The Body › Limbs, Joints, and Body Measures › Hand, Arm, Wing

STEDT #1603

*w(a/u)

BIRD / EGG / WING / FOWL

Proto-Tibeto-Burman

Reconstruction analysis

handlewa/uinitialwrhymea/ucoverL · V

Intermediate reconstructions

Kuki-Chin*waa ‘BIRD’PKC #1134

Tangkhulic*wa ‘BIRD’DRM#318

Connections

HPTB*wa ‘bird / feather’p. 165

Notes

This etymon definitely shows variation between -a- and -u-, undoubtedly because of the rounding power of initial w-. As in many other TB etyma, there is also variation between the labial semivowel and labial stops. Cf. #1168 PTB *pʷu EGG / BIRD / ROUND OBJECT (TBRS #1).

This etymon appears as first element in a number of Kuki-Chin binomes, e.g., #4730 PKC *wa-huy PIGEON, #4292 PKC *wa-kok ⪤ *-ʔok HORNBILL, etc.

Chinese comparandum

羽 OC *gi̯wo, GSR #98a-b ‘feather’; Coblin 86:78 ST *sgwljaɣ > PC *gwljagx > OC *gwjagx ; Schuessler 2007:587 *waʔ; B & S 2011: *ɢʷaʔ {[ɢ]ʷ(r)aʔ}; Mand. yǔ.

Reflexes & cognates530 reflexes · 39 subgroups

Khoibuwa-tsamorpheme ‘bird’Brown 37 Indo

1.2.1.1Northern Chin28

Kuki-Chinva◦chaoisungmorpheme ‘gizzard / crop of bird’Haokip 98: 4.2.4

Kuki-Chinva◦chamorpheme◦mul#363 PTB *s/r-mul ⪤ *s-mil ⪤ *s-myal ‘HAIR / FUR / FEATHER’MesorootsPKC *mul ⪤ *hmul ‘HAIR (body) / FUR / WOOL’Allofams1 #363 PTB *s/r-mul ⪤ *s-mil ⪤ *s-myal ‘HAIR / FUR / FEATHER’1a #1429 PTB *s-mu-t ‘BEARD / FACIAL HAIR / HAIR’1b #2058 PTB *mum ‘CHIN / BEARD’ ‘feather (of bird)’Haokip 98: 8.1.5

Sizangva-lik#2610 PTB *s-rik ⪤ *s-ryak ‘PHEASANT / PARTRIDGE’PKC *rik ⪤ *hrik ‘PHEASANT’PLB *rwakᴸ ‘PHEASANT’PL *k-rökᴴ ‘PHEASANT’PKar *(thoᴮ)reɁᴰ ‘PHEASANT’ ‘pheasant’VanBik 09 PKC: 961

Thadovà ‘bird’Thirumalai 72: 47

Thadovâa ‘bird’VanBik 09 PKC: 1134

Thadovâa gîit#2610 PTB *s-rik ⪤ *s-ryak ‘PHEASANT / PARTRIDGE’PKC *rik ⪤ *hrik ‘PHEASANT’PLB *rwakᴸ ‘PHEASANT’PL *k-rökᴴ ‘PHEASANT’PKar *(thoᴮ)reɁᴰ ‘PHEASANT’ ‘pheasant’VanBik 09 PKC: 961

Thadovʌ̄◦càmorpheme ‘bird’Thirumalai 72: 29

Thadovʌ̄◦hóŋ#2200 PTB *m-dwaŋ ‘PEACOCK’ ‘peacock’Thirumalai 72: 46

Thadovʌ̄◦tɔ́tmorpheme ‘duck’Thirumalai 72: 63

Tiddimgam²morpheme va¹ khu²morpheme ‘turtle dove’Bhaskararao 96 CDB: 308

Tiddimgun²morpheme va¹ n‘bird species’Bhaskararao 96 CDB: 389

Tiddimin¹morpheme va¹ khu²morpheme ‘pigeon’Bhaskararao 96 CDB: 530

Tiddimu¹ tong²#2200 PTB *m-dwaŋ ‘PEACOCK’ ‘peacock’Bhaskararao 96 CDB: 1912

Tiddimva³ sa¹morpheme ‘bird’VanBik 09 PKC: 1134

Tiddimva¹ aːk¹#6695 NEIA *a(ː)k ‘CROW / RAVEN’PTani *ak ‘CROW (bird)’PKC *ʔaak ‘RAVEN / CROW (n.)’ ‘crow’VanBik 09 PKC: 499

Tiddimva¹ aːk¹#6695 NEIA *a(ː)k ‘CROW / RAVEN’PTani *ak ‘CROW (bird)’PKC *ʔaak ‘RAVEN / CROW (n.)’ ‘crow’Bhaskararao 96 CDB: 1925

Tiddimva¹ gik³morpheme ‘partridge’Bhaskararao 96 CDB: 1926

Tiddimva¹ kaːng²morpheme ‘crane’Bhaskararao 96 CDB: 1927

Tiddimva¹ mim¹#4782 PKC *miim ⪤ *hmiim ‘QUAIL’ ‘quail’VanBik 09 PKC: 782

Tiddimva¹ mim¹#4782 PKC *miim ⪤ *hmiim ‘QUAIL’ ‘quail’Bhaskararao 96 CDB: 1928

Tiddimva¹ phual¹morpheme ‘heron’Bhaskararao 96 CDB: 1929

Tiddimva¹ sa¹morpheme ‘bird’Bhaskararao 96 CDB: 1930

Tiddimva¹ toːt¹morpheme ‘duck’Bhaskararao 96 CDB: 1931

Tiddimva¹-khu²#2346 PTB *m-k(r)əw ‘DOVE / PIGEON’PTani *kɯ ‘DOVE / PIGEON’PKC *khruu ‘DOVE’PTk *ʃu ‘DOVE’PL *m-krəw² ‘DOVE’ ‘dove’VanBik 09 PKC: 1343

Tiddimˉvă-săˊmorpheme◦buː#1733 PTB *r/m-bu ⪤ *pru ‘NEST / WOMB / PLACENTA’PKC *ɓuu ‘NEST / DEN’ n+n+n‘nest (bird's)’Henderson 65 TidC

Tiddimˉvă◦ˍlaʔmorpheme n+?‘bird (small, game)’Henderson 65 TidC

Tiddimˊvaː n‘bird’Henderson 65 TidC

1.2.1.2Southern Plains Chin7

Ashowaw̌-kʻó#2346 PTB *m-k(r)əw ‘DOVE / PIGEON’PTani *kɯ ‘DOVE / PIGEON’PKC *khruu ‘DOVE’PTk *ʃu ‘DOVE’PL *m-krəw² ‘DOVE’ ‘dove’VanBik 09 PKC: 1134

Ashowaw̌-kʻó#2346 PTB *m-k(r)əw ‘DOVE / PIGEON’PTani *kɯ ‘DOVE / PIGEON’PKC *khruu ‘DOVE’PTk *ʃu ‘DOVE’PL *m-krəw² ‘DOVE’ ‘dove’VanBik 09 PKC: 1343

Cho (Mindat)va n‘generic term to designate big birds’VanBik 09 PKC: 1134

Khumitvoo ‘bird’VanBik 09 PKC: 1134

Khumitəvó ‘bird’So-Hartmann 88 Chin: 43

Matuva ‘bird’So-Hartmann 88 Chin: 43

Wakungtəmorpheme◦vá ‘bird’So-Hartmann 88 Chin: 43

1.2.2Central Chin18

Lai (Hakha)(vàa)-bǔu#1733 PTB *r/m-bu ⪤ *pru ‘NEST / WOMB / PLACENTA’PKC *ɓuu ‘NEST / DEN’ ‘bird-nest’VanBik 09 PKC: 38

Lai (Hakha)va-rit#2610 PTB *s-rik ⪤ *s-ryak ‘PHEASANT / PARTRIDGE’PKC *rik ⪤ *hrik ‘PHEASANT’PLB *rwakᴸ ‘PHEASANT’PL *k-rökᴴ ‘PHEASANT’PKar *(thoᴮ)reɁᴰ ‘PHEASANT’ ‘pheasant’VanBik 09 PKC: 961

Lai (Hakha)vàa ‘bird’VanBik 09 PKC: 1134

Lai (Falam)vâa ‘bird’VanBik 09 PKC: 1134

Lushai [Mizo]pârmorpheme◦va ‘pigeon’Marrison 67 Naga

Lushai [Mizo]sḁ#34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’MesorootsPKC *sʰaa ‘ANIMAL / FLESH / MEAT’PCN *a-ʃaʔ ‘ANIMAL / MEAT, FLESH’PTk *sa ‘FLESH / MEAT / ANIMAL’Allofams1 #5711 PTB *sya-n ⪤ *sin ‘FLESH / ANIMAL / BODY / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’1a #34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’1b #318 PTB *sin ‘BODY / OWNER / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’-vâ ‘bird’Weidert 87 TBTo: 141

Lushai [Mizo]sa#34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’MesorootsPKC *sʰaa ‘ANIMAL / FLESH / MEAT’PCN *a-ʃaʔ ‘ANIMAL / MEAT, FLESH’PTk *sa ‘FLESH / MEAT / ANIMAL’Allofams1 #5711 PTB *sya-n ⪤ *sin ‘FLESH / ANIMAL / BODY / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’1a #34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’1b #318 PTB *sin ‘BODY / OWNER / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’-va ‘bird’Bhaskararao 96 CDB: 1930

Lushai [Mizo]vâ n‘bird’VanBik 09 PKC: 1134

Lushai [Mizo]và-hrìt#2610 PTB *s-rik ⪤ *s-ryak ‘PHEASANT / PARTRIDGE’PKC *rik ⪤ *hrik ‘PHEASANT’PLB *rwakᴸ ‘PHEASANT’PL *k-rökᴴ ‘PHEASANT’PKar *(thoᴮ)reɁᴰ ‘PHEASANT’ n‘black pheasant’VanBik 09 PKC: 961

Lushai [Mizo]va-hriːt#2610 PTB *s-rik ⪤ *s-ryak ‘PHEASANT / PARTRIDGE’PKC *rik ⪤ *hrik ‘PHEASANT’PLB *rwakᴸ ‘PHEASANT’PL *k-rökᴴ ‘PHEASANT’PKar *(thoᴮ)reɁᴰ ‘PHEASANT’ ‘black pheasant’Benedict 72 STC: 403

Lushai [Mizo]vḁ-kǐ#7416 PTB *gyəy ‘PARROT / PARAKEET’PTk *ci ‘PARROT’PLB *gyəy² ‘PARROT’PKar *(thoᴮ)kiᴮ ‘PARROT / PARAKEET’ ‘parrot’Weidert 87 TBTo: 141

Lushai [Mizo]va-ki#7416 PTB *gyəy ‘PARROT / PARAKEET’PTk *ci ‘PARROT’PLB *gyəy² ‘PARROT’PKar *(thoᴮ)kiᴮ ‘PARROT / PARAKEET’ ‘parrot’Bhaskararao 96 CDB: 638

