Reconstruction analysis
handleruŋinitialrrhymeuŋcoverL · N
Intermediate reconstructions
Connections
Notes
This root is well-attested in Tani, and probably also in Qiangic and Central Naga.
This root occurs as second element in compounds with #811 PTB *r/g-na EAR / HEAR / LISTEN. There is a fortuitous resemblance between this etymon and #814 PTB *m/g-(r)wa-ŋ/k/t HORN / ANGLE / CORNER, which has a certain specious plausibility since the ears are located on the sides of the head like horns.
Reflexes & cognates104 reflexes · 8 subgroups
1.1.1Tani1
1.1.1.1Western Tani75
Apatanija-ru#6487 PTani *ña-ruŋ ‘EAR’ ru-bu#452 PTB *b(i/u)l ⪤ *byal ‘LIP / LOBE / LID’PTani *bel ‘LIP’ ‘earlobe’Sun J 93 Tani
Apatanija-ru#6487 PTani *ña-ruŋ ‘EAR’ ru-ji#576 PTB *ya(k) ‘SHIT / FECES / DUNG / EXCREMENT’PTani *eː ‘EXCREMENT’PKC *ʔeek ‘EXCREMENT / DUNG / STOOL’PKar *ʔéq ‘EXCREMENT’PKar *Ɂeᴮ ‘DUNG, EXCREMENT’ ‘earwax’Sun J 93 Tani
Apatanija-ru#6487 PTani *ña-ruŋ ‘EAR’ ru-pɯʔ#452 PTB *b(i/u)l ⪤ *byal ‘LIP / LOBE / LID’PTani *bel ‘LIP’ ‘earlobe’Sun J 93 Tani
Apatanirù-kó#820 PTB *(g/k)uŋ ‘HOLE / ORIFICE / INNER PART’PNN *koːŋ ‘EMPTY’TGTM *ᴮkʰuŋ ‘HOLE / PIT’PKir *goŋ ‘HEART’PLB *guŋ² ⪤ *kuŋ² ‘HOLLOW / HOLE / EMPTY’PL *koŋ¹ ‘INSIDE HOUSE’ ‘hole’Sun J 93 Tani
Bengnina#803 PTB *s-na ⪤ *s-naːr ‘NOSE’PKC *hnaar ‘NOSE’PCN *na(ʔ) ‘NOSE’PTk *na ‘NOSE’TGTM *ᴬʰna ‘NOSE’-fuŋ#806 PTB *bu(k/ŋ) ‘NOSE / NOSTRIL’ uŋ ‘nostril’Sun J 93 Tani
Bengniñik#682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’MesorootsPTani *mik ‘EYE’PKC *mik ‘EYE’PKC *mik-kuu-I, -kuk-II ‘SLEEPY’PCN *mjak ⪤ *hmik ‘EYE’PTk *mik ‘EYE’PTk *mit ‘EYE’TGTM *ᴮʰmiː(ŋ) ‘EYE’Allofams1 #33 PTB *s-myak ⪤ *s-mik ‘EYE’1a #682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’1b #681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’-ruŋ ‘eye socket’Sun J 93 Tani
Bengniruŋ-jiː#576 PTB *ya(k) ‘SHIT / FECES / DUNG / EXCREMENT’PTani *eː ‘EXCREMENT’PKC *ʔeek ‘EXCREMENT / DUNG / STOOL’PKar *ʔéq ‘EXCREMENT’PKar *Ɂeᴮ ‘DUNG, EXCREMENT’ ‘earwax’Sun J 93 Tani
Bokar Lhobamik#682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’MesorootsPTani *mik ‘EYE’PKC *mik ‘EYE’PKC *mik-kuu-I, -kuk-II ‘SLEEPY’PCN *mjak ⪤ *hmik ‘EYE’PTk *mik ‘EYE’PTk *mit ‘EYE’TGTM *ᴮʰmiː(ŋ) ‘EYE’Allofams1 #33 PTB *s-myak ⪤ *s-mik ‘EYE’1a #682 PTB *s-mik ‘EYE’1b #681 PTB *s-myak ‘EYE’◦ruŋ ‘eye socket’Sun H 80 MLD
