE / SILVER / MONEY’ ‘as white as snow’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Northern)wa²¹ba⁴⁴morphemekɔ³³morpheme ‘Biluo Snow Mountains’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Northern)wa²¹gwa⁴⁴morpheme ‘snow’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Northern)wa²¹hɤ²¹morpheme ‘snowflake; small particles of snow’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Northern)wa²¹ji³³morpheme ‘snow water’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Northern)wa²¹khu³³morpheme ‘pray for snow’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Northern)wa²¹khu⁵⁵morpheme ‘snowball; lump of snow’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Northern)wa²¹lu²¹morpheme ‘accumulated snow; snow pile’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Northern)wa²¹ly³³#7183 PTB *s-li ‘OLD (of things)’PLB *ʔ-li¹ ‘OLD (of things)’ ‘old snow’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Northern)wa²¹phu³³#1235 PTB *plu ‘WHITE / SILVER / MONEY’PLB *plu¹ ‘WHITE / SILVER / MONEY’ ‘white snow (cf. tsha²¹phu³³)’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Northern)wa²¹si²¹morpheme ‘red snow (cf. tsha²¹si²¹)’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Northern)wa²¹ʃɿʔ²¹morpheme ‘new snow’Bradley 94 Lisu

Lisu (Central)wa⁵ ‘snow’Fraser 22

Lisu (Central)wa⁵-hpu⁴morpheme-lu⁴morpheme ‘hail’Fraser 22

Lisu (Central)wa⁵-ma⁴morpheme-sï⁵morpheme ‘hail’Fraser 22

Lisu (Central)wa⁵-sï⁵morpheme ‘hail’Fraser 22

Lisuwɑ³¹ n‘snow’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0012.40

Lisuwɑ³¹lo⁵⁵morphemebo̱³³morpheme n‘hail’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0013.40

Sani [Nyi]va²¹ ‘snow’Chen 86 CS: 104.

Yi (Sani)vɑ¹¹ n‘snow’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0012.39

6.1.2.3Southern Loloish4

Hani (Caiyuan)ɔ³¹ ‘frost’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 9.30

Hani (Caiyuan)ɔ³¹; ni⁵⁵morpheme ‘frost’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 13.30

Hani (Shuikui)xɔ³¹ ‘snow’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 9.32

Hani (Mojiang)xɔ³¹ n‘snow’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0012.42

6.1.2.4Southeastern Loloish5

Southern Mujiva³³ ‘snow’Pelkey 11 Phula: 12

Pholavɑ³¹ ‘snow’Pelkey 11 Phula: 12

Hlepho Phowava²¹ ‘snow’Pelkey 11 Phula: 12

Hlepho Phowava²¹tɬʰo³³morpheme ‘hail’Pelkey 11 Phula: 17

Phuzava¹³ ‘snow’Pelkey 11 Phula: 12

6.2Naxi7

Laze (Xiangjiao)vie˥sɑ˥morpheme v.‘fall (snow), snow’Michaud 06 NaLaze: 2517

Laze (Xiangjiao)vie˧ ‘snow’Michaud 06 NaLaze: 33

Na (Yongning)bi˥ ‘snow’Michaud 06 NaLaze

Na (Yongning)bi˧-lv˧morpheme~lv˥morpheme ‘snow flakes’Michaud 06 NaLaze

Naxibe³³ n‘snow’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0012.45

Naxi (Yongning)bi³³ ‘snow’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 9.29

Naxi (Lijiang)mbe³³ ‘snow’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 9.28

Cite this entry

STEDT etymon #3554, *s-pʷal ‘SNOW / ICE / FROST / HAIL’.

Stable link: https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/3554

Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].

References: cf. JAM-LITB 8.0, HPTB pp. 172, 408

BibTeX

@misc{stedt-3554,
  title  = {{*s-pʷal 'SNOW / ICE / FROST / HAIL'}},
  author = {STEDT},
  year   = {2017},
  note   = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #3554},
  url    = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/3554}
}