STEDT #2718
*s-twak
COME OUT / GO OUT / EMERGE
Reconstruction analysis
handletwakprefixsinitialtwrhymeakcoverT · T
Intermediate reconstructions
Connections
HPTB*s-twak ‘come out / go out / emerge’pp. 62, 321
Notes
This root is extremely well-attested, in Lolo-Burmese and many other branches of the family. In some languages (Kiranti, Tani, Karbi), it has been specialized to refer to animal births.
A variant with nasal final is also sporadically found.
The Old Chinese comparandum is reconstructed with final *-t, but this could well be a secondary development from an original velar after a front vowel. STC compares this Chinese etymon with PTB #2708 PTB *m-(t/d)u NEPHEW / DESCENDANT, a meaning which is not given in GSR, but which appears in Erh Ya.
Chinese comparandum
出 OC *t̑'i̯wət, GSR #496a-e ‘go out, come out’; Schuessler 2007:191 *k-hlut; B & S 2011: *t-kʰut; Mand. chū.
Reflexes & cognates270 reflexes · 24 subgroups
0.1Tibeto-Burman (previously published reconstructions)3
1.1.1.2Eastern Tani2
1.2Kuki-Chin1
1.2.1.1Northern Chin2
1.2.1.2Southern Plains Chin1
1.2.2Central Chin5
Lushai [Mizo]chhûak-I, chhùah-II v‘go out, come out, to depart, to rise (as sun, moon, stars), to exude’VanBik 09 PKC: 581
1.2.3Maraic1
1.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)4
Ao (Chungli)aprefix◦nü#85 PTB *s-nəy ‘SUN / DAY / DWELL’PTani *ñi ‘SUN’PKC *nii ‘DAY / SUN’PCN *nəj ‘SUN / DAY’PLB *ʔnəy¹/³ ‘SUN / DAY’PKar *nejᴬ ‘DAY’◦dok◦len#1017 PTB *lam ‘ROAD’PTani *lam ‘ROAD’PKC *lam ‘WAY / PATH / ROAD’PKC *lam ‘DIRECTION / SIDE / TOWARDS’PCN *laːm ‘PATH, ROAD, WAY’PBG *lam ‘ROAD’TGTM *ᴮgjam ‘ROAD’PKir *ʔlam ‘ROAD / PATH’ ‘east’Marrison 67 Naga
Ao (Chungli)aprefix◦nu#85 PTB *s-nəy ‘SUN / DAY / DWELL’PTani *ñi ‘SUN’PKC *nii ‘DAY / SUN’PCN *nəj ‘SUN / DAY’PLB *ʔnəy¹/³ ‘SUN / DAY’PKar *nejᴬ ‘DAY’◦dok◦len#1017 PTB *lam ‘ROAD’PTani *lam ‘ROAD’PKC *lam ‘WAY / PATH / ROAD’PKC *lam ‘DIRECTION / SIDE / TOWARDS’PCN *laːm ‘PATH, ROAD, WAY’PBG *lam ‘ROAD’TGTM *ᴮgjam ‘ROAD’PKir *ʔlam ‘ROAD / PATH’-tipmorpheme ‘south’Marrison 67 Naga
1.3.4Tangkhulic6
Ukhrulkəmorpheme-ʃok ‘emerge, exit, come out, occur, happen; do in exiting/emerging path (postp.)’Mortensen 12 Tk
1.5Mikir [Karbi]1
1.7.2.1Tangsa-Nocte1
2.3.2Southern Kiranti1
6.1Lolo-Burmese8
6.1.1Burmish73
Achang (Longchuan)a³¹morphemeŋoŋ⁵⁵morphemethoʔ⁵⁵ v.‘germinate / sprout’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1307.28
Achang (Xiandao)n⁵⁵#85 PTB *s-nəy ‘SUN / DAY / DWELL’PTani *ñi ‘SUN’PKC *nii ‘DAY / SUN’PCN *nəj ‘SUN / DAY’PLB *ʔnəy¹/³ ‘SUN / DAY’PKar *nejᴬ ‘DAY’mɔ⁵¹morphemethoʔ⁵⁵pa³¹morpheme n‘east’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0704.29
Bola (Luxi)ju³¹#303 PTB *m-dz(y)u-k ‘BELONG / TRUST / DEPEND / ACCEPT / TAKE’PCN *ju ‘CARRY / PUT’PLB *yu¹ ‘TAKE’PLB *džu² ‘LOOSE / SLACK’thɔʔ⁵⁵ ‘withdraw / take out’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1209.32
Hpun (Northern)ă hwàiŋ thò-ŋ v.‘sweat (cf.EMERGE / ISSUE)’also contains *s-(k/ŋ)rulprefix · suffixHenderson 86 Hpun
Langsu (Luxi)ju³¹#303 PTB *m-dz(y)u-k ‘BELONG / TRUST / DEPEND / ACCEPT / TAKE’PCN *ju ‘CARRY / PUT’PLB *yu¹ ‘TAKE’PLB *džu² ‘LOOSE / SLACK’thuk⁵⁵ ‘withdraw / take out’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1209.31