Bokar Lhobaruŋ◦'eː#576 PTB *ya(k) ‘SHIT / FECES / DUNG / EXCREMENT’PTani *eː ‘EXCREMENT’PKC *ʔeek ‘EXCREMENT / DUNG / STOOL’PKar *ʔéq ‘EXCREMENT’PKar *Ɂeᴮ ‘DUNG, EXCREMENT’ ‘earwax’Sun H 80 MLD
Galo`lɨɨ#1269 PTB *r-lu(ŋ/k) ‘STONE’PTani *lɯŋ ‘STONE’PKC *luŋ ‘STONE / ROCK’PCN *luŋ ‘STONE, ROCK’PTk *luŋ ‘STONE’PBG *loʔŋ-tai ‘STONE’PNN *C̥-luŋ ‘STONE’TGTM *ᴮʰjuŋ ‘STONE’PKir *ʔluŋ ‘STONE’PLB *k-lok ⪤ *k-loŋ ‘STONE’PL *k-lokᴸ ‘STONE’PKar *loŋᴮ ‘STONE, ROCK’◦ruu n.‘hole (in stone)’GLDC 09 Galo
Galo`ruu◦ci#5624 PTB *kyay ‘LEFT (SIDE)’PTani *(lak-)ke ‘LEFT (HAND)’PKar *ceᴮ ‘LEFT (SIDE)’ n.‘ear (left)’GLDC 09 Galo
Galo`ruu◦ci#5624 PTB *kyay ‘LEFT (SIDE)’PTani *(lak-)ke ‘LEFT (HAND)’PKar *ceᴮ ‘LEFT (SIDE)’ n.‘left ear’GLDC 09 Galo
Galo`ruu◦mə#1429 PTB *s-mu-t ‘BEARD / FACIAL HAIR / HAIR’MesorootsPTani *mɯt ‘HAIR (OF BODY)’Allofams1 #363 PTB *s/r-mul ⪤ *s-mil ⪤ *s-myal ‘HAIR / FUR / FEATHER’1a #1429 PTB *s-mu-t ‘BEARD / FACIAL HAIR / HAIR’1b #2058 PTB *mum ‘CHIN / BEARD’ n.‘ear hair’GLDC 09 Galo
Galo`ruu◦mə#1429 PTB *s-mu-t ‘BEARD / FACIAL HAIR / HAIR’MesorootsPTani *mɯt ‘HAIR (OF BODY)’Allofams1 #363 PTB *s/r-mul ⪤ *s-mil ⪤ *s-myal ‘HAIR / FUR / FEATHER’1a #1429 PTB *s-mu-t ‘BEARD / FACIAL HAIR / HAIR’1b #2058 PTB *mum ‘CHIN / BEARD’ n.‘hair (ear)’GLDC 09 Galo
Galohotmorpheme◦tum#2777 PTB *d-wam ‘BEAR (animal)’PTani *tum ‘BEAR (animal)’PKC *wom ‘BEAR (animal)’PTk *him ‘BEAR’PTk *ŋom ‘BEAR’PLB *d-wam¹/² ‘BEAR’PL *k-d-wam¹ ‘BEAR’PKar *thamᴬ ‘BEAR (animal)’-tum#2777 PTB *d-wam ‘BEAR (animal)’PTani *tum ‘BEAR (animal)’PKC *wom ‘BEAR (animal)’PTk *him ‘BEAR’PTk *ŋom ‘BEAR’PLB *d-wam¹/² ‘BEAR’PL *k-d-wam¹ ‘BEAR’PKar *thamᴬ ‘BEAR (animal)’◦ruu n.‘bear den’GLDC 09 Galo
Galohotmorpheme◦tum#2777 PTB *d-wam ‘BEAR (animal)’PTani *tum ‘BEAR (animal)’PKC *wom ‘BEAR (animal)’PTk *him ‘BEAR’PTk *ŋom ‘BEAR’PLB *d-wam¹/² ‘BEAR’PL *k-d-wam¹ ‘BEAR’PKar *thamᴬ ‘BEAR (animal)’-tum#2777 PTB *d-wam ‘BEAR (animal)’PTani *tum ‘BEAR (animal)’PKC *wom ‘BEAR (animal)’PTk *him ‘BEAR’PTk *ŋom ‘BEAR’PLB *d-wam¹/² ‘BEAR’PL *k-d-wam¹ ‘BEAR’PKar *thamᴬ ‘BEAR (animal)’◦ruu n.‘den (bear)’GLDC 09 Galo
Galotaprefix◦pen#6524 PTani *pon ‘BAT / FLYING FOX’-pen#6524 PTani *pon ‘BAT / FLYING FOX’◦ruu n.‘batcave’GLDC 09 Galo