Lushai [Mizo]va-rakmorpheme ‘duck’LaPolla 87: 198

Lushai [Mizo]va-rak#5716 IA *battakh ‘DUCK’ ‘duck’Benedict 72 STC: 107n301

Lushai [Mizo]va◦rakmorpheme ‘duck’Marrison 67 Naga

Lushai [Mizo]va◦t̥humorpheme ‘dove’Marrison 67 Naga

1.2.3Maraic5

Lakher [Mara]pāprefix-váw n‘bird’VanBik 09 PKC: 1134

Lakher [Mara]vā-chhōmorpheme-chā-bū#4594 PKC *tshim-ɓuu ‘OWL’ n‘species of large owl’VanBik 09 PKC: 594

Lakher [Mara]vāw-dīa#4061 PKC *ɗaay ‘BIRD-LIME’ ‘bird-lime’VanBik 09 PKC: 61

Lakher [Mara]²pəprefix³vɔ ‘bird’Weidert 87 TBTo: 43

Lakher [Mara]²və³ku#2251 PTB *(g/k)u ‘OWL’ ‘owl’Weidert 87 TBTo: 83

1.2.4“Old Kuki”7

Kom Remva mur#467 PTB *s-muːr ‘MOUTH / LIP / HOLD IN MOUTH / CHEW / FACE / GILLS’PKC *hmuur ‘LIP / BEAK / MOUTH / TIP’PCN *mən ‘MOUTH’PTk *mor ‘MOUTH’ ‘beak / bill’Toba 91 KRQ: 3.9.3

Kom Remvə mih#363 PTB *s/r-mul ⪤ *s-mil ⪤ *s-myal ‘HAIR / FUR / FEATHER’MesorootsPKC *mul ⪤ *hmul ‘HAIR (body) / FUR / WOOL’Allofams1 #363 PTB *s/r-mul ⪤ *s-mil ⪤ *s-myal ‘HAIR / FUR / FEATHER’1a #1429 PTB *s-mu-t ‘BEARD / FACIAL HAIR / HAIR’1b #2058 PTB *mum ‘CHIN / BEARD’ ‘feather (of bird)’Toba 91 KRQ: 8.1.5

Kom Remwə mətin#512 PTB *m-(t)syen ‘NAIL / CLAW’MesorootsPKC *tin ‘NAIL / CLAW / HOOF’TGTM *ᴬtsʰin ‘NAIL’Allofams1 #511 PTB *m-(t)sin ‘NAIL / CLAW’1a #514 PTB *m-tsyal ‘NAIL / CLAW’1b #515 PTB *m-tsyey ‘NAIL / CLAW’1c #512 PTB *m-(t)syen ‘NAIL / CLAW’1d #513 PTB *m-(y/r)in ‘NAIL / CLAW’ ‘talon (of bird)’Toba 91 KRQ: 7.4.4

Kom Remwə məmorpheme◦tʰlə#737 PTB *s/k-la ‘ARM / HAND / WING’MesorootsPKC *khlaa ‘WING’Allofams20a #735 PTB *sya ‘WING’20b #737 PTB *s/k-la ‘ARM / HAND / WING’ ‘wing (of bird)’Toba 91 KRQ: 6.1.9

Moyonvà◦timorpheme◦mòwr#363 PTB *s/r-mul ⪤ *s-mil ⪤ *s-myal ‘HAIR / FUR / FEATHER’MesorootsPKC *mul ⪤ *hmul ‘HAIR (body) / FUR / WOOL’Allofams1 #363 PTB *s/r-mul ⪤ *s-mil ⪤ *s-myal ‘HAIR / FUR / FEATHER’1a #1429 PTB *s-mu-t ‘BEARD / FACIAL HAIR / HAIR’1b #2058 PTB *mum ‘CHIN / BEARD’ ‘feather (of bird)’Kosha 90: 8.1.5

Sorbungʔəprefix-waa ‘bird’Mortensen 11 Sorbung: Animals.120

Sorbungʔəprefix-waa-búu#1733 PTB *r/m-bu ⪤ *pru ‘NEST / WOMB / PLACENTA’PKC *ɓuu ‘NEST / DEN’ ‘nest’Mortensen 11 Sorbung: Animals.121

1.3“Naga” Areal Group5

Maringwa ‘bird’Marrison 67 Naga

Maringwa-camorpheme ‘bird’Brown 37 Indo

Maringwa-jui#1013 PTB *rəy ‘WATER / LIQUID / BODILY FLUID’PLB *rəy¹ ‘WATER’PL *re¹ ‘WATER’ ‘egg’Brown 37 Indo

Maringwa◦chamorpheme ‘bird’Marrison 67 Naga

Maringwa◦yui#1013 PTB *rəy ‘WATER / LIQUID / BODILY FLUID’PLB *rəy¹ ‘WATER’PL *re¹ ‘WATER’ ‘egg’Marrison 67 Naga

1.3.1Central Naga (Ao Group)26

*Aowa-zaʔmorpheme ‘BIRD’Bruhn 14 PCN: II.127

*Aowaj-hɹumorpheme n.‘CROW’Bruhn 14 PCN: II.270

Ao (Chungli)o◦zümorpheme ‘bird’Marrison 67 Naga

Ao (Chungli)u¹zəʔ¹morpheme n.‘bird’Bruhn 14 PCN: II.127

Ao (Chungli)vo-thun#442 PTB *m-ts(y)ul ‘NOSE AND MOUTH / LIP / LOWER PART OF FACE’ ‘beak / bill’French 83: 524

Ao (Chungli)wa²ɹu²morpheme n.‘crow’Bruhn 14 PCN: II.270

Ao (Chungli)wa◦ro#1606 PTB *k-rak ‘FOWL / CHICKEN’PTani *rok ‘CHICKEN’ ‘crow (bird)’Marrison 67 Naga

Ao (Mongsen: Longchang)wa◦ru#1606 PTB *k-rak ‘FOWL / CHICKEN’PTani *rok ‘CHICKEN’ ‘crow (bird)’Marrison 67 Naga

Ao (Mongsen: Longchang)wa◦yamorpheme ‘bird’Marrison 67 Naga

Ao (Mongsen: Mangmetong)wa◦hɹu#2250 PTB *groy ‘CROW / HOWL / SCREECH / SCREAM’ n.‘crow, raven’Coupe 07 Ao

Ao (Mongsen: Mangmetong)wà◦zàmorpheme-sàʔ#34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’MesorootsPKC *sʰaa ‘ANIMAL / FLESH / MEAT’PCN *a-ʃaʔ ‘ANIMAL / MEAT, FLESH’PTk *sa ‘FLESH / MEAT / ANIMAL’Allofams1 #5711 PTB *sya-n ⪤ *sin ‘FLESH / ANIMAL / BODY / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’1a #34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’1b #318 PTB *sin ‘BODY / OWNER / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’ n.‘bird meat ('bird' + 'meat')’Coupe 07 Ao

Ao (Mongsen: Mangmetong)wà◦zàʔmorpheme n.‘bird’Coupe 07 Ao

Lotha Nagavo³ro³morpheme həm³#366 PTB *(t)sam ‘HAIR (head)’PKC *sʰam ‘HAIR (head)’PCN *a-tshaːm ‘HAIR (FACE / HEAD)’PCN *a-həm ‘HAIR / LEAF / FEATHER’PTk *sam ‘HAIR (HEAD)’ n.‘feather (of bird)’Bruhn 14 PCN: III.148

Lotha Nagavo³roʔ³morpheme n.‘bird’Bruhn 14 SuppCN

Lotha Nagavó◦rò? ‘bird’Acharya 75

Lotha Nagavo◦romorpheme ‘bird’Murry 78: 10

Lotha Nagawó◦rō? ‘bird’Acharya 75

Lotha Nagawó◦rò? ‘bird’Acharya 75

Lotha Nagawo◦ro? ‘bird’Marrison 67 Naga

Lotha Nagawo◦romorpheme◦hum#366 PTB *(t)sam ‘HAIR (head)’PKC *sʰam ‘HAIR (head)’PCN *a-tshaːm ‘HAIR (FACE / HEAD)’PCN *a-həm ‘HAIR / LEAF / FEATHER’PTk *sam ‘HAIR (HEAD)’ ‘feather (of bird)’Nienu 90 LotQ: 8.1.5

Lotha Nagawo◦romorpheme◦shüp#1613 PTB *(t)s(i/u)p ‘NEST / WOMB / SCROTUM’PTani *sup ‘NEST / LAIR’PCN *a-sap ‘NEST / WEB’PL *(d)zyi ‘PLACENTA / NEST’ ‘nest’Murry 78: 77

Sangtamu◦zamorpheme ‘bird’Marrison 67 Naga

Yacham-Tengsau◦somorpheme ‘bird’Marrison 67 Naga

Yacham-Tengsau◦tü#300 PTB *d(w)əy ‘EGG / TESTICLE’MesorootsPKC *ɗu(u)y ⪤ *tu(u)y ‘EGG’PTk *dɨ ‘EGG’PKar *Ɂdejᴮ ‘EGG’Allofams2a #300 PTB *d(w)əy ‘EGG / TESTICLE’2b #1181 PTB *d(i/u)l ‘EGG / TESTICLE’ ‘egg’Marrison 67 Naga

Yacham-Tengsawa◦lomorpheme ‘crow (bird)’Marrison 67 Naga

Yimchungrüwu◦nunümorpheme ‘bird’Marrison 67 Naga

1.3.2Angami-Pochuri Group17

Angami (Khonoma)themorpheme◦vü◦nomorpheme ‘chicken’Marrison 67 Naga

Angami (Kohima)themorpheme◦vü ‘chicken’Marrison 67 Naga

Angami (Kohima)themorpheme◦vü◦nuomorpheme ‘chicken’Marrison 67 Naga

Chokri(u) shi⁵⁵#735 PTB *sya ‘WING’MesorootsPCN *a-tʃha ‘WING’Allofams20a #735 PTB *sya ‘WING’20b #737 PTB *s/k-la ‘ARM / HAND / WING’ ‘wing (of bird)’Nienu 90 ChoQ: 6.1.9

Chokri²u⁵si#735 PTB *sya ‘WING’MesorootsPCN *a-tʃha ‘WING’Allofams20a #735 PTB *sya ‘WING’20b #737 PTB *s/k-la ‘ARM / HAND / WING’ ‘wing’Weidert 87 TBTo: 481

Maoho◦dzü#3436 PTB *dz(y)u ‘EGG’PCN *tʃə ‘EGG’ ‘egg’Marrison 67 Naga

Meluriamomorpheme◦wa ‘bird’Marrison 67 Naga

Ntenyiao◦wa ‘bird’Marrison 67 Naga

Ntenyiaprefix◦wa ‘bird’Marrison 67 Naga

Ntenyiaprefix◦wü-ümorpheme ‘cock’Marrison 67 Naga

Ntenyiaprefix◦wüü-aprefix◦tsü#3436 PTB *dz(y)u ‘EGG’PCN *tʃə ‘EGG’ ‘egg’Marrison 67 Naga