Maru [Langsu]sa³⁵#230 PTB *s-hywəy-t ‘BLOOD’MesorootsPTani *viː ‘BLOOD’PKC *thii ‘BLOOD’PCN *a-(h)jəjʔ ‘BLOOD’PTk *ʃi ‘BLOOD’PNN *C̥-həːy ‘BLOOD’PNN *syi ‘BLOOD’PLB *swəy² ‘BLOOD’PKar *swiᴮ ‘BLOOD’Allofams1a #230 PTB *s-hywəy-t ‘BLOOD’1b #5485 PTB *suy ‘MARROW’ thuk⁵⁵ v.‘bleed’Dai 89 Lang: 8.7.2
6.1.2Loloish3
6.1.2.1Northern Loloish30
6.1.2.2Central Loloish72
Jinuoto⁴²lɯ³⁵#3569 PTB *la-y ⪤ *ra ‘COME’PTk *ra ‘COME’ ‘come out (the sun)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1207.44
Lahu (Lancang)tɔ⁵⁴lɑ³¹#3569 PTB *la-y ⪤ *ra ‘COME’PTk *ra ‘COME’ ‘come out’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1208.43
6.1.2.3Southern Loloish49
Hani (Lüchun)ɣɤ³³morphemedu̱³³ ‘take out (from in between, a part from a whole)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1202.41
Hani (Caiyuan)ni⁵⁵#85 PTB *s-nəy ‘SUN / DAY / DWELL’PTani *ñi ‘SUN’PKC *nii ‘DAY / SUN’PCN *nəj ‘SUN / DAY’PLB *ʔnəy¹/³ ‘SUN / DAY’PKar *nejᴬ ‘DAY’mɔ³³morphemetv̱³³la⁵⁵morphememe⁵⁵morphemepa³³morpheme ‘east’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 47.30
Hani (Caiyuan)phi̱³³#1145 PTB *m-p(r)ats ‘VOMIT’PTani *b(r)at² ‘VOMIT’PNN *pʰaːt ‘VOMIT’PLB *C-patᴸ ‘VOMIT’PKar *prɔɁᴰ ‘VOMIT (v.)’tv̱³³ ‘vomit’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 543.30
Hani (Caiyuan)pʰi̱³³#1145 PTB *m-p(r)ats ‘VOMIT’PTani *b(r)at² ‘VOMIT’PNN *pʰaːt ‘VOMIT’PLB *C-patᴸ ‘VOMIT’PKar *prɔɁᴰ ‘VOMIT (v.)’ tv̩̄³³ ‘vomit’Li Yongsui 86 Hani
Hani (Caiyuan)ta̱³³#1722 PTB *l-t(y)ak ‘UPPER SURFACE / TOP / ABOVE / CLIMB / LIFT / ASCEND / PALATE’Allofams9 #1722 PTB *l-t(y)ak ‘UPPER SURFACE / TOP / ABOVE / CLIMB / LIFT / ASCEND / PALATE’9a #391 PTB *s-tak ‘HEAD’; tv̱⁵⁵ ‘rise (of the sun)’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 751.30
Hani (Mojiang)nu⁵⁵#85 PTB *s-nəy ‘SUN / DAY / DWELL’PTani *ñi ‘SUN’PKC *nii ‘DAY / SUN’PCN *nəj ‘SUN / DAY’PLB *ʔnəy¹/³ ‘SUN / DAY’PKar *nejᴬ ‘DAY’mɔ³³morphemetv̱³³lɔ⁵⁵morphemefɔ³³morpheme n‘east’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0704.42
Hani (Mojiang)ɣɯ³³morphemetv̱³³ ‘take out (from in between, a part from a whole)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 1202.42
6.1.2.4Southeastern Loloish2
6.2Naxi12
Na (Yongning)ɲi˧#85 PTB *s-nəy ‘SUN / DAY / DWELL’PTani *ñi ‘SUN’PKC *nii ‘DAY / SUN’PCN *nəj ‘SUN / DAY’PLB *ʔnəy¹/³ ‘SUN / DAY’PKar *nejᴬ ‘DAY’mi˧morphemetʰv˧ ‘east’Michaud 06 NaLaze
Naxiȵi³³#85 PTB *s-nəy ‘SUN / DAY / DWELL’PTani *ñi ‘SUN’PKC *nii ‘DAY / SUN’PCN *nəj ‘SUN / DAY’PLB *ʔnəy¹/³ ‘SUN / DAY’PKar *nejᴬ ‘DAY’me³³morphemethv̩³³ n‘east’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0704.45
9Sinitic2
9.0.1Old Chinese4
9.0.2Middle Chinese1
9.0.3Modern Chinese2
Cite this entry
STEDT etymon #2718,
*s-twak ‘COME OUT / GO OUT / EMERGE’.Stable link:
https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/2718Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].
References: cf. STC p.17, HPTB pp.62, 321
BibTeX
@misc{stedt-2718,
title = {{*s-twak 'COME OUT / GO OUT / EMERGE'}},
author = {STEDT},
year = {2017},
note = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #2718},
url = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/2718}
}