Taginnyaruŋ#6487 PTani *ña-ruŋ ‘EAR’ aprefix◦roŋ ‘earhole’Tagin nyaruŋ a roŋ implies that ruŋ HORN/EAR is distinct from aroŋ HOLE (cf. Jackson’s Mirish reconstruction for HOLE).Das Gupta 83 Tag
1.1.1.2Eastern Tani12
Padam-Mishing [Abor-Miri]nyé#803 PTB *s-na ⪤ *s-naːr ‘NOSE’PKC *hnaar ‘NOSE’PCN *na(ʔ) ‘NOSE’PTk *na ‘NOSE’TGTM *ᴬʰna ‘NOSE’-bung#806 PTB *bu(k/ŋ) ‘NOSE / NOSTRIL’-aprefix-rung ‘nostril’Matisoff 87 BP
1.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)11
Ao (Chungli)teprefix◦na#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’◦rong ‘ear’Marrison 67 Naga
Ao (Chungli)teprefix◦na#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’◦rong-aprefix◦jak#7795 PCN *tʃak ‘BREAK’ ‘deaf’Marrison 67 Naga
Ao (Chungli)tə²prefix-na²#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’ɹuŋ³ n.‘ear’Bruhn 14 PCN: II.231
Ao (Chungli)²tɯprefix³na#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’³ruŋ ‘ear’Weidert 87 TBTo: 607
Ao (Mongsen: Longchang)teprefix◦na#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’◦rong ‘ear’Marrison 67 Naga
Ao (Mongsen: Longchang)teprefix◦na#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’◦rong-teprefix◦chak#7795 PCN *tʃak ‘BREAK’ ‘deaf’Marrison 67 Naga
Ao (Mongsen: Mangmetong)[tə]prefix-hna#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’◦ɹuŋ n.‘ear’Coupe 07 Ao
Ao (Mongsen: Mangmetong)[tə]prefix-hna#811 PTB *r/g-na ‘EAR / HEAR / LISTEN’PKC *naa ⪤ *hnaa ‘EAR’PCN *hnaʔ ‘EAR’PCN *a-hŋaj ‘HEAR, LISTEN’PTk *na ‘EAR’PTk *na ‘HEAR’PNN *na ‘EAR’PL *(C)-na² ‘EAR’PKar *-hnaᴮ ‘LISTEN TO’PKar *naᴮ ‘EAR’◦ɹuŋ təprefix-tʃak#7795 PCN *tʃak ‘BREAK’ ‘deaf ('ear' + NZP + 'break')’Coupe 07 Ao
1.3.2Angami-Pochuri Group1
2.1.2Bodic1
3.2Qiangic3
Muya [Minyak]sɯ⁵⁵morphemendʑɯ³⁵#442 PTB *m-ts(y)ul ‘NOSE AND MOUTH / LIP / LOWER PART OF FACE’rø³⁵ ‘nostril’Sun H 91 MuyQ: 3.5.2
Cite this entry
STEDT etymon #2070,
*ruŋ ‘HOLE / ORIFICE / EAR’.Stable link:
https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/2070Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].
References: ("AMD")
BibTeX
@misc{stedt-2070,
title = {{*ruŋ 'HOLE / ORIFICE / EAR'}},
author = {STEDT},
year = {2017},
note = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #2070},
url = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/2070}
}