Ntenyiaprefix◦wü◦ghümorpheme◦pfümorpheme ‘hen’Marrison 67 Naga

Rengmategmorpheme◦vu ‘crow (bird)’Marrison 67 Naga

Sema [Sumi]au◦khu#305 PTB *s/r-gwa-ŋ ‘EGG / TESTICLE’ ‘egg’Marrison 67 Naga

Sema [Sumi]aprefix◦o ‘bird’Marrison 67 Naga

Sema [Sumi]aprefix◦u◦timorpheme ‘chicken’Marrison 67 Naga

Sema [Sumi]aprefix◦wu◦khu#305 PTB *s/r-gwa-ŋ ‘EGG / TESTICLE’ ‘egg (of animal)’Achumi 98: 10.4.16

1.3.3Zeme Group2

Puironwa◦hong#2200 PTB *m-dwaŋ ‘PEACOCK’ ‘peacock’Marrison 67 Naga

Zemeu◦weng#2200 PTB *m-dwaŋ ‘PEACOCK’ ‘peacock’Marrison 67 Naga

1.3.4Tangkhulic10

*Tangkhulicwa ‘bird’Mortensen 12 Tk: 318

Huishuʔamorpheme-pʰmorpheme-we ‘bird (general)’Mortensen 12 Tk: Animals.120

Kachaiu-ðumorpheme ‘bird’Mortensen 12 Tk

Kachaiwu-ðumorpheme ‘bird (general)’Mortensen 12 Tk: Animals.119

Tangkhulva◦namorpheme ‘duck’Marrison 67 Naga

Tangkhulva◦nao#2492 PTB *naːw ‘YOUNGER SIBLING’PTani *nɯ ‘BROTHER (younger)’PKC *naaw ‘CHILD / INFANT / YOUNG (n.)’PKC *naw ‘TENDER / SOFT / YOUNG’PCN *nu ‘SIBLING (YOUNGER)’PTk *naw ‘CHILD / YOUNG / YOUNGER AUNT’ ‘bird’Marrison 67 Naga

Tangkhulvā◦nōmorpheme khaprefix◦mor#467 PTB *s-muːr ‘MOUTH / LIP / HOLD IN MOUTH / CHEW / FACE / GILLS’PKC *hmuur ‘LIP / BEAK / MOUTH / TIP’PCN *mən ‘MOUTH’PTk *mor ‘MOUTH’ ‘beak / bill’Matisoff 87 BP

Tangkhulwa ‘bird’Bhat 69 TNV: 85

Tangkhul (Standard)va ‘bird’Brown 37 Indo

Ukhrulva-naw#2492 PTB *naːw ‘YOUNGER SIBLING’PTani *nɯ ‘BROTHER (younger)’PKC *naaw ‘CHILD / INFANT / YOUNG (n.)’PKC *naw ‘TENDER / SOFT / YOUNG’PCN *nu ‘SIBLING (YOUNGER)’PTk *naw ‘CHILD / YOUNG / YOUNGER AUNT’ ‘bird’Mortensen 12 Tk

1.4Meithei1

Meitheiwa◦hong#2200 PTB *m-dwaŋ ‘PEACOCK’ ‘peacock’Marrison 67 Naga

1.5Mikir [Karbi]17

Mikir [Karbi]vo ‘bird’Marrison 67 Naga

Mikir [Karbi]vo ‘bird’Benedict 72 STC: 99

Mikir [Karbi]vō(ʔ) ‘bird’Weidert 87 TBTo: 43

Mikir [Karbi]vo-alomorpheme ‘cock’Marrison 67 Naga

Mikir [Karbi]vo-asimorpheme ‘chicken’Marrison 67 Naga

Mikir [Karbi]vo-ingprefix◦hu#2251 PTB *(g/k)u ‘OWL’ ‘owl’Marrison 67 Naga

Mikir [Karbi]vo-iŋprefix◦hū(ʔ)#2251 PTB *(g/k)u ‘OWL’ ‘owl’Weidert 87 TBTo: 83

Mikir [Karbi]vo-mu#2471 PTB *s-məw ‘EAGLE, HAWK’PTani *mɯ ‘EAGLE / HAWK’PKC *muu ⪤ *hmuu ‘HAWK / BIRD OF PREY’ ‘eagle’LaPolla 87: 86

Mikir [Karbi]vo-mu#2471 PTB *s-məw ‘EAGLE, HAWK’PTani *mɯ ‘EAGLE / HAWK’PKC *muu ⪤ *hmuu ‘HAWK / BIRD OF PREY’ ‘eagle, hawk, kite’Benedict 72 STC: 257

Mikir [Karbi]vo◦akmorpheme ‘crow (bird)’Marrison 67 Naga

Mikir [Karbi]vo◦dudumorpheme ‘owl’Marrison 67 Naga

Mikir [Karbi]vo◦kakmorpheme ‘duck’Marrison 67 Naga

Mikir [Karbi]vo◦mu#2471 PTB *s-məw ‘EAGLE, HAWK’PTani *mɯ ‘EAGLE / HAWK’PKC *muu ⪤ *hmuu ‘HAWK / BIRD OF PREY’ ‘hawk’Marrison 67 Naga

Mikir [Karbi]vo◦mu#2471 PTB *s-məw ‘EAGLE, HAWK’PTani *mɯ ‘EAGLE / HAWK’PKC *muu ⪤ *hmuu ‘HAWK / BIRD OF PREY’◦lang#2393 PTB *g-la(ŋ/k) ‘FALCON, VULTURE, EAGLE, KITE, HAWK, BIRD OF PREY’PTk *laaŋ ‘RAPTOR’PKar *hlaŋᴬ/ᴮ k-daɁᴰ ‘VULTURE’◦lopimorpheme ‘eagle’Marrison 67 Naga

Mikir [Karbi]vo◦ti#300 PTB *d(w)əy ‘EGG / TESTICLE’MesorootsPKC *ɗu(u)y ⪤ *tu(u)y ‘EGG’PTk *dɨ ‘EGG’PKar *Ɂdejᴮ ‘EGG’Allofams2a #300 PTB *d(w)əy ‘EGG / TESTICLE’2b #1181 PTB *d(i/u)l ‘EGG / TESTICLE’ ‘egg’Marrison 67 Naga

Mikir [Karbi]wō aprefix-tì#300 PTB *d(w)əy ‘EGG / TESTICLE’MesorootsPKC *ɗu(u)y ⪤ *tu(u)y ‘EGG’PTk *dɨ ‘EGG’PKar *Ɂdejᴮ ‘EGG’Allofams2a #300 PTB *d(w)əy ‘EGG / TESTICLE’2b #1181 PTB *d(i/u)l ‘EGG / TESTICLE’ ‘egg (of animal)’Grüssner 79 BP: 217

Mikir [Karbi]wò-tī#300 PTB *d(w)əy ‘EGG / TESTICLE’MesorootsPKC *ɗu(u)y ⪤ *tu(u)y ‘EGG’PTk *dɨ ‘EGG’PKar *Ɂdejᴮ ‘EGG’Allofams2a #300 PTB *d(w)əy ‘EGG / TESTICLE’2b #1181 PTB *d(i/u)l ‘EGG / TESTICLE’ ‘egg (of animal)’Grüssner 79 BP: glossary p

1.7.2Northern Naga/Konyakian4

*Northern Naga(C-)wa(w) təy#300 PTB *d(w)əy ‘EGG / TESTICLE’MesorootsPKC *ɗu(u)y ⪤ *tu(u)y ‘EGG’PTk *dɨ ‘EGG’PKar *Ɂdejᴮ ‘EGG’Allofams2a #300 PTB *d(w)əy ‘EGG / TESTICLE’2b #1181 PTB *d(i/u)l ‘EGG / TESTICLE’ ‘egg’French 83

*Northern NagaC̥prefix-waw ‘bird’French 83: 459

*Northern Nagaua ‘bird’French 83: 459

*Northern Nagawa ‘bird’French 83: 459

1.7.2.1Tangsa-Nocte19

Nocteva kha#2279 PTB *ka-n ‘CROW (n.)’ ‘crow’French 83: 459

Nocteva◦kha#2279 PTB *ka-n ‘CROW (n.)’ ‘crow (bird)’Marrison 67 Naga

Noctevo ‘bird’Marrison 67 Naga

Noctevo ‘bird’French 83: 459

Noctevo tʰun#442 PTB *m-ts(y)ul ‘NOSE AND MOUTH / LIP / LOWER PART OF FACE’ ‘beak / bill’French 83: 524

Nocte¹vʌ¹kha#2279 PTB *ka-n ‘CROW (n.)’ n.‘crow’Weidert 87 TBTo: 725

Tangsa¹vu³kha#2279 PTB *ka-n ‘CROW (n.)’ n.‘crow’Weidert 87 TBTo: 725

Tangsa¹vu¹t̪ʌi#300 PTB *d(w)əy ‘EGG / TESTICLE’MesorootsPKC *ɗu(u)y ⪤ *tu(u)y ‘EGG’PTk *dɨ ‘EGG’PKar *Ɂdejᴮ ‘EGG’Allofams2a #300 PTB *d(w)əy ‘EGG / TESTICLE’2b #1181 PTB *d(i/u)l ‘EGG / TESTICLE’ ‘egg’Weidert 87 TBTo: 896

Tangsa (Moshang)vu ‘bird’Marrison 67 Naga

Tangsa (Moshang)vu ‘bird’French 83: 459

Tangsa (Moshang)wu ‘chicken’Marrison 67 Naga

Tangsa (Moshang)wu di#300 PTB *d(w)əy ‘EGG / TESTICLE’MesorootsPKC *ɗu(u)y ⪤ *tu(u)y ‘EGG’PTk *dɨ ‘EGG’PKar *Ɂdejᴮ ‘EGG’Allofams2a #300 PTB *d(w)əy ‘EGG / TESTICLE’2b #1181 PTB *d(i/u)l ‘EGG / TESTICLE’ ‘egg’French 83: 481

Tangsa (Moshang)wu roŋ#720 PTB *g-raŋ ‘WING / HAND / ARM’PTk *caaŋ ‘WING’ ‘wing’French 83: 579

Tangsa (Moshang)wu-di#300 PTB *d(w)əy ‘EGG / TESTICLE’MesorootsPKC *ɗu(u)y ⪤ *tu(u)y ‘EGG’PTk *dɨ ‘EGG’PKar *Ɂdejᴮ ‘EGG’Allofams2a #300 PTB *d(w)əy ‘EGG / TESTICLE’2b #1181 PTB *d(i/u)l ‘EGG / TESTICLE’ ‘egg’Benedict 72 STC: 45n149

Tangsa (Moshang)wu◦di#300 PTB *d(w)əy ‘EGG / TESTICLE’MesorootsPKC *ɗu(u)y ⪤ *tu(u)y ‘EGG’PTk *dɨ ‘EGG’PKar *Ɂdejᴮ ‘EGG’Allofams2a #300 PTB *d(w)əy ‘EGG / TESTICLE’2b #1181 PTB *d(i/u)l ‘EGG / TESTICLE’ ‘egg’Marrison 67 Naga

Tangsa (Moshang)wu◦kha#2279 PTB *ka-n ‘CROW (n.)’ ‘crow (bird)’Marrison 67 Naga

Tangsa (Moshang)wu◦rong#720 PTB *g-raŋ ‘WING / HAND / ARM’PTk *caaŋ ‘WING’ ‘wing’Marrison 67 Naga

Tangsa (Yogli)wu ‘bird’Marrison 67 Naga

Tangsa (Yogli)wu ‘bird’French 83: 459

1.7.2.2Konyak-Chang26

Changao ‘bird’Marrison 67 Naga

Changau ‘bird’French 83: 459

Changau tei#300 PTB *d(w)əy ‘EGG / TESTICLE’MesorootsPKC *ɗu(u)y ⪤ *tu(u)y ‘EGG’PTk *dɨ ‘EGG’PKar *Ɂdejᴮ ‘EGG’Allofams2a #300 PTB *d(w)əy ‘EGG / TESTICLE’2b #1181 PTB *d(i/u)l ‘EGG / TESTICLE’ ‘egg ("bird-egg")’French 83: 481

Changau◦kumatpamorpheme ‘crow (bird)’Marrison 67 Naga

Changau◦nakmorpheme ‘chicken’Marrison 67 Naga

Changau◦tei#300 PTB *d(w)əy ‘EGG / TESTICLE’MesorootsPKC *ɗu(u)y ⪤ *tu(u)y ‘EGG’PTk *dɨ ‘EGG’PKar *Ɂdejᴮ ‘EGG’Allofams2a #300 PTB *d(w)əy ‘EGG / TESTICLE’2b #1181 PTB *d(i/u)l ‘EGG / TESTICLE’ ‘egg ("bird-egg")’Marrison 67 Naga

Konyakao◦hamorpheme ‘bird’Marrison 67 Naga

Konyakao◦hamorpheme◦meimorpheme ‘chicken’Marrison 67 Naga

Konyakao◦kiak#3437 PTB *k(r/w)ak ‘EGG / TESTICLE’ ‘egg’Marrison 67 Naga

Konyakao◦nimmorpheme ‘duck’Marrison 67 Naga

Konyakao◦shamorpheme ‘crow (bird)’Marrison 67 Naga

Konyakau hamorpheme ‘bird’French 83: 459

Konyaku◦weng#2200 PTB *m-dwaŋ ‘PEACOCK’ ‘peacock’Marrison 67 Naga

Konyak (Tamlu)ʌu-kaʔ#2279 PTB *ka-n ‘CROW (n.)’ n.‘crow’Weidert 87 TBTo: 725

Konyak (Tamlu)ʌu◦ji#300 PTB *d(w)əy ‘EGG / TESTICLE’MesorootsPKC *ɗu(u)y ⪤ *tu(u)y ‘EGG’PTk *dɨ ‘EGG’PKar *Ɂdejᴮ ‘EGG’Allofams2a #300 PTB *d(w)əy ‘EGG / TESTICLE’2b #1181 PTB *d(i/u)l ‘EGG / TESTICLE’ ‘egg’Weidert 87 TBTo: 896

Phomou thəmorpheme ‘bird’French 83: 459

Phomou◦chahamorpheme ‘chicken’Marrison 67 Naga

Phomou◦thümorpheme ‘bird’Marrison 67 Naga

Wanchoao ‘bird’Marrison 67 Naga

Wanchoao◦ka#2279 PTB *ka-n ‘CROW (n.)’ ‘crow (bird)’Marrison 67 Naga

Wanchoao◦pak#5716 IA *battakh ‘DUCK’ ‘duck’Marrison 67 Naga

Wanchoao◦samorpheme ‘chicken’Marrison 67 Naga

Wanchoao◦ti#300 PTB *d(w)əy ‘EGG / TESTICLE’MesorootsPKC *ɗu(u)y ⪤ *tu(u)y ‘EGG’PTk *dɨ ‘EGG’PKar *Ɂdejᴮ ‘EGG’Allofams2a #300 PTB *d(w)əy ‘EGG / TESTICLE’2b #1181 PTB *d(i/u)l ‘EGG / TESTICLE’ ‘egg’Marrison 67 Naga

Wanchoo ‘bird’French 83: 459

Wanchoɔ ‘bird’French 83: 459

Wanchoɔ ti#300 PTB *d(w)əy ‘EGG / TESTICLE’MesorootsPKC *ɗu(u)y ⪤ *tu(u)y ‘EGG’PTk *dɨ ‘EGG’PKar *Ɂdejᴮ ‘EGG’Allofams2a #300 PTB *d(w)əy ‘EGG / TESTICLE’2b #1181 PTB *d(i/u)l ‘EGG / TESTICLE’ ‘egg’French 83: 481

1.7.3.1Jingpho30

Jingphou ‘bird’Marrison 67 Naga

Jingphou-doŋ#2200 PTB *m-dwaŋ ‘PEACOCK’ ‘peacock’Benedict 72 STC: 341

Jingphoù-mài#1288 PTB *r-may ⪤ *m-ray ‘TAIL / PENIS’MesorootsPTani *me ~ *mjo ‘TAIL’PKC *C-may ‘TAIL’PLB *ʔ-m(r)ay² ‘TAIL’PL *ʔmri² ‘TAIL’Allofams1 #1288 PTB *r-may ⪤ *m-ray ‘TAIL / PENIS’1a #5545 PTB *r-mey ‘TAIL’ ‘bird's tail’Matisoff 87 BP

Jingphou-ri#2610 PTB *s-rik ⪤ *s-ryak ‘PHEASANT / PARTRIDGE’PKC *rik ⪤ *hrik ‘PHEASANT’PLB *rwakᴸ ‘PHEASANT’PL *k-rökᴴ ‘PHEASANT’PKar *(thoᴮ)reɁᴰ ‘PHEASANT’ ‘pheasant’Benedict 72 STC: 403

Jingphou³³kha³³#2279 PTB *ka-n ‘CROW (n.)’ n.‘crow’Liu 84

Jingphou³³kha³³#2279 PTB *ka-n ‘CROW (n.)’ n‘crow’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0339.19

Jingphou̱³³kha³³#2279 PTB *ka-n ‘CROW (n.)’ n.‘crow’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 145.47

Jingphou̱³¹ ‘chicken’Liu 84

Jingphou̱³¹ ‘bird’Liu 84

Jingphou³¹ n‘chicken’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0293.19

Jingphou̱³¹ ‘chicken’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 135.47

Jingphou̱³¹ ‘bird’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 142.47

Jingphou³¹ (ʃă³¹morphemeniŋ³³#2501 PTB *s-ni(ː)ŋ ⪤ *s-nik ‘YEAR’PTani *ñiŋ ‘YEAR’PCN *niŋ ‘SKY / YEAR’PL *s-nikᴴ ‘YEAR’PKar *hneŋ ‘YEAR’PKar *hneŋᴮ ‘YEAR’) n‘year of the chicken’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0764.19

Jingphou³¹loŋ³¹morpheme n‘pen (chicken)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0507.19

Jingphou³¹nam³¹morphemetʃi³³morpheme n‘bird’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0326.19

Jingphou³¹to̱ŋ³³#2200 PTB *m-dwaŋ ‘PEACOCK’ n‘peacock’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0345.19

Jingphou̱³¹tsa̱³³#5413 PTB *m-tsa ‘SPARROW’PLB *Ndža¹ ‘SPARROW’ ‘sparrow’Liu 84

Jingphou³¹tsa̱³³#5413 PTB *m-tsa ‘SPARROW’PLB *Ndža¹ ‘SPARROW’ n‘sparrow’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0336.19

Jingphou̱³¹tsa̱³³#5413 PTB *m-tsa ‘SPARROW’PLB *Ndža¹ ‘SPARROW’ ‘sparrow’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 148.47

Jingphou̱³¹tsi̱p⁵⁵#1613 PTB *(t)s(i/u)p ‘NEST / WOMB / SCROTUM’PTani *sup ‘NEST / LAIR’PCN *a-sap ‘NEST / WEB’PL *(d)zyi ‘PLACENTA / NEST’ ‘nest’Liu 84

Jingphou³¹tsi̱p⁵⁵#1613 PTB *(t)s(i/u)p ‘NEST / WOMB / SCROTUM’PTani *sup ‘NEST / LAIR’PCN *a-sap ‘NEST / WEB’PL *(d)zyi ‘PLACENTA / NEST’ n‘nest (bird)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0327.19

Jingphou̱³¹tsi̱p⁵⁵#1613 PTB *(t)s(i/u)p ‘NEST / WOMB / SCROTUM’PTani *sup ‘NEST / LAIR’PCN *a-sap ‘NEST / WEB’PL *(d)zyi ‘PLACENTA / NEST’ ‘nest’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 368.47

Jingphou◦pyek#5716 IA *battakh ‘DUCK’ ‘duck’Marrison 67 Naga

Jingphou◦tsa#5413 PTB *m-tsa ‘SPARROW’PLB *Ndža¹ ‘SPARROW’ ‘sparrow’Marrison 67 Naga

Jingphowu ‘bird’Marrison 67 Naga

Jingphowu◦tawng#2200 PTB *m-dwaŋ ‘PEACOCK’ ‘peacock’Marrison 67 Naga

Jingpho¹u¹di#300 PTB *d(w)əy ‘EGG / TESTICLE’MesorootsPKC *ɗu(u)y ⪤ *tu(u)y ‘EGG’PTk *dɨ ‘EGG’PKar *Ɂdejᴮ ‘EGG’Allofams2a #300 PTB *d(w)əy ‘EGG / TESTICLE’2b #1181 PTB *d(i/u)l ‘EGG / TESTICLE’ ‘egg’Weidert 87 TBTo: 896

Jingphoʔù-tōŋ#2200 PTB *m-dwaŋ ‘PEACOCK’ ‘peacock’Matisoff 74 TJLB: 187

Jingphoʔù-tsā#5413 PTB *m-tsa ‘SPARROW’PLB *Ndža¹ ‘SPARROW’ ‘sparrow’Matisoff 74 TJLB: 13

Jingphoʔù-tsəwímorpheme ‘kind of bird’Matisoff 74 TJLB: 285

1.7.3.2Asakian6

Kaduu-di#300 PTB *d(w)əy ‘EGG / TESTICLE’MesorootsPKC *ɗu(u)y ⪤ *tu(u)y ‘EGG’PTk *dɨ ‘EGG’PKar *Ɂdejᴮ ‘EGG’Allofams2a #300 PTB *d(w)əy ‘EGG / TESTICLE’2b #1181 PTB *d(i/u)l ‘EGG / TESTICLE’ ‘egg’Matisoff 87 BP

Saku ‘fowl / chicken’Huziwara 08 Sak: 304-7

Saku-kyimorpheme ‘egg’Matisoff 87 BP

Saku◦há#2279 PTB *ka-n ‘CROW (n.)’ n‘crow’Huziwara 08 Sak: 305-6

Saku◦sɨmorpheme ‘bird’Huziwara 08 Sak: 301

Sakwa-tí#300 PTB *d(w)əy ‘EGG / TESTICLE’MesorootsPKC *ɗu(u)y ⪤ *tu(u)y ‘EGG’PTk *dɨ ‘EGG’PKar *Ɂdejᴮ ‘EGG’Allofams2a #300 PTB *d(w)əy ‘EGG / TESTICLE’2b #1181 PTB *d(i/u)l ‘EGG / TESTICLE’ ‘egg’Matisoff 87 BP

2.1.2Bodic10

Tsangla (Motuo)gomorpheme◦wa ‘chicken’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 135.7

Tsangla (Motuo)gomorpheme◦wa lamorpheme◦po#1635 PTB *pu ‘MALE / MASCULINE SUFFIX’ ‘rooster’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 136.7

Tsangla (Motuo)ko¹³morphemewa¹³ ‘chicken’Zhang Jichuan 86

Tsangla (Motuo)ko¹³morphemewa¹³la¹³morphemepo⁵⁵#1635 PTB *pu ‘MALE / MASCULINE SUFFIX’ ‘rooster’Zhang Jichuan 86

Tsangla (Motuo)wai¹³ lam¹³#768 PTB *m/s-lam ‘WING / ARM / HAND / FINGER’ ‘wing’Zhang Jichuan 86

Tsangla (Motuo)wø◦lam#768 PTB *m/s-lam ‘WING / ARM / HAND / FINGER’ ‘wing’Sun H 80 MLD

Tsangla (Motuo)wø◦lam#768 PTB *m/s-lam ‘WING / ARM / HAND / FINGER’ ‘wing’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 171.7

Tsangla (Tilang)oi-lom#768 PTB *m/s-lam ‘WING / ARM / HAND / FINGER’ ‘wing’Zhang Jichuan 86

Motuo Menbagomorpheme wa n‘chicken’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0293.07

Motuo Menbawø lam#768 PTB *m/s-lam ‘WING / ARM / HAND / FINGER’ n‘wing’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0298.07

2.1.2.1Tibetan2

Tibetan (Amdo:Zeku)ræ ntɕʰə#442 PTB *m-ts(y)ul ‘NOSE AND MOUTH / LIP / LOWER PART OF FACE’ ‘beak / bill’Sun J 85 Amdo: 52

Tibetan (Written)rwa.mchu#442 PTB *m-ts(y)ul ‘NOSE AND MOUTH / LIP / LOWER PART OF FACE’ ‘beak / bill’Sun J 85 TbGl: 52

2.3.1Eastern Kiranti19

Athpare (Rai)beʔ#5716 IA *battakh ‘DUCK’◦wa ‘duck’Ebert 97 Athpare

Athpare (Rai)le#1284 PTB *m-ley ⪤ *m-li ‘PENIS’MesorootsPL *(n)-li² ‘PENIS’Allofams114 #1285 PTB *m-(l/n)ey ⪤ *m-li ‘PENIS’114a #1284 PTB *m-ley ⪤ *m-li ‘PENIS’114b #545 PTB *m-ney ‘PENIS’◦wa◦ɖin#1181 PTB *d(i/u)l ‘EGG / TESTICLE’MesorootsPKC *til ‘TESTICLE / SCROTUM’Allofams2a #300 PTB *d(w)əy ‘EGG / TESTICLE’2b #1181 PTB *d(i/u)l ‘EGG / TESTICLE’ ‘testicle’Weidert 87 TBTo: 617b

Athpare (Rai)numorpheme◦wa ‘bird’Ebert 97 Athpare

Athpare (Rai)numorpheme◦wa uhapmorpheme n.‘bird's nest’Ebert 97 Athpare

Athpare (Rai)nmorpheme◦wa ‘bird’Ebert 97 Athpare

Athpare (Rai)wa ‘hen, chicken’Ebert 97 Athpare

Athpare (Rai)wa◦dhinmorpheme ‘chicken egg’Ebert 97 Athpare

Athpare (Rai)wa◦hapmorpheme ‘nest’Ebert 97 Athpare

Athpare (Rai)wa◦jimorpheme◦letmorpheme ‘small chicken’Ebert 97 Athpare

Limbuwa ‘chicken’Michailovsky 89 Lm

Limbuwaʔ ‘bird / chicken’Weidert 87 TBTo: 116

Limbuwā◦thin#1181 PTB *d(i/u)l ‘EGG / TESTICLE’MesorootsPKC *til ‘TESTICLE / SCROTUM’Allofams2a #300 PTB *d(w)əy ‘EGG / TESTICLE’2b #1181 PTB *d(i/u)l ‘EGG / TESTICLE’ ‘egg’Matisoff 87 BP

Limbuwɔ◦maqmamorpheme ‘hen (immature) / pullet’Michailovsky 89 Lm

Limbuwɔ◦phapromorpheme ‘hen (immature) / pullet’Michailovsky 89 Lm

Limbuwɔ◦raŋkhEkpamorpheme ‘chicken louse’Michailovsky 89 Lm

Yakhauː◦lap#757 PTB *lap ‘WING / FEATHER’MesorootsPTani *lap ‘WING’Allofams17 #753 PTB *m/p/s-(l/d)ap ‘ARM / HAND / WING’17a #757 PTB *lap ‘WING / FEATHER’17b #2077 PTB *s-lap ‘WING / FLUTTER / EYELASH / GILL’17c #760 PTB *p-(l/y)ap ‘WING / FEATHER’17d #756 PTB *pap ‘WING / FEATHER’17e #758 PTB *m-dap ‘WING / FEATHER’ ‘wing (of bird)’Kohn 90: 6.1.9

Yamphuciŋmorpheme◦yaʔmorpheme◦wa n‘species of chicken with erect feathers’Rutgers 98: 531.13

Yamphuwa n‘chicken’Rutgers 98: 589.1

Yamphuwa◦ʔiŋmorpheme n‘egg’Rutgers 98: 590.22

2.3.2Southern Kiranti33

Bantawakekumorpheme◦wa ‘bird, kind of’Rai 85 BnDs

Bantawali#1284 PTB *m-ley ⪤ *m-li ‘PENIS’MesorootsPL *(n)-li² ‘PENIS’Allofams114 #1285 PTB *m-(l/n)ey ⪤ *m-li ‘PENIS’114a #1284 PTB *m-ley ⪤ *m-li ‘PENIS’114b #545 PTB *m-ney ‘PENIS’-wa-din#1181 PTB *d(i/u)l ‘EGG / TESTICLE’MesorootsPKC *til ‘TESTICLE / SCROTUM’Allofams2a #300 PTB *d(w)əy ‘EGG / TESTICLE’2b #1181 PTB *d(i/u)l ‘EGG / TESTICLE’ ‘testicle’Literally “penis + bird + egg” (cf. Athpare le wa ɖin ‘testicle’).Rai 84 BnDc: 46

Bantawal#1284 PTB *m-ley ⪤ *m-li ‘PENIS’MesorootsPL *(n)-li² ‘PENIS’Allofams114 #1285 PTB *m-(l/n)ey ⪤ *m-li ‘PENIS’114a #1284 PTB *m-ley ⪤ *m-li ‘PENIS’114b #545 PTB *m-ney ‘PENIS’◦Ua◦Din#1181 PTB *d(i/u)l ‘EGG / TESTICLE’MesorootsPKC *til ‘TESTICLE / SCROTUM’Allofams2a #300 PTB *d(w)əy ‘EGG / TESTICLE’2b #1181 PTB *d(i/u)l ‘EGG / TESTICLE’ ‘testicle’Rai 85 BnDs

Bantawanaroʔmorpheme◦wa ‘duck, kind of flying’Rai 85 BnDs

BantawaTUʔmorpheme◦wa ‘bird, kind of’Rai 85 BnDs

Bantawawa ‘hen’Rai 85 BnDs

Bantawawa-din#1181 PTB *d(i/u)l ‘EGG / TESTICLE’MesorootsPKC *til ‘TESTICLE / SCROTUM’Allofams2a #300 PTB *d(w)əy ‘EGG / TESTICLE’2b #1181 PTB *d(i/u)l ‘EGG / TESTICLE’ ‘chicken egg / egg’Rai 84 BnDc: 72

Bantawawa-lap#757 PTB *lap ‘WING / FEATHER’MesorootsPTani *lap ‘WING’Allofams17 #753 PTB *m/p/s-(l/d)ap ‘ARM / HAND / WING’17a #757 PTB *lap ‘WING / FEATHER’17b #2077 PTB *s-lap ‘WING / FLUTTER / EYELASH / GILL’17c #760 PTB *p-(l/y)ap ‘WING / FEATHER’17d #756 PTB *pap ‘WING / FEATHER’17e #758 PTB *m-dap ‘WING / FEATHER’-mamorpheme ‘feather’Rai 84 BnDc: 43

BantawawaicheT ‘chickens’morphemeRai 85 BnDs

Bantawawa◦Din#1181 PTB *d(i/u)l ‘EGG / TESTICLE’MesorootsPKC *til ‘TESTICLE / SCROTUM’Allofams2a #300 PTB *d(w)əy ‘EGG / TESTICLE’2b #1181 PTB *d(i/u)l ‘EGG / TESTICLE’ ‘egg of hen’Rai 85 BnDs

Bantawawa◦khUmorpheme ‘chicken droppings’Rai 85 BnDs

Bantawawa◦lap#757 PTB *lap ‘WING / FEATHER’MesorootsPTani *lap ‘WING’Allofams17 #753 PTB *m/p/s-(l/d)ap ‘ARM / HAND / WING’17a #757 PTB *lap ‘WING / FEATHER’17b #2077 PTB *s-lap ‘WING / FLUTTER / EYELASH / GILL’17c #760 PTB *p-(l/y)ap ‘WING / FEATHER’17d #756 PTB *pap ‘WING / FEATHER’17e #758 PTB *m-dap ‘WING / FEATHER’◦masuffix ‘quill / feather’Rai 85 BnDs

Bantawawa◦mamamorpheme ‘hen’Rai 85 BnDs

Bantawawa◦sa#34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’MesorootsPKC *sʰaa ‘ANIMAL / FLESH / MEAT’PCN *a-ʃaʔ ‘ANIMAL / MEAT, FLESH’PTk *sa ‘FLESH / MEAT / ANIMAL’Allofams1 #5711 PTB *sya-n ⪤ *sin ‘FLESH / ANIMAL / BODY / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’1a #34 PTB *sya-n ‘FLESH / MEAT / GAME ANIMAL’1b #318 PTB *sin ‘BODY / OWNER / AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER’ ‘chicken (meat)’Rai 85 BnDs

Bantawawa◦simbamorpheme ‘chicken flea’Rai 85 BnDs

Bantawawa◦yaN#672 PTB *k-yaŋ ‘UTERUS / PLACENTA / CRADLE / NEST’ n‘nest’Rai 85 BnDs

Bantawawa◦ɖin#1181 PTB *d(i/u)l ‘EGG / TESTICLE’MesorootsPKC *til ‘TESTICLE / SCROTUM’Allofams2a #300 PTB *d(w)əy ‘EGG / TESTICLE’2b #1181 PTB *d(i/u)l ‘EGG / TESTICLE’ ‘chicken egg’Michailovsky 91 Kr: 55

ChamlingkOwmorpheme◦wa ‘crow (bird?)’Winter 85

Chamlingmowmorpheme◦wa ‘bird sp.’Winter 85

Chamlingwa-◦daî#1181 PTB *d(i/u)l ‘EGG / TESTICLE’MesorootsPKC *til ‘TESTICLE / SCROTUM’Allofams2a #300 PTB *d(w)əy ‘EGG / TESTICLE’2b #1181 PTB *d(i/u)l ‘EGG / TESTICLE’◦masuffix ‘chicken egg’Michailovsky 91 Kr: 55

Chamlingwa◦cchamorpheme ‘chick’Winter 85

Chamlingwa◦chimorpheme ‘chicken’Winter 85

Chamlingwa◦dAy#1181 PTB *d(i/u)l ‘EGG / TESTICLE’MesorootsPKC *til ‘TESTICLE / SCROTUM’Allofams2a #300 PTB *d(w)əy ‘EGG / TESTICLE’2b #1181 PTB *d(i/u)l ‘EGG / TESTICLE’◦mamorpheme ‘chicken egg’Winter 85: 38

Chamlingwa◦mamorpheme ‘hen’Winter 85

Chamlingwa◦pa#1634 PTB *p/ba ‘MALE / FATHER / 3p PRONOUN’PKC *paa ‘FATHER’PKC *paa ‘MALE’PCN *pa ‘HE / SHE (3sg.)’PTk *ba ‘FATHER / MALE’PKar *phaᴬ ‘MALE (OF ANIMALS), FATHER’ ‘rooster’Winter 85

Chamlingwa◦samorpheme ‘bird’Winter 85

Kulungwa ‘hen’Rai 75 Kul

Kulungwa◦chamorpheme ‘chick’Rai 75 Kul

Kulungwa◦di#1181 PTB *d(i/u)l ‘EGG / TESTICLE’MesorootsPKC *til ‘TESTICLE / SCROTUM’Allofams2a #300 PTB *d(w)əy ‘EGG / TESTICLE’2b #1181 PTB *d(i/u)l ‘EGG / TESTICLE’ ‘egg’Michailovsky 91 Kr: 55

Kulungwa◦dittmorpheme-amorpheme v.‘lay an egg’Rai 75 Kul

Kulungwa◦lam#757 PTB *lap ‘WING / FEATHER’MesorootsPTani *lap ‘WING’Allofams17 #753 PTB *m/p/s-(l/d)ap ‘ARM / HAND / WING’17a #757 PTB *lap ‘WING / FEATHER’17b #2077 PTB *s-lap ‘WING / FLUTTER / EYELASH / GILL’17c #760 PTB *p-(l/y)ap ‘WING / FEATHER’17d #756 PTB *pap ‘WING / FEATHER’17e #758 PTB *m-dap ‘WING / FEATHER’◦mamorpheme ‘feather’Note the assimilation of the medial consonants in Kulung lam ma.Michailovsky 91 Kr: 64

2.3.3Central Kiranti1

Dumiphumorpheme◦pum ‘cock / rooster’Driem 93 Dumi

2.3.4Western Kiranti1

Sunwarbwā: gutkā:morpheme n‘house (chicken)’Hale 73 CSD: 06a.11

2.4Kham-Magar-Chepang157

Chepangbaŋmorpheme.tholʔmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), an owl, Scops Owl? (ED)’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangbaŋmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), Peregrine or Shahin Falcon’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangbetmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), Fantail Flycatcher’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangbeŋmorpheme.kumorpheme.timorpheme.(waʔ) n.‘bird (sp.), Bearded Laughing Thrush’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangbhal#1602 IA *bhāle ‘COCK / ROOSTER’.ya.(waʔ) n.‘rooster (<N)’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangbhiŋmorpheme.gumorpheme.luŋmorpheme.(waʔ) n.‘bird (sp.), Bearded Laughing Thrush’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangbritmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), Sharp-tailed Munia’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangbruk#197 PTB *bruk ‘PIEBALD / SPECKLED’.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), medium-sized, fruit-eating, Speckled Wood Pigeon’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangbumorpheme.dhamorpheme.jyumorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), with feather crest Sultan Tit’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangbəmorpheme.himorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), Long-tailed Broadbill’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangcimorpheme.pinʔmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), Ground Warbler’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangcoyʔmorpheme.likmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), lowland nocturnal, Nightjar’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangcumorpheme.pəmorpheme.timorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), yellow breast, reddish wings’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangcyamʔmorpheme.pamorpheme.laŋmorpheme.(waʔ) n.‘bird (sp.), Sunbird’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangdaykmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), green, lowland Kingfisher’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangdhamorpheme.gumorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), an owl, Spotted Owlet?’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangdhemorpheme.kimorpheme.thumʔmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), medium-sized, grey, nocturnal’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangdhumorpheme.kurmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), dove (<N Dhukur)’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangdhənmorpheme.cumorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), a warbler’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangdumorpheme.hikmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), Scarlet Minabet (male)’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangdumorpheme.wətmorpheme,waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), a snipe?’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangduŋmorpheme.narʔmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), blackbird-sized, black, ground-feeding (insects), of the highlands’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangdyəwmorpheme.kalʔmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), Red-vented Bulbul (ch.)’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepanggalmorpheme.daləmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), large eagle’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangghroykmorpheme.cikmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), small, brown, nests in ground hole, Spiny Babbler?’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangglipimorpheme.cikmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), Spotted Babbler’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepanggomorpheme.gomorpheme.tamorpheme.(samorpheme.gəmorpheme).waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), White-throated Laughing Thrush’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepanggoʔmorpheme.sarʔmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), Domestic Fowl (ch.)’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepanggryokmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), migrating Greylag goose? – these birdscall when flying in formation’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepanggyakmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), starling-sized, grey, eats corn’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepanghemorpheme.lemorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), Black or Bronzed Drongo’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepanghikmorpheme.lənmorpheme.ʔimorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), Hair-crested Drongo (ch.)’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepanghikmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), Hair-crested Drongo’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepanghuyhmorpheme.lənmorpheme.ʔimorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), mentioned in songs (domestic fowl?) (ch.)’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangjaʔmorpheme.walʔmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), blackbird-sized, brown, inhabiting clearings’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangjhewmorpheme.tamorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), grey, Black-throated Babbler?’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangjhimorpheme.liŋmorpheme.konmorpheme.waʔ n.‘large rooster’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangjhikmorpheme.jirmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), Silver-eared Mesia’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangkā#2279 PTB *ka-n ‘CROW (n.)’.wāʔ n‘crow (bird)’Hale 73 CSD: 03a.016

Chepangkekmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), White-cheeked Bulbul’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangkhokmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), Hornbill’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangkhusmorpheme.pukmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), European Cuckoo’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangkim#1612 PTB *k-y(i/u)m ‘HOUSE’PKC *ʔim ‘HOUSE’PCN *a-jam ‘HOUSE / VILLAGE’PTk *ʃim ‘HOUSE’TGTM *ᴮdim ‘HOUSE’PLB *yim¹ ‘HOUSE’PL *yim¹ ‘HOUSE’PKar *hyi[m] ‘HOUSE’.waʔ n.‘Domestic Fowl’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangkliʔmorpheme.hrehmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), small greyish, found in bushes’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangkohibasmorpheme-waʔ ‘eagle’Caughley 72 CVoc: 3.A.22

Chepangkohibāsmorpheme.wāʔ n‘eagle’Hale 73 CSD: 03a.022

Chepangkokmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), day feeding, nocturnal calling, Koel?’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangkolomorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), White-crested Laughing Thrush’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangkommorpheme.ʔərmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), ground-feeding’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangkromhmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), lowland, nocturnal, Nightjar’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangkruykmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), Blossom-headed Parakeet’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangkumorpheme.himorpheme.basmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird of prey (sp.), larger than Crested Eagle’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangkutumorpheme.rukmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), Blue-throated Barbet’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangkuyʔmorpheme.kolomorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), Slaty-headed Scimitar Babbler?’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangkwaʔmorpheme.cyarʔmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), Rufous-chinned Spotted Babbler’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangkwirmorpheme.hlikmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), Striated Laughing Thrush, nests in thatch grass’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangkyuŋʔmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), Crimson-backed Woodpecker’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangkətəmorpheme.pəwmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), lowland, greenish, thrush-sized’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangkəymorpheme.cimorpheme.katmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), Swift’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangkəyʔmorpheme.lənmorpheme.ʔimorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), Black Bulbul (ch.)’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangkəyʔmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), Black Bulbul’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangkəyʔmorpheme.waʔ.diŋmorpheme n.‘god (sp.), of Black Bulbul’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepanglakmorpheme.wahmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), nocturnal, grey’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepanglanmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), Grey-headed Warbler or Yellow-bellied Fantail Flycatcher, (with black eyes like a lan)’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepanglaŋmorpheme.narʔmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), Domestic Fowl (ch.)’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepanglesmorpheme.waʔ n.‘Jungle Fowl, Wild Fowl’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangliŋmorpheme.sərʔmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), Bulbul (ch.)’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangloŋʔmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), Whistling Thrush’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepanglukmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), an owl with ear tufts, a Scops Owl?’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepanglyomorpheme.bhərmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), White-throated Bulbul?’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangmaŋʔmorpheme.dormorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), Pygmy Woodpecker’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangmemorpheme.taŋmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.)’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangmetmorpheme.chyaʔmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.)’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangmommorpheme.breŋmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), Silver-eared Mesia (ch.)’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangmumorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), bird of prey, esp. Crested Serpent Eagle’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangmunhmorpheme.raŋmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird, small scrub bird (gen.)’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangmyaŋmorpheme.thuyʔmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), a bluish-grey flycatcher, Verditer Flycatcher?’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangmənmorpheme.jhərʔmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.)’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangməymorpheme.kumorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), pigeon, small green, with red on head and shoulder, Thick-billed Green Pigeon?’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangnyamorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), Himalayan Barbet’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangnyammorpheme.cimorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), Brown-breasted Wren Warbler’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangpalʔmorpheme.totmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), nocturnal, used as a bogey to frighten children, Night Heron’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangpapmorpheme.nərʔmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), Domestic Fowl (ch.)’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangpaŋmorpheme.katmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), Scops Owl’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangpaŋmorpheme.khuyʔmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), grey, Black-throated Babbler’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangphuh#1635 PTB *pu ‘MALE / MASCULINE SUFFIX’.waʔ n.‘first cock to crow in morning’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangpimorpheme.cimorpheme.rekmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), Gold-fronted Chloropsis’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangpyakmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), Gorgetted Flycatcher?’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangpəmorpheme.kumorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), Tawny Fish Owl’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangpəwʔmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), Green-billed Malkoa’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangraŋʔmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), Pied Indian Hornbill’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangrekemorpheme.tewmorpheme.(waʔ) n.‘bird (sp.), a greyish waterbird, with crest, a Lapwing?’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangrimorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), Vulture’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangriwʔmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), small lowland’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangromorpheme.klaŋhmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), Yellow-naped Blue Woodpecker’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangrumorpheme.dhənʔmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), larger size, eats flowers, fruit’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangrutmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), Black-crested Kalege Pheasant’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangruyŋmorpheme.kolomorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), Necklaced Laughing Thrush’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangsaykmorpheme, wāʔ-komorpheme, tyapmorpheme n‘bill (of bird)’Hale 73 CSD: 03a.012

Chepangsimorpheme.dhənʔmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), lowland, fruit-eating’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangsimorpheme.riŋmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), lives high up near water-sources’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangsimorpheme.ʔomorpheme.syakmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), White-throated Bulbul’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangsisimorpheme.khyawʔmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.) White-cheeked Tit’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangsiŋʔ#2658 PTB *si(ŋ/k) ‘TREE / WOOD / FIREWOOD’PTani *sɯŋ ‘WOOD / TREE’PKC *thiŋ ‘TREE / WOOD’PCN *siŋ ‘WOOD’PTk *tʰiŋ ‘WOOD’TGTM *ᴮsiŋ ‘TREE’PKir *siŋ ‘TREE’PLB *sikᴴ ⪤ *siŋ ‘TREE’.dorhmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), a woodpecker’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangsiŋʔ#2658 PTB *si(ŋ/k) ‘TREE / WOOD / FIREWOOD’PTani *sɯŋ ‘WOOD / TREE’PKC *thiŋ ‘TREE / WOOD’PCN *siŋ ‘WOOD’PTk *tʰiŋ ‘WOOD’TGTM *ᴮsiŋ ‘TREE’PKir *siŋ ‘TREE’PLB *sikᴴ ⪤ *siŋ ‘TREE’.syulʔmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), Fulvous-Breasted Woodpecker’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangsokmorpheme.thərʔmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), nocturnal (ch.)’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangsotmorpheme.ʔərmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.?), rooster? (ch.)’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangsumorpheme.himorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), Plaintive Cuckoo (or a Drongo?)’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangsukmorpheme.simorpheme.dhumorpheme.dhumorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), a large greyish owl’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangsuyʔmorpheme.likmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), a cuckoo, call heard in February’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangsyamorpheme.garmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), Speckled Woodpigeon, medium sized, fruit-eating’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangsyaʔmorpheme.sinhmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), White-throated Bulbul’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangsyomorpheme.dənʔmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), owl (sp.), large, greyish’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangsyumorpheme.likmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), White-throated Bulbul’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangsyumorpheme.rumorpheme.rukmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), Rose Finch?’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangsyukmorpheme.rukmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), small, greyish, with red throat, Rose Finch?’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangtekmorpheme.ʔənʔmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), Plain Leaf Warbler, eats tek.ʔənʔ.sayʔ’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangtenemorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), Black-naped Ground Woodpecker’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangthyoŋmorpheme.waʔ n1.‘bird (sp.), Black-bearded Bee-eater’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangtirimorpheme.bomorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), Striated Laughing Thrush’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangtiʔmorpheme.lənʔmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), White-eye’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangtomorpheme.krəwʔmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), medium-sized, a Babbler’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangtohmorpheme.ʔayʔmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), lowland bird of prey’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangtokmorpheme.konmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), rooster (ch.)’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangtommorpheme.klikmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), Tailorbird’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangtoymorpheme.tetmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), Rufous-Bellied Bulbul’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangtoŋʔmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.)’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangtunumorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), beak red, twisted’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangtuʔmorpheme.kyakmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), Swift’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangtyomorpheme.tetmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), Rufous-Bellied Bulbul’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangtyumorpheme.hryumʔmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), Indian Streaked Spiderhunter’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangwa ‘bird’Benedict 72 STC: 99

Chepangwa.kummorpheme n.‘bird (sp.), swallow’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangwāʔ ‘bird’Hale 73 CSD: 01.020

Chepangwaʔ ‘bird’Weidert 87 TBTo: 43

Chepangwaʔ n.‘bird (gen.)’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangwaʔ ‘bird’Caughley 72 CVoc: 1.20

Chepangwaʔ-komorpheme səykmorpheme ‘bill’Caughley 72 CVoc: 3.A.12

Chepangwāʔ.bhālya#1602 IA *bhāle ‘COCK / ROOSTER’ n‘rooster’Hale 73 CSD: 03a.002

Chepangwaʔ.cəwʔmorpheme.ru#2623 PTB *s-b/m-ruːl ‘SNAKE’PTani *bɯr-taŋ ‘POISONOUS SNAKE / VIPER’PKC *ruul ‘SNAKE’PCN *ph-rə ‘SNAKE’PTk *ruul ‘SNAKE’PLB *m-r-wəy¹ ‘SNAKE’PKar *rowᴮ ‘SNAKE’ n.‘snake (sp.), grey, lies under a bird's perch to catch it’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangwaʔ.ʔimorpheme hoʔmorpheme- vt.‘receive rooster (hen)’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangwaʔ.ʔummorpheme n.‘egg (of bird)’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangwa◦kummorpheme ‘swallow’Caughley 72 CVoc: 3.A.11

Chepangwā◦kummorpheme, carkummorpheme n‘swallow (bird)’Hale 73 CSD: 03a.011

Chepangwesmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), Jungle Fowl’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangwəsmorpheme.ʔomorpheme.pəkmorpheme.ʔu n.‘bird (sp.), Indian Cuckoo’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangwəʔ-komorpheme menʔmorpheme ‘feather’Caughley 72 CVoc: 1.36

Chepangyarmorpheme.wa.lumorpheme n.‘bird (sp.), Scarlet Minabet (f.)’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangyosmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), Jungle Fowl’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangyukmorpheme.luŋmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), with long tail, greenish wings and body, red brow’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangʔaymorpheme.krəwʔmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.) a Babbler’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangʔaymorpheme.tyokmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), Red-headed Trogon’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangʔomorpheme.dərʔmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), of lowland (ch.), used metaphorically in song for a person’Caughley 00 Chepang

Chepangʔumorpheme.mukmorpheme.waʔ n.‘bird (sp.), Quail’Caughley 00 Chepang

Magarbhārtongmorpheme gwā n‘swallow (bird)’Hale 73 CSD: 03a.011

Magargwā ‘bird’Hale 73 CSD: 01.020

3.1Tangut1

Tangut [Xixia]wor ‘chicken’Li 97 Tangut: 0090

3.2Qiangic21

Muyandʑe⁵⁵morphemeɦu⁵⁵ mo²⁴#363 PTB *s/r-mul ⪤ *s-mil ⪤ *s-myal ‘HAIR / FUR / FEATHER’MesorootsPKC *mul ⪤ *hmul ‘HAIR (body) / FUR / WOOL’Allofams1 #363 PTB *s/r-mul ⪤ *s-mil ⪤ *s-myal ‘HAIR / FUR / FEATHER’1a #1429 PTB *s-mu-t ‘BEARD / FACIAL HAIR / HAIR’1b #2058 PTB *mum ‘CHIN / BEARD’ n‘feather / plume’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0299.15

Muyavɐ̱³³vɑ⁵³morpheme n‘egg’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0450.15

Muyaβə³³phæ⁵⁵#714 PTB *m/s-pa ‘WING / FEATHER’ n‘wing’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0298.15

Muya [Minyak]dʑe³⁵morphemewu³³ ‘bird’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 142.15

Muya [Minyak]dʑe³⁵morphemewu³⁵mo³⁵#363 PTB *s/r-mul ⪤ *s-mil ⪤ *s-myal ‘HAIR / FUR / FEATHER’MesorootsPKC *mul ⪤ *hmul ‘HAIR (body) / FUR / WOOL’Allofams1 #363 PTB *s/r-mul ⪤ *s-mil ⪤ *s-myal ‘HAIR / FUR / FEATHER’1a #1429 PTB *s-mu-t ‘BEARD / FACIAL HAIR / HAIR’1b #2058 PTB *mum ‘CHIN / BEARD’ ‘feather’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 173.15

Muya [Minyak]dʑɛ³⁵morphemewu³⁵mo³⁵#363 PTB *s/r-mul ⪤ *s-mil ⪤ *s-myal ‘HAIR / FUR / FEATHER’MesorootsPKC *mul ⪤ *hmul ‘HAIR (body) / FUR / WOOL’Allofams1 #363 PTB *s/r-mul ⪤ *s-mil ⪤ *s-myal ‘HAIR / FUR / FEATHER’1a #1429 PTB *s-mu-t ‘BEARD / FACIAL HAIR / HAIR’1b #2058 PTB *mum ‘CHIN / BEARD’ ‘feather’Sun H 91 MuyQ: 8.1.5

Muya [Minyak]vɑ³³vɑ⁵⁵morpheme ‘egg (of animal)’Sun H 91 MuyQ: 10.4.16

Muya [Minyak]vɑ³³vɑ⁵⁵morpheme ‘egg’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 170.15

Muya [Minyak]vɯ³⁵phɛ⁵⁵#714 PTB *m/s-pa ‘WING / FEATHER’ ‘wing’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 171.15

Muya [Minyak]vɯ³⁵pʰɛ⁵⁵#714 PTB *m/s-pa ‘WING / FEATHER’ ‘wing (of bird)’Sun H 91 MuyQ: 6.1.9

Qiang (Mawo)tɕimorpheme wə◦st#1609 PTB *m/s-tow ‘EGG’ ‘egg’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 170.8

Qiang (Mawo)tɕimorpheme◦wə◦st#1609 PTB *m/s-tow ‘EGG’ ‘egg’Sun H 81 Qia

Qiang (Mawo)wu tsɛmorpheme n‘bird’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0326.08

Qiang (Mawo)wu ȵɛmorpheme n‘feather / plume’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0299.08

Qiang (Mawo)wu◦nimorpheme ‘feather (of bird)’Sun H 91 MawQ: 8.1.5

Qiang (Mawo)wu◦stə̥#1609 PTB *m/s-tow ‘EGG’ ‘egg (of animal)’Sun H 91 MawQ: 10.4.16

Qiang (Mawo)wu◦əkmorpheme ɣzi#731 PTB *g-(t)syəw-k/ŋ ‘WING / HAND’ ɣuæʴ#713 PTB *kwar ‘HAND / WING’PKir *khur ‘HAND / WING’ ‘wing (of bird)’Sun H 91 MawQ: 6.1.9

Qiang (Mawo)wə ‘bird’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 142.8

Qiang (Mawo)wə nəʂmorpheme n‘nest (bird)’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0327.08

Qiang (Mawo)wə ri#2610 PTB *s-rik ⪤ *s-ryak ‘PHEASANT / PARTRIDGE’PKC *rik ⪤ *hrik ‘PHEASANT’PLB *rwakᴸ ‘PHEASANT’PL *k-rökᴴ ‘PHEASANT’PKar *(thoᴮ)reɁᴰ ‘PHEASANT’ ‘pheasant’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 141.8

Qiang (Yadu)wə◦s#1609 PTB *m/s-tow ‘EGG’ ‘egg’Comparison with other Qiangic forms indicates that the final -s in Yadu is a truncated verson of stə or stu. This apocopation of the vowel of second elements in compounds is characteristic of Qiangic. See Benedict (1983), “Qiang monosyllabization: a third phase in the cycle” (LTBA 7.2:113-4).Dai 89 Qian: 604

3.3rGyalrongic1

Ergong (Northern)wɟjo³³ mtɕʰə¹³#442 PTB *m-ts(y)ul ‘NOSE AND MOUTH / LIP / LOWER PART OF FACE’ ‘beak / bill’Sun H 91 ErNQ: 3.9.3

3.3.1rGyalrong20

rGyalrong (Northern)pəɣa ənprefix◦tokmorpheme ‘beak / bill’Sun H 91 rNQ: 3.9.3

rGyalrong (Hongyuan Rangkou Jiadang)wa'◦rkʰam#715 PrGy *r-kam ‘WING’ ‘wing’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 1547

rGyalrong (Lixian Guergou)wa'◦rkʰam#715 PrGy *r-kam ‘WING’ ‘wing’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 1547

rGyalrong (Jinchuan Sawajiao)wa'◦rkʰom#715 PrGy *r-kam ‘WING’ ‘wing’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 1547

rGyalrong (Lixian Miyalo)wa'◦rkʰom#715 PrGy *r-kam ‘WING’ ‘wing’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 1547

rGyalrong (Lixian Putou)wa'◦rkʰom#715 PrGy *r-kam ‘WING’ ‘wing’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 1547

rGyalrong (Jinchuan Taiyanghe)wa'◦ʂkʰop#715 PrGy *r-kam ‘WING’ ‘wing’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 1547

rGyalrong (Lixian Shangmeng Rajipu)wa³rkʰwom³#715 PrGy *r-kam ‘WING’ ‘wing’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 1547

rGyalrong (Lixian Xiameng Xiaogoucun)wa³rkʰwom³#715 PrGy *r-kam ‘WING’ ‘wing’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 1547

rGyalrong (Jinchuan Wanlin Xilizhai)wa⁵rkʰom⁵³#715 PrGy *r-kam ‘WING’ ‘wing’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 1547

rGyalrong (Eastern)wa◦r̥kʰam#715 PrGy *r-kam ‘WING’ ‘wing (of bird)’Sun H 91 rEQ: 6.1.9

rGyalrong (Baoxing Qiaoqi Yuojie)wo'◦kʰrom#715 PrGy *r-kam ‘WING’ ‘wing’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 1547

rGyalrong (Xiaojin Dawei)wo'◦kʰrom#715 PrGy *r-kam ‘WING’ ‘wing’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 1547

rGyalrong (Xiaojin Fubian)wo'◦rkʰom#715 PrGy *r-kam ‘WING’ ‘wing’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 1547

rGyalrong (Xiaojin Hanniu)wo'◦rkʰom#715 PrGy *r-kam ‘WING’ ‘wing’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 1547

rGyalrong (Xiaojin Xingge)wo'◦rkʰom#715 PrGy *r-kam ‘WING’ ‘wing’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 1547

rGyalrong (Xiaojin Bajiao)wo'◦ʂkʰom#715 PrGy *r-kam ‘WING’ ‘wing’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 1547

rGyalrong (Xiaojin Mupo)wo'◦ʂkʰom#715 PrGy *r-kam ‘WING’ ‘wing’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 1547

rGyalrong (Maerkang Bola (A))wə22 rkʰam44#715 PrGy *r-kam ‘WING’ ‘wing’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 1547

rGyalrong (Xiaojin Rilong)ˈwo◦kʰrom#715 PrGy *r-kam ‘WING’ ‘wing’Nagano 2013 rGyDB: 1547

6.1.1Burmish7

Burmese (Written)ú-daùŋ#2200 PTB *m-dwaŋ ‘PEACOCK’ ‘peacock’Benedict 72 STC: 341

Burmese (Written)ʔu'-dôŋ#2200 PTB *m-dwaŋ ‘PEACOCK’ ‘peacock’Matisoff 74 TJLB: 187

Hpun (Northern)ù- ‘bird prefix (cp. Egg, Dove)’Henderson 86 Hpun

Hpun (Northern)ú◦tɔ̀ŋ#2200 PTB *m-dwaŋ ‘PEACOCK’ ‘peacock’Henderson 86 Hpun

Leqi (Luxi)wo³³tɔ̱ŋ³³#2200 PTB *m-dwaŋ ‘PEACOCK’ n‘peacock’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0345.33

Marmaǔ◦dɔ́ŋ#2200 PTB *m-dwaŋ ‘PEACOCK’ ‘peacock’Huziwara 08 Sak: 305-7a

Atsi [Zaiwa]ŭ⁵⁵to̱ŋ⁵⁵#2200 PTB *m-dwaŋ ‘PEACOCK’ n‘peacock’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0345.30

6.1.2Loloish1

Lolowa ‘bird’Benedict 72 STC: 99

6.1.2.2Central Loloish2

Lisu (Northern)wa²¹ɲa³⁵#3442 PTB *s-ŋak ‘BIRD’PLB *s-ŋ(y)akᴴ ‘BIRD’ N‘migratory bird’Bradley 94 Lisu

Sani [Nyi]wa ‘bird’Benedict 72 STC: 99

6.1.2.3Southern Loloish16

Akhahah L ‘bird’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 141

Akha (Yunnan)xhà dzé#2219 PTB *dzwan ‘HAWK / KITE’PLB *dzwan¹ ‘HAWK / KITE’ ‘hawk, eagle’Hansson 89 AHKP: 178

Akhaxhà-dzé#2219 PTB *dzwan ‘HAWK / KITE’PLB *dzwan¹ ‘HAWK / KITE’ ‘hawk’Hansson 89 AHKP: 178

Akha (Thai)xhà-dzé#2219 PTB *dzwan ‘HAWK / KITE’PLB *dzwan¹ ‘HAWK / KITE’ ‘hawk, eagle’Hansson 89 AHKP: 178

Akhaxhà-dzé#2219 PTB *dzwan ‘HAWK / KITE’PLB *dzwan¹ ‘HAWK / KITE’ ‘hawk / kite’Matisoff 85 GSTC: 006

Bisuhā-jàmorpheme ‘bird’Matisoff 72 LTSR: 141

Bisuha◦jamorpheme ‘bird’Bradley 9x Bisu

Hani (Dazhai)xa³¹dze⁵⁵#2219 PTB *dzwan ‘HAWK / KITE’PLB *dzwan¹ ‘HAWK / KITE’ ‘eagle’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 143.31

Hani (Lüchun)xhà dzɛ́#2219 PTB *dzwan ‘HAWK / KITE’PLB *dzwan¹ ‘HAWK / KITE’ ‘hawk, eagle’Hansson 89 AHKP: 178

Hani (Lüchun)xa³¹dze⁵⁵#2219 PTB *dzwan ‘HAWK / KITE’PLB *dzwan¹ ‘HAWK / KITE’ n‘kite (black-eared) / hawk’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0328.41

Hani (Lüchun)xa³¹dze⁵⁵#2219 PTB *dzwan ‘HAWK / KITE’PLB *dzwan¹ ‘HAWK / KITE’dze⁵⁵#2219 PTB *dzwan ‘HAWK / KITE’PLB *dzwan¹ ‘HAWK / KITE’bu³¹morpheme n‘eagle / vulture’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0330.41

Hani (Gelanghe)xa³¹dze⁵⁵#2219 PTB *dzwan ‘HAWK / KITE’PLB *dzwan¹ ‘HAWK / KITE’ ‘eagle’Li Yongsui 86 Hani

Hani (Wordlist)haq◦zzeil#2219 PTB *dzwan ‘HAWK / KITE’PLB *dzwan¹ ‘HAWK / KITE’ ‘hawk, eagle’Hansson 89 AHKP: 178

Hani (Shuikui)xɔ³³tsɛ⁵⁵#2219 PTB *dzwan ‘HAWK / KITE’PLB *dzwan¹ ‘HAWK / KITE’ ‘eagle’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 143.32

Mpiwa⁴ ‘fowl / chicken’Srinuan 76

Mpiwa⁴ɲɤ²morpheme ‘fowl (wild)’Srinuan 76

6.2Naxi6

Laze (Xiangjiao)si˥morphemetɕʰɤ˥morphemeu˥i˧morpheme ‘type of bird’Michaud 06 NaLaze: 3639

Laze (Xiangjiao)u˩i˩morpheme ‘bird’Michaud 06 NaLaze: 3611

Na (Yongning)v˩dze˩morpheme ‘bird’Michaud 06 NaLaze

Naxi (Lijiang)vu⁵⁵zi³³morpheme ‘bird’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 142.28

Naxi (Yongning)v³¹ze¹³morpheme ‘bird’Sun H 91 ZMYY: 142.29

Naxiv̩⁵⁵zi³³morpheme n‘bird’Huang and Dai 92 TBL: 0326.45

7Karenic6

Pa-Owâ ‘bird’Solnit 89 PaO

Pa-Owâ cámmorpheme pjáŋmorpheme ‘swallow (bird)’Solnit 89 PaO

Pa-Owâ ránmorpheme ‘bird, k. with yellow beak, son’Solnit 89 PaO

Pa-Owâ rɤ̀ʔmorpheme ‘bird, small k. that runs’Solnit 89 PaO

Pa-Owâ rɤ̀ʔmorpheme ‘k. of bird, like buttonquail,’Solnit 89 PaO

Pa-Owâ tɔ̄ŋ#2200 PTB *m-dwaŋ ‘PEACOCK’ ‘peacock’Solnit 89 PaO

Cite this entry

STEDT etymon #1603, *w(a/u) ‘BIRD / EGG / WING / FOWL’.

Stable link: https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/1603

Data: STEDT v1.0 (2017). Accessed: [date].

References: STC#099; 'Wing' only in compounds

BibTeX

@misc{stedt-1603,
  title  = {{*w(a/u) 'BIRD / EGG / WING / FOWL'}},
  author = {STEDT},
  year   = {2017},
  note   = {Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) v1.0, etymon #1603},
  url    = {https://larc-iu.github.io/stedt/etymon/1603}
}